No problem, Toll!
Let’s expand those notes into a more comprehensive English version while keeping
them organized and easy to study.
I. Biomolecules: The Molecules of Life
Biomolecules are organized into four main categories, each with unique elements and functions. They
follow a level of organization from atoms to molecules, and eventually to complex organisms.
1. Carbohydrates (Sugars)
These are the most common organic molecules and serve as the primary energy source for the body.
They are made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen.
Monosaccharides: The simplest building blocks, like glucose and fructose.
Polysaccharides (Complex Carbs):
o Starch: Used for energy storage in plants (e.g., potatoes, pasta, rice).
o Glycogen: Used for energy storage in animals.
o Cellulose: Found in plant cell walls; provides structural support and dietary fiber for
humans.
o Chitin: Found in the exoskeletons of arthropods (insects) and the cell walls of fungi.
2. Lipids (Fats and Oils)
Lipids are hydrophobic (water-fearing) and contain much lower proportions of oxygen compared to
carbohydrates.
Simple Lipids: These include fats, oils, and waxes. Saturated fats are typically solid, while
unsaturated oils are liquid.
Compound Lipids: These contain additional functional groups.
o Phospholipids: The main building blocks of the cell membrane, forming a bilayer that
controls what enters and exits the cell.
o Glycolipids: Act as "ID tags" for cell recognition and communication.
o Lipoproteins: Transport fats and cholesterol through the bloodstream.
3. Proteins
Proteins are built from 20 different kinds of amino acids. Their function is entirely dependent on their
specific 3D shape; if a protein loses its shape (Denaturation), it stops working.
Key Functions:
o Structural: Keratin (hair/nails) and Collagen (skin).
o Defense: Antibodies that fight infections.
o Enzymes: Proteins that speed up chemical reactions, like digestion.
o Transport: Hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the blood.
4. Nucleic Acids
These carry the genetic blueprint of life.
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid): A double helix that stores genetic information.
RNA (Ribonucleic Acid): Usually single-stranded; it helps translate the DNA code into proteins.
Building Blocks: Known as Nucleotides, consisting of a phosphate group, a sugar (ribose or
deoxyribose), and a nitrogenous base.
II. Chemical Reactions and Equations
A chemical reaction occurs when substances change their chemical composition to produce new
substances.
1. Evidence of a Reaction
You can tell a reaction is happening if you notice:
A change in color, smell, or taste.
Production of gas (bubbles/fizzing).
Formation of a precipitate (a solid settling at the bottom of a liquid).
Change in temperature: Exothermic (releases heat/feels hot) or Endothermic (absorbs
heat/feels cold).
2. Balancing Equations
According to the Law of Conservation of Mass, matter cannot be created or destroyed. Therefore, a
chemical equation must be balanced so that the total mass of the reactants equals the total mass of the
products.
3. Types of Chemical Reactions
Combination (Synthesis): $A + B \rightarrow AB$.
Decomposition: $AB \rightarrow A + B$ (The opposite of combination).
Single Displacement: $A + BC \rightarrow AC + B$ (An element replaces another in a
compound).
Double Displacement: $AB + CD \rightarrow AD + CB$ (Two elements exchange partners).
III. Gas Laws and KMT
The Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) explains that gas particles are in constant motion and that their
speed is proportional to their temperature.
1. Boyle’s Law
Proposed by Robert Boyle, it states that the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume
when temperature is constant.
Concept: If you decrease the volume (compress the gas), the pressure increases.
Equation: $P_1V_1 = P_2V_2$.
2. Charles’ Law
Proposed by Jacques Charles, it states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute
temperature when pressure is constant.
Concept: As a gas is heated, its volume increases; as it cools, its volume decreases.
Equation: $V_1/T_1 = V_2/T_2$.
Crucial Rule: Temperature must always be converted to Kelvin ($Celsius + 273.15$).
Would you like me to go deeper into any of these specific sections or maybe provide some practice
problems for balancing equations?