Ship Stability:
An Introduction
SQA Unit Code: HW6J 47
Points of discussion
• Unit Specification
• Basic Principles of Hydrostatics
• Objective: Student to get the knowledge of the following:
• Mass, volume, density and relative density
• Relation between mass, volume and density.
• Archimedes principle and its relationship with Laws of Floatation.
Unit Specification
Outcomes
On completion of the unit the learner should be able
to:
1. Apply the basic principles of hydrostatics to
loadline calculations.
2. Apply the principles of statical stability to interpret
GZ curves.
3. Apply the principles of transverse stability to list
calculations.
4. Apply the principles of longitudinal stability to
draught calculations.
Basic Principles of Hydrostatics
Ship stability
• May be defined as:
the ability of a ship to float in an upright
position and,
if inclined under action of an external
force, to return to this position after the
external force has ceased acting.
Basic Physics
Basic Physics
• MASS:
• Mass is the amount of matter in an object.
• Measured in kilograms, pounds, tonnes, etc.
• WEIGHT:
• The downward force a body exerts on a surface
• Weight is a force and so is measured in newtons
(N)
• Weight (W) in (N)= mass m x gravitational field
strength g
𝑊 =𝑚×𝑔
𝑊 𝑁 = 𝑚 𝑘𝑔 × 𝑔 (𝑚/𝑠 2 )
𝑘𝑔.𝑚
g≅9.8 𝑚/𝑠^2 (meter per second squared) N=
𝑠2
Basic Physics
• Density:
• The density of an object or substance is its mass
divided by its volume.
• The denser a substance is, the heavier it feels for its size.
• The symbol for density is the Greek letter rho, (𝜌) .
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝐾𝑔)
𝜌=
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 (𝑣)
1000 𝑘𝑔 3
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑠ℎ 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = = 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚
1 𝑚3
1025 𝑘𝑔 3
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑒𝑎 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = = 1025 𝑘𝑔/𝑚
1 𝑚3
the density of air is approximately 1.2 kg/m3.
Measuring Density
• A hydrometer is an instrument used for
measuring the density of liquids based on
the concept of buoyancy
Measuring Density
• Pour the harbour water into the cylinder
until it is nearly full.
• Slowly lower the hydrometer into the
filled cylinder, spinning the hydrometer
to remove any air bubbles from the
surface and to break any surface
tension.
• Allow the hydrometer to stabilize in the
water before reading.
Measuring Density
• Read the density of the water at the
meniscus on the hydrometer stem.
• When reading the hydrometer floating
in the water sample the eye of the
observer should be as close to the water
level as possible, to avoid parallax error
and further errors due to the meniscus.
Basic Physics
• Relative Density (RD):
• also called Specific Gravity (SG)
• ratio of the density of a substance to that of a standard
substance.
• Being a ratio, it is Unit less
𝜌 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑅𝐷 = 𝑆𝐺 =
𝜌 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
1025 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑒𝑎 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = = 1.025 (No Units)
1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
Archimedes Principle
• If an object is partially or completely immersed into the liquid, then
• the amount of the buoyant force exerted by the liquid on the object is
equal to the weight of the displaced liquid by the object.
What is the mass of the metal block?
𝑊(𝑁) = 𝑚 × 𝑔
4 kg.𝑚/𝑠2 = 𝑚 × 10 𝑚/𝑠2
4 kg.𝑚/𝑠2
𝑚= 2
0.4 𝑘𝑔
10 𝑚/𝑠
Archimedes Principle
• If an object is partially or completely immersed into the liquid, then
• the amount of the buoyant force exerted by the liquid on the object is
equal to the weight of the displaced liquid by the object.
What is the Volume of the block if the liquid density is 1000 kg/m3 ?
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝐾𝑔)
𝜌=
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 (𝑣)
3 𝑘𝑔
1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
3 𝑘𝑔
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑚3 = = 0.003 𝑚3
1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
Archimedes Principle
4 kg
• Block weight= 4 kg.𝑚/𝑠2
• Block Volume= 0.003 𝑚3
• Displaced liquid weight= 3 kg.𝑚/𝑠2
• If an object is partially or completely immersed into
the liquid, then
• the amount of the buoyant force exerted by the
liquid on the object is equal to the weight of the
displaced liquid by the object.
Why do ships float?
Why do ships float? Smart question, clever answer! - YouTube
Law of Floatation
When a body floats in a liquid, the weight of the liquid displaced by its immersed
part is equal to the total weight of the body.
So, while floating,
Weight of the floating body = Weight of the liquid displaced by its immersed part.
850 T
850 T
850 T
Law of Floatation
When this vessel is put in the water,
She displaces 850 tonnes of water and thus 850 T
She is said to have a DISPLACEMENT of 850 tonnes.
The weight or DISPLACEMENT of the vessel can therefore be calculated.
The volume of the water displaced is equal to the volume of the hull under water
(underwater volume) thus:
Displacement = underwater volume x density of the water in which the ship floats.
Displacement (∆) Underwater Volume (𝛁) & Density
(𝝆)Calculations
∆= ∇ × 𝜌
Find the ∆ of a vessel whose ∇ is 12500 m3 in dock water Density 1013 kg/m3 (RD
1.013).
∆= 12500 𝑚3 × 1.013 = 12662.5 𝑇𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑠
Try the following: (Neatly and with layout as above) Find the ∆
∇ 10300 m3 𝜌dw 1009 kg/m3 10,392.7 Tonnes
∇ 18500 m3 𝜌dw 1015 kg/m3 18,777.5 Tonnes
∇ 10300 m3 𝜌dw 1021 kg/m3 10,516.3 Tonnes
Notice in 1 and 3 the different ∆ for the same ∇
Displacement (∆) Underwater Volume (𝛁) & Density
(𝝆)Calculations
∆
∇=
𝜌
Find the ∇ of a vessel whose ∆ is 12662.5 T in dockwater density 1013 kg/m3 (1.013)
12662.5 𝑇 3
∇= = 12500 𝑚
1.013 𝑇/𝑚3
Try the following: (Neatly and with layout as above) Find the ∆
∆ 10,392.7 T 𝜌dw 1009 kg/m3 10,300 m3
∆ 18,777.5 T 𝜌dw 1015 kg/m3 18,500 m3
∆ 10,516.3 T 𝜌dw 1021 kg/m3 10,300 m3
Quick Revision
1. Define: Stability
2. Define: Relative Density
3. A vessel ∆ 12300T is floating in dockwater 𝜌dw 1013 kg/m3 Calculate the ∇
• For calculations remember:
• Show formula
• Working
• Answer
• Units