Core Java & OOPS

Core Java & OOPS

1.​ What is Java and what are its main features?

2.​ What is Abstraction and how is it achieved in Java?
3.​ What is the difference between an Abstract class and an Interface?
4.​ What are the rule changes for exception handling in method overriding?
5.​ Can we override a static method? If not, why?
6.​ What is the difference between Method Hiding and Method Overriding?
7.​ Can a final method be overloaded?
8.​ What is a Covariant Return Type?
9.​ What are Marker Interfaces and give some examples?
10.​What are the differences between Composition and Aggregation?
11.​What are the key Design Principles in Core Java (like SOLID)?
12.​What is Java Reflection API and what are its use cases?
13.​What is a Wrapper Class in Java?
14.​What is Boxing, Autoboxing, and Autounboxing?
15.​What is the difference between Java Enum and Constants?
16.​What is a Classpath in Java?
17.​What are alternative ways of calling the main method?
Memory Management, String &
Garbage Collection
 Memory Management, String & Garbage Collection

1.​ What are the different memory areas of the JVM: Heap, Stack, Method Area, PC
Registers, and Native Memory?
2.​ In which memory area of the JVM are classes loaded?
3.​ What is a Static Block and when is it executed?
4.​ Why is the String class immutable in Java?
5.​ What is the String Constant Pool (SCP) and how does it work?
6.​ What is the difference between String, StringBuilder, and StringBuffer?
7.​ What is the difference between final, finally, and finalize?
8.​ How does Garbage Collection work in Java?
9.​ If finalize() is removed in Java 9+, then how does cleanup happen?
10.​What is the Cleaner API?
11.​What is the try-with-resources statement, and how does it work?
12.​How can you create your own custom class that works with try-with-resources?​
Java Collections Framework
 Java Collections Framework

1.​ What is the difference between Collection and Collections in Java?

2.​ What is the difference between an Array and an ArrayList?
3.​ What is the difference between LinkedList and ArrayList?
4.​ How does HashMap work internally in Java?
5.​ How does HashSet work internally to ensure uniqueness?
6.​ What is the difference between HashMap, Hashtable, and ConcurrentHashMap?
7.​ What is a Synchronized HashMap and how does it differ from ConcurrentHashMap?
8.​ We are using a HashMap in our application and facing data loss issues in production;
why does this happen?
9.​ How can we resolve this HashMap data loss issue without making any code changes on
the production server?
10.​What is the difference between fail-fast and fail-safe iterators?
11.​What is the Comparable vs Comparator interface?
Concurrency & Multithreading
 Concurrency & Multithreading
​

1.​ What is multithreading, and how does it work internally?

2.​ What is the use/purpose of multithreading in applications?
3.​ Explain the Thread Lifecycle with its different states.
4.​ What is a Daemon Thread and how is it different from a user thread?
5.​ What is the difference between run() and start() methods of a Thread?
6.​ How can you return a value from the run() method of a Runnable (or how to use
Callable)?
7.​ What is the difference between Callable and Runnable interfaces?
8.​ What is a Race Condition and how can we prevent it?
9.​ What is Synchronization in Java and how is it implemented?
10.​Why are notify(), notifyAll(), and wait() always used inside a synchronized context?
11.​What is the difference between the synchronized keyword and ReentrantLock?
12.​What is the purpose of the volatile keyword? When should we use it, and when should
we avoid it?
13.​What is the difference between Volatile variables and Atomic variables?
14.​What is ThreadLocal and how does it prevent thread-safety issues?
15.​What is an Executor Service? What are its advantages and disadvantages?
16.​What is a ThreadPoolTaskExecutor and how do you configure it?
17.​What is a connection pool, and how does it work?
18.​If the main thread is calling multiple child threads, how can a child thread send a
message or data back to the main thread?
Java Modern Features (Java 8 to 21)
 Java Modern Features (Java 8 to 21)

1.​ What are the main new features introduced in recent Java versions?
2.​ What are Lambda Expressions and how do they benefit Java programming?
3.​ What is the difference between a Functional Interface and a normal interface?
4.​ What are Streams in Java and how do they process data?
5.​ What is the difference between Stream’s map() method and objectToMap conversions?
6.​ What are Default methods in an interface and why were they introduced?
7.​ What is the Optional class and how does it help avoid NullPointerExceptions?
8.​ What is the Diamond Operator and how does it work in type inference?
9.​ What is a Record class and when should we use it?
10.​What are Immutable classes and objects, and how can we create our own custom
immutable class?
Spring Boot & Database (JPA /
Hibernate)
 Spring Boot & Database (JPA / Hibernate)

1.​ What is Spring Boot and how does it differ from the core Spring Framework?
2.​ Why is Spring Boot not always preferred for every type of application?
3.​ What is Dependency Injection (DI) and how is it implemented in Spring?
4.​ What is the IoC (Inversion of Control) Container?
5.​ What is the difference between BeanFactory and ApplicationContext?
6.​ What is a Spring Bean and what are the different scopes of a bean?
7.​ What is the complete Lifecycle of a Spring Bean in Spring Boot?
8.​ What is the difference between a standard Java Bean and a Spring Component?
9.​ Explain Stereotype annotations: @Component, @Service, @Repository, and
@Controller.
10.​What are Custom Annotations in Spring and how can we create them?
11.​What is the difference between @RestController and @Controller internally?
12.​What is the difference between @Qualifier and @Primary annotations?
13.​What is the difference between a @Configuration class and a normal class?
14.​What is the real-world use case of CommandLineRunner?
15.​What is a circular dependency in Spring, and how can we resolve it?
16.​How is concurrency handled internally in a Spring Boot application?
17.​What is the exact startup flow of a Spring Boot application?
18.​What is the difference between @ComponentScan and @SpringBootApplication?
19.​What is the role of SpringFactoriesLoader?
20.​How does Spring Boot reduce XML configuration completely?
21.​What are the most common Spring Boot performance mistakes developers make?
Spring Boot Internals &
Auto-Configuration
 Spring Boot Internals & Auto-Configuration

1.​ What is Auto-Configuration in Spring Boot and how does it work internally?
2.​ How does Spring Boot decide which auto-configuration class to apply?
3.​ What happens internally when you add the spring-boot-starter-web dependency?
4.​ Why does Spring Boot prefer convention over configuration?
5.​ How does Spring Boot detect an embedded Tomcat server and configure it?
6.​ What happens if two beans of the same type exist and no @Qualifier is provided?
7.​ How does Spring Boot manage dependency versions automatically without explicit
version tags?
8.​ How does Spring Boot create and configure a DataSource automatically?
9.​ What is the difference between @EnableAutoConfiguration and @Import?
10.​What happens if you explicitly exclude an auto-configuration class?
Configuration & Deployment
 Configuration & Deployment

1.​ How does Spring Boot load the [Link] file internally?
2.​ How does Spring Boot handle externalized configuration?
3.​ What happens if both [Link] and [Link] exist in the project?
4.​ How can we create and manage multiple profiles/environment files in Spring Boot?
5.​ How does Spring Boot decide the server port priority?
6.​ How does Spring Boot handle logging by default?
7.​ What is a fat jar vs a normal jar, and how does Spring Boot deployment work?
​ ​
JPA, Hibernate & Database
 JPA, Hibernate & Database

1.​ What is ORM (Object-Relational Mapping)?

2.​ What is the difference between JPA and Hibernate?
3.​ What is the role of the EntityManager in JPA?
4.​ Explain the Hibernate Entity Lifecycle states.
5.​ What is the JpaRepository interface and how do we use it?
6.​ What is the difference between save() and saveAndFlush() methods in Spring Data
JPA?
7.​ What is the difference between Eager Loading and Lazy Loading?
8.​ What is the difference between load() and get() methods in Hibernate?
9.​ How does Spring Boot handle exception translation for database errors?
10.​How do you manage DB migrations in a Spring Boot application (e.g., Flyway or
Liquibase)?​
Web, REST API & Security
 Web, REST API & Security

1.​ What is a RestAPI and what are its key constraints?

2.​ What is the role of the DispatcherServlet in Spring MVC?
3.​ What happens internally from scratch when a user hits a REST endpoint?
4.​ What is the difference between PUT and PATCH HTTP methods?
5.​ What is the difference between a Filter and an Interceptor in Spring?
6.​ How can we design and externalize REST APIs considering security, performance, and
scalability?
7.​ What is the general architectural structure of a production-ready web application?
8.​ How can we implement Global Exception Handling in a Spring Boot web application?
9.​ How can we identify slow APIs in a Spring Boot application?
10.​How can we improve REST API performance?
11.​What is Spring Boot Actuator and how does it integrate internally for health checks?
12.​How do you implement Rate Limiting for your APIs?
13.​What is Security in Java, and how can we implement OAuth2?
14.​How do we add security in Spring Boot using Spring Security?
15.​How does a browser check whether a website has a valid SSL certificate or not?
Microservices, Cloud & Distributed
Systems
 Microservices, Cloud & Distributed Systems

1.​ How can we build microservices using Spring Boot and why is it preferred for cloud
native apps?
2.​ What is Spring Cloud and what components does it provide?
3.​ How does Eureka Service Discovery route requests across microservices?
4.​ How do you design communication between Service A, Service B, and Service C, where
only Service A should be allowed to communicate with Service B (and not Service C)?
5.​ How can we implement Interservice communication in microservices?
6.​ What is the difference between RestTemplate and WebClient?
7.​ How do you make an efficient outbound HTTP call in Spring Boot?
8.​ What is the difference between Mono and Flux in Spring WebFlux (Reactive)?
9.​ How is authentication and authorization managed centrally in a microservices
architecture?
10.​When we create Swagger/OpenAPI documentation, how do we configure it to use a
custom authentication mechanism like JWT?
11.​What is a Circuit Breaker pattern and how does it work in microservices?
12.​What are the common Design Patterns used for microservice applications (e.g., Saga,
CQRS, API Gateway)?
13.​How can we debug a complex microservices application in a production environment?
14.​If a scheduled job (@Scheduled) is running in an application deployed across multiple
instances, how can we prevent it from executing multiple times?
15.​How can we implement asynchronous programming in core Java for microservices?
16.​What is Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP) and how does it help in cross-cutting
concerns?
17.​How does Redis cache work and how can we integrate/use it in Spring Boot?
18.​How do we define keys and structure data in Redis for better organization?
19.​How do we make Redis search results highly efficient?
20.​How do we search or query multiple keys simultaneously in Redis?
21.​How do we invalidate or evict cache data in Spring Boot?
22.​How can we prevent duplicate message processing (Idempotency) in a message broker
like Kafka?
23.​What are the steps involved in a CI/CD pipeline?
24.​How can we design a system to control API latency and handle traffic-aware load
balancing?
25.​A database table contains billions of records and persists about 2000 records per
second with heavy write operations. How would you design the structure, partitioning,
and indexing of this table?