English Module

The Simple Present

1. Form

Affirmative
 I work
 You work
 He / She / It works
 We work
 They work
Rule: Add -s with he / she / it

Negative
 I do not work (I don’t work)
 You do not work (You don’t work)
 He / She / It does not work (He doesn’t work)
 We do not work (We don’t work)
 They do not work (They don’t work)

Interrogative (Questions)
 Do I work?
 Do you work?
 Does he / she / it work?
 Do we work?
 Do they work?

Short Answers
 Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.
 Yes, you do. / No, you don’t.
 Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t.
 Yes, we do. / No, we don’t.
 Yes, they do. / No, they don’t.

2. Spelling Rules (Adding -S)

Add -s normally
 work → works
 play → plays
Add -es if the verb ends in: -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -o
 pass → passes
 wash → washes
 watch → watches
 go → goes
If the verb ends in consonant + y, remove y and add -ies
 study → studies
 try → tries

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If the verb ends in vowel + y, just add -s
 play → plays
 enjoy → enjoys

3. Uses of the simple present

Permanent situations:
 I live in Morocco.
 I speak three languages.
 He drives very well.
 She works in a hospital.

Repeated actions, habits, routines:

 He smokes.
 I eat apples every day.
 Dogs bark.
 I read books.
 We play football.

Adverbs of frequency:
(often, usually, sometimes, never, always, occasionally, once a week, twice a month, every
year.)

Examples:
 I usually go to school.
 They often visit us.
 You play basketball once a week.
 Tom works every day.
 He always tells us funny stories.
 She never helps me.
 John rarely leaves the country.
 I bake cookies twice a month.

Facts and general truths:

 The sun rises in the east.
 The earth revolves around the sun.
 London is in England.
 Summer is hot.
 Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
 A triangle has three corners.
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Scheduled events:
 The bus arrives at 5 p.m.
 The train leaves at 3 p.m.
 The bank opens at 8 a.m.
 The faculty closes at 7 p.m.

Verbs that often use simple present:

 Senses: I see birds flying. I hear a noise outside. I smell coffee.
 Feelings: I love chocolate. I like football. I hate tennis.
 Position / possession: I have two children. She has a bike. They are students.
 Opinions and beliefs: I think that’s a great idea. I believe learning English is useful.

Exercise: Identify the use

(Students choose: habit, permanent situation, fact, scheduled event, opinion, etc.)
 The committee meets every Monday.
 Our train leaves at 6 p.m. sharp.
 The earth revolves around the sun.
 I usually go to school.
 The gallery opens at 9 a.m. on weekends.
 She plays the violin beautifully.
 The referee blows the whistle, signaling the end of the match.
 I think that’s a great idea.
 The company managers are in New York.

The Present Continuous

1. Form

Affirmative
Structure: Subject + am / is / are + verb + -ing
 I am working
 You are working
 He / She / It is working
 We are working
 They are working

Negative
Structure: Subject + am / is / are + not + verb + -ing
 I am not working
 He is not working (isn’t)

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  They are not working (aren’t)

Interrogative
Structure: Am / Is / Are + subject + verb + -ing?
 Am I working?
 Is he working?
 Are they working?

2. Spelling Rules (-ing)

Add -ing
 read → reading
If verb ends with -e → remove e
 write → writing
 make → making
If verb ends with -ie → change to -ying
 lie → lying
 tie → tying
Double consonant (CVC pattern)
 swim → swimming
 shop → shopping
 plan → planning

3. Uses of the Present Continuous

Actions Happening Now

 I am reading a book.
 She is answering the question.
 They are listening carefully.

Actions Happening Around Now (Temporary)

 I am teaching beginners this year.
 She is living with her aunt this month.
 They are preparing for exams this week.

Repeated Actions (with irritation) often with: always, constantly, continually

 He is always complaining.
 They are always making noise.
 She is always coming late.

Exercise
Choose: Simple Present or Present Continuous
1. Listen! The baby __________ (cry).
2. I usually __________ (drink) coffee in the morning.
3. She __________ (study) this week.
4. My brother always __________ (leave) the door open.

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 The Simple Past

What is the Simple Past?

The simple past is used to talk about finished actions in the past.

1. Form

Affirmative
Structure: Subject + verb (past form)
 She finished her report.
 They told me a secret.
 I visited my grandmother yesterday.

Negative
Structure: Subject + did not (didn’t) + base verb
 She did not finish her report.
 They didn’t tell me a secret.
 I didn’t go to school.

Interrogative (Questions)
Structure: Did + subject + base verb?
 Did she finish her report?
 Did they tell you a secret?
 Did you go to school?

Short Answers
 Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t.
 Yes, she did. / No, she didn’t.
 Yes, they did. / No, they didn’t.

2. Regular Verbs
General Rule: Add -ed
 work → worked
 clean → cleaned
Spelling Rules
Verb ends in -e → add -d
 arrive → arrived
 live → lived
Verb ends in consonant + y → change y to i + ed

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  study → studied
 carry → carried
Verb ends in vowel + y → just add -ed
 play → played
 enjoy → enjoyed
CVC pattern (consonant + vowel + consonant) → double consonant
 stop → stopped
 rob → robbed
 plan → planned

3. Irregular Verbs
These verbs do NOT follow rules. You must memorize them.

Exercise: Put the verbs in the past simple.

 I ______ (work) yesterday.
 She ______ (study) for the test.
 They ______ (stop) the car.
 We ______ (play) football.

The Present Perfect

1. Form

Affirmative
Structure: Subject + have / has + past participle
 I have finished my homework.
 She has arrived.
 They have visited Marrakech.
Note:
 I / You / We / They → have
 He / She / It → has

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Negative
Structure: Subject + have / has + not + past participle
 I have not (haven’t) seen my grandparents.
 She has not (hasn’t) finished her work.
 They haven’t arrived yet.

Interrogative
Structure: Have / Has + subject + past participle?
 Have you done your homework?
 Has she arrived?

Short Answers
 Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t.
 Yes, she has. / No, she hasn’t.

2. Uses of the Present Perfect

Unfinished Time Period (time is still continuing)

 I have read three books this month.
 She has visited her aunt this week.

Life Experience (time not mentioned)

 Adam has obtained a diploma.
 I have visited Rabat.

Recent Actions, often with: just, already, yet

 I have just finished my homework.
 She has already left.
 I haven’t finished yet.

With “Ever / Never”

 Have you ever been to Marrakech?
 I have never tried sushi.

With “Since / For”

Since = starting point
For = duration
 I have lived here for 5 years.

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  She has studied English since 2020.

Exercise: Fill in the blanks:

I ______ (finish) my homework.
She ______ (not arrive) yet.
______ you ever ______ (visit) Fes?
They ______ (live) here for 3 years.

Relative Pronouns

What are Relative Pronouns?

They connect two sentences and give more information about a noun.

Main Relative Pronouns

Who (for people – subject)

 The man who is talking is my teacher.
 The girl who won the prize is very happy.

Whom (for people – object)

(more formal, often replaced by “who” in speaking)
 The boy whom I met is friendly.
 The teacher whom we respect is kind.

Which (for things and animals)

 This is the cake which Mary made.
 The book which I read is interesting.

Where (for places)

 This is the house where I was born.
 The school where I study is big.

When (for time)

 Sunday is the day when we rest.
 2020 was the year when I graduated.

Whose (possession)
 The boy whose phone rang is here.
 The girl whose father is a doctor is my friend.

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That (for people, things, animals)
can replace who / which in many cases
 The book that I bought is new.
 The student that answered is correct.

Exercise, choose the correct relative pronoun:

 The man ______ is speaking is my uncle.
 The book ______ I read is interesting.
 The girl ______ phone is lost is crying.
 This is the place ______ we met.
 Sunday is the day ______ we rest.

Phrasal Verbs

What is a Phrasal Verb?

A phrasal verb is a verb + preposition or adverb with a special meaning.

Common Phrasal Verbs

 apply for → request

 turn down → refuse
 fill in → complete (a form)
 find out → discover
 pick up → learn easily
 look forward to → expect with pleasure
 look after → take care of
 look up → search (a word/information)
 look for → search
 give up → stop a habit
 turn on → start a device
 turn off → stop a device
 take off → remove clothes / plane leaves ground
 break into → enter by force
 bring up → raise a child
 come across → meet by chance

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 Prepositions of Place

What are Prepositions of Place?

Prepositions of place show where something or someone is located.

Main Prepositions of Place

In (inside something enclosed)
Used for spaces with limits (rooms, boxes, cities, countries)
 The cat is in the box.
 She is in the classroom.
 They live in Morocco.

On (on a surface)
 Used when something is touching a surface
 The book is on the table.
 The phone is on the desk.
 The picture is on the wall.

At (specific point or place)

Used for exact locations or points
 She is at the bus stop.
 He is at school.
 I am at the door.

Under (below something, covered or shadowed)

 The dog is under the bed.
 The keys are under the table.

Above (higher than something, not touching)

 The painting is above the sofa.
 The plane is above the clouds.

Below (lower than something)

 The temperature is below zero.
 The valley is below the mountain.

Between (in the middle of two things)

 The park is between the library and the school.
 She is sitting between her friends.

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Among (in the middle of more than two things)
 He is among many students.
 The house is among trees.

Behind (at the back of something)

 The car is behind the building.
 The boy is behind the door.

In front of
 The teacher is in front of the class.
 The car is in front of the house.

Next to / Beside / By (very close)

 The bank is next to the grocery store.
 She is sitting beside me.
 He is standing by the door.

Across (on the opposite side)

 The school is across the street.
 The bank is across from the hospital.

Over (above, sometimes covering)

 The lamp is over the table.
 The bridge is over the river.

Outside / Inside
 They are outside the house.
 She is inside the room.

Prepositions of Time

In. Used with:

 Months → in January
 Years → in 2020
 Seasons → in summer
 Parts of the day → in the morning / afternoon / evening
Examples:
 I was born in 1998.

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  She travels in summer.
 We study in the morning.

On. Used with:

 Days → on Monday
 Dates → on 15th July
 Specific days → on my birthday
Examples:
 I have a test on Friday.
 She was born on December 24th.
 We will meet on Saturday.

At. Used with:

 Exact times → at 9:00
 The weekend → at the weekend
 Night → at night
 Meals → at breakfast / lunch / dinner
Examples:
 The lesson starts at 8 o’clock.
 I sleep at night.
 We eat at lunch.

Important Notes: We say, in the morning / afternoon / evening BUT at night

Exercise. Fill in with in / on / at:

 I wake up ___ 7 a.m.
 She was born ___ 2005.
 We have class ___ Monday.
 They study ___ the evening.
 He works ___ night.

Comparative Adjectives

What are Comparatives?

Comparatives are used to compare two things.

Short Adjectives (1 syllable), Add -er

 tall → taller
 fast → faster

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 Spelling Rules: Double final consonant (CVC)
 big → bigger
 hot → hotter

Adjectives ending in –y, change y → ier

 happy → happier
 easy → easier

Long Adjectives (2 or more syllables), Use more / less

 beautiful → more beautiful
 difficult → less difficult
 interesting → more interesting

Irregular Adjectives
 good → better
 bad → worse
 far → farther / further

Structure
Subject + verb + comparative + than
 She is taller than her brother.
 This book is more interesting than that one.

Exercise, complete the sentences:

 A car is ______ than a bike. (fast)
 This bike is ______ than that one. (heavy)
 My house is ______ than his house. (big)
 English is ______ than history. (easy)
 A lion is ______ than a cat. (strong)
 This exercise is ______ than the last one. (difficult)
 Today is ______ than yesterday. (hot)
 My brother is ______ than me. (tall)
 This movie is ______ than that movie. (interesting)
 Math is ______ than English. (boring)

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 Gerund and Infinitive

Gerund (Verb + -ing)

The gerund acts like a noun

Uses of Gerund

After Certain Verbs

enjoy, like, love, hate, dislike, avoid, finish, stop
Examples:
 I enjoy playing football.
 She finished doing her homework.
 They avoid talking to strangers.

After Prepositions
(in, on, at, for, about, by, of, before, after, without)
Examples:
 She is good at speaking English.
 Thank you for helping me.
 He left without saying goodbye.

As Subject or Object
 Reading is important.
 Swimming is fun.
 I like reading.

Infinitive (to + verb)

Uses of Infinitive
After Certain Verbs
want, decide, plan, hope, need, learn
Examples:
 I want to travel.
 They decided to study.
 She plans to visit her aunt.
To Express Purpose
 I study hard to pass the exam.
 We went to the market to buy food.

After Question Words

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 (what, where, when, how)
 She doesn’t know what to wear.
 Tell me where to go.
 I don’t know how to solve this problem.

After Adjectives
 It is important to study.
 It is easy to learn English.
 She is happy to see you.
 It is difficult to understand this lesson.

Verbs Followed by Gerund OR Infinitive

Some verbs can take both forms

Case 1: Same Meaning

like, love, hate, prefer
Examples:
 I like reading.
 I like to read.

Case 2: Different Meaning

stop
 I stopped smoking. (I quit)
 I stopped to smoke. (I stopped another action to smoke)
remember
 I remember locking the door. (memory)
 Remember to lock the door. (don’t forget)
try
 Try studying more. (experiment)
 Try to study more. (make an effort)

Exercise: Choose the correct form (gerund or infinitive).

 I enjoy ______ (read).
 She wants ______ (travel).
 He is good at ______ (play) football.
 They decided ______ (leave).
 I stopped ______ (smoke).

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 The Environment

Environmental problems
 Land, water, and air pollution
 Global warming
 Deforestation (cutting down trees)
 Wildfires

Threats to the environment

 Animal extinction
 Endangered species (animals that may disappear)

Types of pollution and their causes

 Throwing garbage / trash
 Smoke from cars and factories
 Plastic waste
 Sewage (dirty water from homes and cities)

How we can save the environment

 Plant trees.
 Use renewable energies (solar, wind, etc.).
 Save energy (turn off lights, unplug devices).
 Recycle.
 Reduce waste.
 Reuse things.
 Save water.
 Protect animals.

Exercise (fill‑in‑the‑blank)
 __________________ is when waste is turned into new products.
 The panda is an __________________ species.
 People should not throw __________________ in the streets.
 We should __________________ trees to improve the air.
 Using less electricity helps us __________________ energy.

Morocco and the environment

 What environmental problems does Morocco face?
 What can students do in their daily life to protect the environment?

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 Mass Media

Where do we get news?

 TV
 Internet
 Newspapers
 Social media (Facebook, Instagram, X, etc.)
 Radio
 Friends and family

Definition and purpose of media

 Mass media are means of communication that reach large groups of people to
inform and entertain.
 Purposes of media: to inform, to communicate, to entertain, to educate…

Types of media
 Printed media: newspapers, magazines, journals.
 Digital media: websites, social media, streaming platforms, blogs.
 Broadcast media: television, radio, cinema.
 Outdoor media: billboards, posters, banners.

People in media
 Print media: journalist, editor, photographer.
 Broadcast media: presenter, reporter, cameraman.
 Digital media: blogger, content creator, web writer.

Media programs and content

 Advertisements
 Talk shows
 Sitcoms
 Soap operas
 News reports

Discussion questions
 Where do you get your news from?
 Do you prefer TV, internet, or radio?
 What type of media do you use most?
 What media job would you like to work in in the future?

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 Expressing Personal Opinions

1. Asking for and giving opinions

Asking for opinions:
 What do you think of this movie?
 What’s your opinion about homework?
 What is your opinion of social media?
 In your opinion, what should students do to learn better?
 As far as you are concerned, what makes a good student?

Giving opinions:
 I think that reading is fun.
 I believe that we learn by doing.
 In my opinion, school should start later.
 For me, everyone should be respectful.
 To my mind, kindness is very important.
 It seems to me that students don’t like too many exams.
 As far as I’m concerned, learning English is useful.
 If you ask me, I would say that English is easy.

2. Agreeing and disagreeing

Agreeing:
 I agree with you.
 I share the same point of view.
 You are right.
 That’s true.
 Absolutely right.
 Definitely right.
 I see what you mean.
 Of course.
 That’s quite true.
 I can’t agree more.

Disagreeing:
 I disagree with you.
 I don’t agree.
 That’s wrong.
 Absolutely wrong.

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  I’m sorry to say this, but you are wrong.
 The idea doesn’t make sense to me.
 I see what you mean, but I think that…
 I think you are not completely right.
 Nonsense.

Shopping Places

Boutique
A small, stylish shop that sells fashionable or expensive clothes, shoes, or accessories. It is
usually more exclusive and elegant than a normal shop.

Department Store
A very large store divided into different sections (departments), each selling different
products such as clothes, electronics, cosmetics, and furniture. Everything is in one big
building.

Flea Market
An open-air market where people sell cheap, used, or handmade items. It is often informal
and not permanent.

Shopping Center
A group of different shops in one area (can be indoor or outdoor). It may include
restaurants, cafés, and services.

Shopping Mall
A large, modern shopping center inside one big building, usually with many floors, shops,
restaurants, and entertainment. It is more modern and bigger than a shopping center.

Grocery Store
A small or medium-sized shop that sells food and everyday items (bread, milk, vegetables,
etc.). It is usually local and simple.

Supermarket
A large self-service store where customers choose products themselves (food, drinks,
household items). It is bigger and more organized than a grocery store.

Thrift Store (Second-Hand Store)

A shop that sells used (second-hand) items like clothes, books, or furniture at low prices.
Items are not new.

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 Present Perfect Continuous
We use the present perfect continuous to talk about an action that started in the past and is
still continuing now, or has just stopped recently.

1. Form

Affirmative
Structure: Subject + have/has + been + verb + ing
 I have been studying English.
 She has been reading a book.
 They have been playing football.

Negative
Structure: Subject + have/has not + been + verb + ing
 I have not been sleeping well.
 He has not been working today.

Interrogative
Structure: Have/Has + subject + been + verb + ing?
 Have you been waiting long?
 Has she been crying?

2. Use
A. Action that started in the past and is still continuing
We often use:
 for → duration of time
 since → starting point
Examples
 I have been teaching English for five years.
 She has been living here since 2020.
 They have been studying for two hours.

B. Recent activity with a present result

The action has just stopped, but we can see the result now.
 He is tired because he has been running.
 The ground is wet because it has been raining.
 Your hands are dirty because you have been painting.

C. Repeated actions over a period of time

 She has been calling me all day.
 We have been practicing pronunciation this week.

Time Expressions
 for
 since

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  all day
 recently
 lately
 this week
 these days
Examples
 I have been feeling sick lately.
 They have been working all day.

Exercise: Put the verbs in the present perfect continuous.

1. She __________________ (study) for the exam all night.
2. They __________________ (play) football since morning.
3. I __________________ (wait) for the bus for thirty minutes.
4. We __________________ (learn) English this year.
5. He __________________ (not/sleep) well recently.

Simple Future
We use the simple future to talk about actions that will happen in the future.

1. Form
Affirmative
Structure: Subject + will + base verb
 I will travel tomorrow.
 She will study tonight.
 They will visit their grandparents.

Negative
Structure: Subject + will not (won’t) + base verb
 He will not come today.
 We won’t play football tomorrow.

Interrogative
Structure: Will + subject + base verb?
 Will you help me?
 Will they arrive on time?

2. Use
A. Predictions
Examples
 It will rain tomorrow.
 Morocco will win the match.

B. Decisions made at the moment of speaking

 I’m thirsty. I will get some water.
 The phone is ringing. I will answer it.

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C. Promises and offers
 I will help you with your homework.
 Don’t worry. We will be there.

Time Expressions
 tomorrow
 next week
 next year
 soon
 later
 in the future

Exercise: Use the simple future.

1. I __________________ (visit) my uncle tomorrow.
2. She __________________ (not/go) to school next Sunday.
3. They __________________ (play) basketball tonight.
4. We __________________ (study) for the exam next week.
5. He __________________ (help) his friend later.

Future Perfect
We use the future perfect to talk about an action that will be completed before a certain
time in the future.

1. Form
Affirmative
Structure: Subject + will have + past participle
 I will have finished my homework by 8 o’clock.
 She will have arrived before noon.
 They will have completed the project next month.

Negative
Structure: Subject + will not have + past participle
 He will not have finished the work by Friday.
 We won’t have arrived by then.

Interrogative
Structure: Will + subject + have + past participle?
 Will you have completed the task by tomorrow?
 Will she have left before noon?

2. Use
A. Action completed before a future time
 By next year, I will have learned French.
 She will have cleaned the house before the guests arrive.

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B. Showing duration before a future moment
 By June, he will have worked here for ten years.

Time Expressions
 by tomorrow
 by next week
 by 2030
 before
 by the time

Exercise: Use the future perfect.

1. She __________________ (finish) the test by 10 o’clock.
2. They __________________ (leave) before we arrive.
3. I __________________ (complete) my homework by tonight.
4. We __________________ (not/build) the house by next month.
5. He __________________ (learn) English by next year.

Plural Nouns
What Are Plural Nouns?
A plural noun means more than one person, animal, place, thing, etc.
 one book → two books
 one student → three students
 one cat → four cats

Rules for Forming Plural Nouns

A. Add -s
Most nouns form the plural by adding -s.
 book → books
 pen → pens
 teacher → teachers

B. Add -es
Nouns ending in: s, sh, ch, x, o usually take -es.
 bus → buses
 box → boxes
 watch → watches
 tomato → tomatoes

C. Change y → ies
If a noun ends with a consonant + y, change y to ies.
 baby → babies
 city → cities
 country → countries

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D. Irregular Plurals
Some nouns change completely.
 man → men
 woman → women
 child → children
 foot → feet
 tooth → teeth
 mouse → mice

E. Same Singular and Plural

Some nouns stay the same.
 sheep → sheep
 fish → fish
 news → news
 species → species

Exercise: Complete the sentences

1. The __________________ are playing outside. (child)
2. I bought two __________________ yesterday. (watch)
3. There are many __________________ in the city. (bus)
4. The __________________ are eating grass. (sheep)
5. My teacher has three __________________. (baby)

Subject, Object, and Possessive Pronouns

1. Subject Pronouns
Subject pronouns are used as the subject of a sentence.
Subject Pronoun Example
I I am a student.
You You are happy.
He He plays football.
She She likes music.
It It is a cat.
We We study English.
They They live in Morocco.

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2. Object Pronouns
Object pronouns receive the action in a sentence.
Object Pronoun Example
me She helps me.
you I know you.
him We saw him.
her They called her.
it I found it.
us He teaches us.
them I invited them.

3. Possessive Pronouns
Possessive pronouns show ownership.
Possessive Pronoun Example
mine The book is mine.
yours The bag is yours.
his The phone is his.
hers The pen is hers.
its The tail is its.
ours The classroom is ours.
theirs The house is theirs.

Examples
 She knows him.
 This bag is mine.
 They invited us.
 The blue car is theirs.

Exercise: Choose the correct pronoun

1. Sara is my friend. _____ is kind. (She / Her)
2. I can see Ali. I can see _____. (he / him)
3. This notebook belongs to me. It is _____. (mine / me)
4. My parents love _____. (I / me)
5. The house belongs to them. It is _____. (theirs / them)

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