Maths formula Sheet

DEFINITE INTEGRAL

a
1. ò f(x)dx = 0.
a
2. Change of variable of integration is immaterial so long as limits of integration remain the
b b
same i.e. ò f(x)dx = ò f(t)dt .
a a
b a
3. ò f(x)dx = -ò f(t)dx .
a b
b c b
4. ò f(x)dx = ò f(x)dx + ò f(x)dx
a a c
where the point c may lie between a and b or it may be exterior to (a, b).
b b
5. ò f(x)dx = ò f(a + b - x)dx
a a
a a/2
6. ò f(x)dx = ò [f(x) + f(a - x)]dx
0 0
Special cases:
a
a 2 a
If f (x) = f(a − x), then ò f(x)dx = 2 ò f(x)dx and If f (x) = − f(a − x), then ò f(x)dx = 0 .
0 0 0
a a
7. ò f(x)dx = ò [f(x) + f( -x)]dx
-a 0

Special case:
ì a
a
ò f(x)dx = í 0ò
ï2 f(x)dx, if f(x) is even

-a ï
î0 , if f(x) is odd
8. If f (x) is a periodic function with period T, then

a + nT T
(a) ò f(x)dx = n ò f(x)dx , where n Î I.
a 0
(i) In particular, if a = 0
nT T
ò f(x)dx = n ò f(x)d x where nÎI.
0 0
 Maths formula Sheet
(ii) If n = 1
a+T T
ò f(x)dx = ò f(x)d x .
a 0
nT T
(b) ò f(x)dx = (n - m) ò f(x)dx , where m, n Î I.
mT 0
b + nT b
(c) ò f(x)dx = ò f(x)dx , where n Î I.
a + nT a
DIFFERENTIATION UNDER THE INTEGRAL SIGN
A. Leibnitz’s Rule
If g is continuous on [a, b] and f1 (x) and f2 (x) are differentiable functions whose values lie in
f2 (x)
d
[a, b], then
dx ò g(t)dt = g(f2 (x))f2¢ (x) - g(f1(x))f1¢(x) .
f1(x)
x
d
g ( t ) dt = g ( x ) .
dx ò
In particular
0
b b
dF ¶g(x, t) ¶g
B. If F(t) = ò g(x,t)dx , then
dt
=ò
¶t
dx , where
¶t
represents the derivative of g
a a
with respect to t keeping x constant.
Inequalities
b b
(i) ò f(x)dx £ ò | f(x) |dx Equality sign holds when f (x) is entirely of the same sign on [a, b].
a a
b b
(ii) ò ò
If f(x) ³ g(x) on [a, b], then f(x)dx ³ g(x)dx . In particular, if f(x) ³ 0, then
a a
b
ò f(x)dx ³ 0 .
a

(iii) For a given function f (x) continuous on [a, b] if we are able to find two continuous
functions f1(x) and f2(x) on [a, b] such that f1(x) £ f(x) £ f2(x) "x Î [a, b], then
b b b
ò f1(x)dx £ ò f(x)dx £ ò f2 (x)dx .
a a a
(iv) If m and M are respectively the global minimum and global maximum of f (x) in [a, b]
b
ò
then m (b - a) £ f(x)dx £ M(b - a) .
a
 Maths formula Sheet

b æb öæ b ö
2 2
(v) ò f(x)g(x)dx £
çò
ç f (x)dx
÷ç ò
÷ç g (x) ÷ dx , where f(x) and g(x) are two integrable
÷
a èa øè a ø
functions.