University of KwaZulu-Natal
School of Engineering
Tutorial 1 : March 2026 P Ndlovu
Module Code: ENCH3FS Credits: 16 (160 hours)
Module Title: Fluid & Solids Transport
Incompressible Fluids
Hint: Attempt the question on your own
Question 1
Water (𝜌𝜔 = 1000𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 ) flows at a mass flow rate of 𝑚̇ = 6.0𝑘𝑔/𝑠 through a nozzle with
an entrance diameter 𝑑𝑒 = 10.0𝑐𝑚 and an exit diameter 𝑑𝑗 = 4.0𝑐𝑚. The water then hits a
curved bracket, as shown in the figure below. The diameter of the deflected jet is 𝑑𝑑 = 3.0𝑐𝑚.
Assume the water remains in a horizontal plane and flows one-dimensionally.
1. Draw an appropriate control surface with annotations to analyze the problem.
2. Calculate the velocity of the water entering and exiting the nozzle (ve and vj).
3. Calculate the change in pressure (Δp) between the nozzle entrance and its exit.
4. Calculate the velocity (vd) of the water in the deflected jet.
5. Determine the magnitude and direction of the force on the bracket.
Question 2
Water (ρ= 1,000 kg/m3 ) flows in a hose with a velocity of 1.0 m/s and a pressure of 300 kPa.
At the nozzle exit, the pressure decreases to atmospheric pressure (101.3 kPa). There is no
change in height. (a) Use the Bernoulli equation to calculate the velocity of the water as it exits
the nozzle. (b) The hose discharges a water stream through the nozzle, with a final diameter of
3 cm. The stream is then directed onto a stationary wall. Determine the force on the wall from
the stream.
Question 3
For gases undergoing adiabatic compression or expansion, the bulk modulus is related to the
pressure using 𝑘𝑏 = 𝛾𝑝. If changes in density in an incompressible flow must be less than
5\%, then show that to ensure incompressible behaviour, the flow Mach number, 𝑀 = 𝑉/𝑎,
1
must be less than 0.3. Hint: You may assume that Δp ≈-2 𝜌∆𝑉 and 𝑎 = √𝛾𝑅𝑇 and 𝑝 = 𝜌𝑅𝑇.
Question 4
A water jet with velocity V that exits from a nozzle strikes a vertical plate. The exit area of
the nozzle is A. Find an expression for the horizontal force on the plate. If the volume flow
rate through the nozzle is 0.5 m3s-1 and the diameter of the jet is 5 cm, then find the force on
the plate in Newtons. The density of water can be assumed to be 1,000 kg m-3.
Question 5
Starting from the most general form of the energy equation, identify the meaning of each of
the terms and show how the equation can be simplified for application to problems involving:
(a) Steady flows, (b) Steady, inviscid flow, (c) Steady flows with no body forces, heat, or work
addition. In each case, explain the physical meaning of the terms in the respective equations.