AS2071 - Engineering Mechanics 08/02/2025

HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

THE FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCE

Lecturer: PhD. NGUYEN DUY KHUONG

Email: ndkhuong@[Link]

Deparment of Engineering Mechanics– Room B4-106

Applications

vibrations, stability and

strength of structures robotics
and machines

rocket and
spacecraft design
automatic control

engine molecular, atomic

performance and sub atomic
fluid flow
behavior

Engineering Mechanics – PhD. Nguyen Duy Khuong

Ho Chi Minh City University of

Technology (HCMUT) 1
AS2071 - Engineering Mechanics 08/02/2025

History of mechanics

Archimedes Simon Stevin Galileo Newton

(287 B.C. - 212 B.C.) (1548-1620) (1564-1642) (1643-1727)
“Lever principle” “Vector addition of “Inventing the “Motion principle”
and “Buoyancy Forces” and “almost problem of and “Law of
principle” formulations of dynamics with the universal
static” experiment of a gravitation”
freely falling stone”

“Give me a place to
stand on, and I will
move the Earth”

Da Vinci, Varignon, Euler, D’Alembert, Lagrange, Laplace and …

Engineering Mechanics – PhD. Nguyen Duy Khuong

Contents

Engineering Mechanics

Part 1 Part 2 Part 3

STATICS KINEMATICS DYNAMICS

Mid-term test (30%)

Final test (40%)

Tutorial (10%) Exercise (20%)

Engineering Mechanics – PhD. Nguyen Duy Khuong

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AS2071 - Engineering Mechanics 08/02/2025

Part 1: STATICS

• Two primary problems:

• Reduction of forces system
• Equations of Equilibrium
Chapter 1: The fundamental theorems
Chapter 2: Concurrent force systems
Chapter 3: Planar force systems
Chapter 4: Two-dimensional truss systems
Chapter 5: Three-dimensional force systems

Engineering Mechanics – PhD. Nguyen Duy Khuong

CHAPTER 1 Fundamental theorems

CONTENT
1. Forces and moments
2. Equivalence theorems

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AS2071 - Engineering Mechanics 08/02/2025

CHAPTER 1 Fundamental theorems

1. Forces and moments

Force
A vector quantity that describes the action of one body
on another.


z F  ( Fx , Fy , Fz )
Fz 
F
Fy
y
Fx
x

Engineering Mechanics – PhD. Nguyen Duy Khuong

CHAPTER 1 Fundamental theorems

1. Forces and moments

•A<<S  Concentrated force F atcs on point A

F q
A
S

•A~S  Distributed force q acts on a domain A

The point of application of the total force F is at the center of gravity of the distributed
force. q
F
F   qi S A

Engineering Mechanics – PhD. Nguyen Duy Khuong

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AS2071 - Engineering Mechanics 08/02/2025

CHAPTER 1 Fundamental theorems

1. Forces and moments

Engineering Mechanics – PhD. Nguyen Duy Khuong

CHAPTER 1 Fundamental theorems

1. Forces and moments

Engineering Mechanics – PhD. Nguyen Duy Khuong

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AS2071 - Engineering Mechanics 08/02/2025

CHAPTER 1 Fundamental theorems

1. Forces and moments

Engineering Mechanics – PhD. Nguyen Duy Khuong

CHAPTER 1 Fundamental theorems

1. Forces and moments

Calculate sum of forces

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AS2071 - Engineering Mechanics 08/02/2025

CHAPTER 1 Fundamental theorems

1. Forces and moments

To transfer distributed force into concentrated force and application

point location
The concentrated force

Application point location

Comments:
•The magnitude of the distributed force is equal to its area.
•Point located at the center of gravity of the distributed force

Engineering Mechanics – PhD. Nguyen Duy Khuong

CHAPTER 1 Fundamental theorems

1. Forces and moments

Example: Calculate total force of a distributed force with a

functional law f(x)=x3 Value of distributed force
L L
L
x4
F  f ( x)dx   x dx 
3
y
y  f ( x )  x3 0 0 4 0
4
L
F
4
Location of the concentrated force
L L
L
x5
 x  f ( x)dx 4 x dx
4
4
5
x 0
 0
 0
L
L4 L4
 f ( x)dx
0
4
x L
5
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AS2071 - Engineering Mechanics 08/02/2025

CHAPTER 1 Fundamental theorems

1. Forces and moments

Special cases of distributed force

•Uniformly distributed force
Uniformly distributed force with value q on the length L

q F
q
F  q*L
L L/2 L/2

•Linear distributed force

Linear distributed force with value q on the length L

q q
1
F q*L
L L/3 2L / 3 2

Engineering Mechanics – PhD. Nguyen Duy Khuong

CHAPTER 1 Fundamental theorems

1. Forces and moments

Example:
•Uniformly distributed force

F  w0 * b

•Linear distributed force

1
F w0 * L
2

Engineering Mechanics – PhD. Nguyen Duy Khuong

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AS2071 - Engineering Mechanics 08/02/2025

CHAPTER 1 Fundamental theorems

1. Forces and moments

Moment
Moment is a vector quantity that characterizes the tendency of a
force to cause rotation about a specific point or axis.

Engineering Mechanics – PhD. Nguyen Duy Khuong

CHAPTER 1 Fundamental theorems

1. Forces and moments

Moment of a force about an axis

F
  M
F
F
F d

 is an angleof vector
 Fvà  axis
F  F  F
Moment value with sign
M   M O   d  F   d  F sin 
Sign (+), if the body rotates CCW from top view of
 axis.
Sign (-)
is opposite
Note: F does not cause moment axis of  axis.
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AS2071 - Engineering Mechanics 08/02/2025

CHAPTER 1 Fundamental theorems

1. Forces and moments

Engineering Mechanics – PhD. Nguyen Duy Khuong

CHAPTER 1 Fundamental theorems

1. Forces and moments

Example: Calculate moment axis with point O

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AS2071 - Engineering Mechanics 08/02/2025

CHAPTER 1 Fundamental theorems

1. Forces and moments

Engineering Mechanics – PhD. Nguyen Duy Khuong

CHAPTER 1 Fundamental theorems

1. Forces and moments

Ví dụ : Calculate sum of moment with point O

Engineering Mechanics – PhD. Nguyen Duy Khuong

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AS2071 - Engineering Mechanics 08/02/2025

CHAPTER 1 Fundamental theorems

1. Forces and moments

Determine the muscle tension, Determine the moment about point A, the
Ft, required to produce a zero point of contact of the foot with the
net moment about point A. ground.

Engineering Mechanics – PhD. Nguyen Duy Khuong

CHAPTER 1 Fundamental theorems

1. Forces and moments

Moment in three dimensions

  
M O  r  F  M O  rF sin   F (r sin  )  Fd

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AS2071 - Engineering Mechanics 08/02/2025

CHAPTER 1 Fundamental theorems

1. Forces and moments

The moment of F about the axis through O

 
r  (rx , ry , rz ) F  ( Fx , Fy , Fz )

   
M O  (ry Fz  rz Fy )i  (rx Fz  rz Fx ) j  (rx Fy  ry Fx )k

Engineering Mechanics – PhD. Nguyen Duy Khuong

CHAPTER 1 Fundamental theorems

1. Forces and moments

Calculate the moment of F about the axis through O

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AS2071 - Engineering Mechanics 08/02/2025

CHAPTER 1 Fundamental theorems

1. Forces and moments

Calculate the moment of F about the axis through O, C, G

400N

Engineering Mechanics – PhD. Nguyen Duy Khuong

CHAPTER 1 Fundamental theorems

1. Forces and moments

Use Matlab to plot a graph of M0/T with angle θ in the range of [0, 90o]

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AS2071 - Engineering Mechanics 08/02/2025

CHAPTER 1 Fundamental theorems

1. Forces and moments

Matlab code

clear all
syms theta T
rA=[0.5*cos(theta),0.5*sin(theta),0];
rB=[0 0.4 0];
vAB=rB-rA;
nAB=vAB/norm(vAB);
vT=T*nAB;
MO=cross(rB,vT);
f=MO(3)/T;
drad=linspace(0,pi/2,50);
ddeg=linspace(0,90,50);
y=subs(f,theta,drad);
plot(ddeg,y)

Engineering Mechanics – PhD. Nguyen Duy Khuong

CHAPTER 1 Fundamental theorems

1. Forces and moments

A gymnast pulls on a rope. When the arm is at rest in position OA, the
rope does not stretch. The arm is then rotated horizontally to position
OB. The elasticity coefficient of the rope is k = 60 N/m, and the pulling
force required to maintain the arm in position OB is F = 60 N.
Calculate the moment of tension in the rope about point O when the
arm is in position OB.

Engineering Mechanics – PhD. Nguyen Duy Khuong

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AS2071 - Engineering Mechanics 08/02/2025

CHAPTER 1 Fundamental theorems

1. Forces and moments

Couple: Two forces have

•Parallel
•Opposite direction
•Same value
•Difference

  
M O  AB  F

F B
F
A

Engineering Mechanics – PhD. Nguyen Duy Khuong

CHAPTER 1 Fundamental theorems

1. Forces and moments

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AS2071 - Engineering Mechanics 08/02/2025

CHAPTER 1 Fundamental theorems

1. Forces and moments

Engineering Mechanics – PhD. Nguyen Duy Khuong

CHAPTER 1 Fundamental theorems

1. Forces and moments

Each propeller of a large ship running at maximum speed generates a

thrust force of F = 300 kN. Two small ships, each equipped with a single
propeller, are mobilized to hinder the rotation of the large ship. What is
the minimum thrust force required from each small ship to counteract
the rotational effect of the two propellers on the large ship?

Engineering Mechanics – PhD. Nguyen Duy Khuong

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AS2071 - Engineering Mechanics 08/02/2025

CHAPTER 1 Fundamental theorems

2. Equivalence theorems

Force translation theorem:

1. Translation of a force along its line of action


Sliding a force along its line of action does not change the
effect of the force on the system.

Engineering Mechanics – PhD. Nguyen Duy Khuong

CHAPTER 1 Fundamental theorems

2. Equivalence theorems

2. Translation of a force not along its line of action

 r

  
New moment M  r  F
The location of the moment can be considered to be
anywhere on the domain.

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AS2071 - Engineering Mechanics 08/02/2025

CHAPTER 1 Fundamental theorems

2. Equivalence theorems

 

Engineering Mechanics – PhD. Nguyen Duy Khuong

CHAPTER 1 Fundamental theorems

2. Equivalence theorems

Reduce the force system to an equivalent force-couple

system consisting of a single resultant force (principal
vector) and a single resultant moment (principal
 moment) at a specific point (analytical method).
M RO  A single resultant force :
R  
R   Fi
where Fi is the ith-force

A single resultant moment :

   
M RO   M O ( F i )  M j
where Mj is the jth-moment
MO(Fi) is the moment of the ith force about point O

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AS2071 - Engineering Mechanics 08/02/2025

CHAPTER 1 Fundamental theorems

2. Equivalence theorems

= =

Engineering Mechanics – PhD. Nguyen Duy Khuong

CHAPTER 1 Fundamental theorems

2. Equivalence theorems

Example 1: Reduce force system

A single resultant force on x and y directions
Rx  40  80 cos 30o  60 cos 45o  66, 9 N
Ry  50  80sin 30o  60sin 45o  132, 4 N
A single resultant force is:
R  Rx2  Ry2  66,92  132, 42  148,3 N
Ry 132, 4
  tan 1  tan 1  63, 2o
Rx 66,9
A single resultant moment at O point

M O  140  50(5)  60 cos 45o (4)  60sin 45o (7)

 237 N  m
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AS2071 - Engineering Mechanics 08/02/2025

CHAPTER 1 Fundamental theorems

2. Equivalence theorems

The location of the point of application of the resultant force such

that the system has no net moment is

MO 237
d   1, 6m
R 148, 3

The point of application of the resultant force is on Ox at a distance

b from O.

MO 237
b   1, 792m
Ry 132, 4

Engineering Mechanics – PhD. Nguyen Duy Khuong

CHAPTER 1 Fundamental theorems

2. Equivalence theorems

Reduce force system at Apoint


F1  100i  (100, 0)

F2  600 j  (0, 600)

F3  200 2i  200 2 j  ( 282.9, 282.9)
A single resultant force is:
    
FR   Fi  F1  F2  F3  (382.8, 882.8)
FRy 882.8
  tan 1  tan 1  66.6o
FRx 382.8
A single resultant moment is:
M RA   M A ( Fi )
2 2
 100  0  600  0.4  400 0.3  400 0.8
2 2
 551

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AS2071 - Engineering Mechanics 08/02/2025

CHAPTER 1 Fundamental theorems

2. Equivalence theorems

A point where the moment is zero:

M RA 551
d   0.6m
FR 962

d  0.6m

Engineering Mechanics – PhD. Nguyen Duy Khuong

CHAPTER 1 Fundamental theorems

2. Equivalence theorems

An aircraft with four jet engines is flying in stable mode when engine number
3 fails.
• Determine the resultant force acting on the aircraft after engine failure.
• Determine the location of the center of thrust for the remaining three
engines, where the resultant thrust force can be considered to act without
inducing any net moment about the aircraft's center of gravity.

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AS2071 - Engineering Mechanics 08/02/2025

CHAPTER 1 Fundamental theorems

2. Equivalence theorems

Reduce the parallel force system to O. Then find a point on the Oxz
plane to move the force system there so that there is only one total
force.

Engineering Mechanics – PhD. Nguyen Duy Khuong

CHAPTER 1 Fundamental theorems

2. Equivalence theorems

Calculate the value and position of the total force of the 3 engines,
this point is a point on the Oyz surface.

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AS2071 - Engineering Mechanics 08/02/2025

CHAPTER 1 Fundamental theorems

2. Equivalence theorems

Reduce force system at A point

Engineering Mechanics – PhD. Nguyen Duy Khuong

CHAPTER 1 Fundamental theorems

2. Equivalence theorems

Reduce force system at origin.

 
rC  (0, 0,1) rB  (0.15, 0.1,1)
 
F  (0, 0, 800) F2  (250,166, 0)
1
M  (0, 400,300)
A single resultant force :
   
FR   Fi  F1  F2  (250,166, 800)
A single resultant moment :
   
M RO   M ( F i )  M
    
 M O ( F1 )  M O ( F2 )  M
 (166, 250, 0)  (0, 400,300)
 (166, 650,300)

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AS2071 - Engineering Mechanics 08/02/2025

CHAPTER 1 Fundamental theorems

2. Equivalence theorems

Engineering Mechanics – PhD. Nguyen Duy Khuong

CHAPTER 1 Fundamental theorems

2. Equivalence theorems

Given a cube with side length of 1 unit, reduce the force system acting on
the cube to point O.   
z F1  (0, 0,1) F2  (0, 1,0) F3  (1,0, 1)
  
r1  (0, 0,0) r2  (1,1,1) r3  (0,1,1)
2 3    
M O ( F1 )  r1  F1  (0, 0, 0)
1    
1 M O ( F2 )  r2  F2  (1, 0, 1)
O    
2 y M O ( F3 )  r3  F3  ( 1,1, 1)
 
M 1  (1, 0, 1) M 2  (1, 1, 0)
x 
A single resultant force : R   Fi  (1, 1, 0)
   
A single resultant moment : M O   M O ( Fi )   M i  (0, 0, 3)

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