Tepics

1 Nitrition

-2, Respiration
.. 3, ransportation
4, Excrétion

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 =1. Nuthiticn=
Ntrients
Organic or inonganic chemical substances vequired for survival
Carbohydhá¥es Preins Fats Vtamins Minerals

) 1.1 TYPES OF NUTRITION

Atotrophic Nutton Heterdtrophic Nutrtion

Auto - Setf. Tophic -Feeding Heo - Other/Different
Prepare their own food Depend on thers for food
Chemosyrthesis Saprophyte
Preparing fod using cherical energy Absonption of nutrients from dead
eg, Suphur Oidising Bacteria and decaying malter eg, hungi
i* Parasitic
*Phtosunthesis Absorb nutrients from the host onganism
Preparing fod using lght energy e.g.. ,Leech, Cuscta
eg, Pants, Algae
Holozoic
CHaroghyl Food is taken in solid or liquid fonm
Sunlight
'Sunlight - Main source of energy for all onganisms from the outside and is digested inside
0,-By product, Used for respiration the body eg.,Humans, Amoeba
 12Holozoic NuoNTton Ivolves 5slages
1. Ingesion: Process of itake of solid on liqid food
2, Digestion: Conversion of complex food pafticdes ito simple and
absorbable form
3, Absorption: Process oftaking up of digested fod or ntrients by the body
4 Asimiatiom: Urdisalion of absorbed mtrients for body fundtons
5, Egeston: Removal of undigested food through anus

12, a) Nitmiion in Amoeba

1. INGESTION 2. DIGESTION

Pseudopsdia 9. ABSORPTION
Fod Partcle

Food vacuole
5. EGESTION 4. ASSIMILATION

Phagocytosis : Processes ofengulfng fod, other particles or entire cell

 12 b) Human Digestve Sytem
) Digestive Tract i) Digestive Glands
-Alimertary canal -Associated glands
Mouth: Site of ingestion Salivary glandsSecréte
saliva which cortain
Salvary amylase
Pharync: Comnon passage
fon food and air Liver

Oesophagus or Food pipe Secrétes bie jice

Part which comects mouth to stomach * Bie helps in emulsifcation of fat
Somach: Churing of fod Gastric glands Secrete gastic
Occuns by stomach muscles juice which contains- HC, mucuS
Small intestine and pepsinogen
*Has 3parts- duodeum, Gallbladder: Sores and
igjumum 2 leum releases bile juice into the
duodenum
*Digeston is compleed and
site for absonpfion Pancreas Secrte pancreaic
juice which contains -
Large intestine trypsin, lipase Lamylase
Has 3parts- caecum, colon &.
recum Itestinal glands: Secnete
intestinal juice
Absonption ofwater and wminerals
Anus: Exit point of faeces

Note: Peristalsis is the series of wave-like muscle contractions

that helps the foodto move through the digestive tract.
 1. Ingesion 2. Digestion
Food is ingested into the mouth where teeth and Begins in mouth and ends in
tongue break it into smaller parts small intestine

Enzymes in Digeston
Mouth Stomach
*Carbohydráte:(3)
Carbohydrates * Proteins
Saliwary
Starchamylase,
Maltose Pepsinogen Ha Pepain
* Proteins Proteins Pepsin Peptides
* Fats
*Fats
Pancreas
Small intestine Alkaline
medium
Intestinal Trypsinogen Typin
Sarch enzymes Glucose
Proteins Tryosin Peptdes
Irtestinat Pancreatic
Prteins eny Arino acids Fats lipase Fatuy acids +
Ltestinal Pancreatic glyceol
enzymes
Fats Faty acids + Starch
amylase
Matose
gycerol

Carbohydrates Prsteins Fats

Note: Pancreatic secnetions are released into the smallintestine,

3. Absonption
Occurs in small intestine

Microuillus
Increases the surface area for absorotion of
dgested food
Blood capilaries
Absorb and transport foodto each cell ofthe body
Lacteal
Absorbs fats

VA Lymph vessel carwying fats

4, Assimilation
Asinilaüon is utilisation of absorbed nitrients for:
Grouwth and repair Energy production
Storage Prducion of complex molecules

5, Egestion
Removal of undigested fod through the anus
 Mind Map

Sulphur oxidising bacteria

(Chemosynthesis

Autotrophic (Phstosythesit Plarnts, Algae

Ntiton
Haerdtrophic)
Parasitic
Saprophytic
Holozoic
Fungi (Leech, Cuscuïa
Amoeba
(Phagocytosic), Human Digestve
System

Digestve Gland: Digestive Tract

Salivary glands, Lver, Mouth, Oesophagus,

Pancreas, Intestnal glands Stomach, Small litestine,
Large Intestine, Anus
 2. Kespihaticn:
Kespiraton
tis the process in which complex organic ATP
material is oxidised (broken down) to welease
(Adenosine tiphoçpháte)
tnergy cuvency of cells
energy in the form of ATP.

GLUCOSE
GLYCOLYSIS In cfoglasm

(Presence of Oj) PYRUVATE (Absence/Lact of)

2.1 AEROBIC 12.2 ANAEROBIC

Carbon dioxide + Lack of 02 Absence of O2

Water +Enengy Lacte Acid +Energy Ethandl +C0,+ Energy
(I Mitochondria) (I Muscle cells) (I Yeast)

End products End products

al Complete onidaton of glucose a) Partal oxidaion of glucose
b) tnergy =upto 38 AP (more) b) Energy 2ATP (leser)
c)Occurs in cytoplasm and witochondria )Occurs in coplasm of cel
 :23 Human Kespihalehy Systenm
NOSTRILS
Opening through which ain
eriters and leaves the body

NASAL CHAMBER
Fters and wams ai, senses smell

PHARYNX
Common passage for air and fod

LARYNX
Voice box
Guarded by epiglatis while swallouing

TRACHEA
indipe upporfed by l- chaped cardlage
BRONCHI
Respindory abe with caflage.
BRONCHIOLES
DIAPHRAGM
Tlerminal branch of bronchi
M Membrane that
separates thoracic and
ALVEOLI the abdominal cavity
Air sac
Ste of gaseous exchange
 Extehnal Kespihation (Breathing)
Involves breating in air rich in oxygen ito thelungs and breihing o°t air rich
in carbon dioxide

1) Lungs
GASEOUS EXCHANGE
0, 0,
RBC with Cl,
Heast pumps blood
RBC with Q,
rich in Cl, to the lungs Aveolus
Heart

5 Blod ich in Cl, is

taken to the heart
4 RBCs carvies O, to bady cells i

CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Intchnal Respiation
Cell use O,to generate energy
The exchange of gases between
the bloodstream and cells
 :21 Mechanisn ef Bhcathing
24 (a) Inhaltion 24 (b) Exhalation

1. Ribs and 4, Ain epelled from lungs

4, Air entering lungs sternum
1, Rbs and reurned
sternum to original [Link] Caty
raised posiion
3. Thoraci laity Volume
Volume *Pressuret
Pressure
2relaxed
Diachragm
and
2Diaphragm arched
contrated
upwards

INHALATION EXHALATION

ype of Process Active Passive

Diaphragm and Contracts Relaxes
intercoastal muscles

* Ribs Moves upward and outward Moves downward and inward

Diaphragm Moves doumward Moves upward

* Thoracic cavity Volume Volume <,
Pressure Pressure 1
* Effect Air moves in Air moves out
25 KespihatohyOhgans in Othh Ohganisnns
Guard Cells
25,a In Plants
Special pores ’ stomata-on leaf Stomatal Pore
’ lenicels -on stem, vodt
Chloroplat

25b In Animals 25c In Unicellular organisms

Respiratory ongans Via, cell membrane
(direct diffusion)
Moit Skin/ Lngs ’ Frog
Moist Skin ’ Earthwonn Oz diffuses
into Amoeba d-ffuses out
Gils ’ Fish
Trachea ’Insects Water
Lungs ’ Mammals
Cel membrane

Note: Breahing and Respiration are NOT same

Breathing Respiratton
Physical pr9Cess
No release of energy
Chemical prOcess
Energy is released
Modes of breathing differ Process of espiration is
among onganisms Same in all
 Mind Map
Stomata (Lenticels KMoit Skin /Lungs
Plants Frog
Moist Skin
Earthworm
Respinatory Animals Fish Gills
Ongans In Orther
Onganisms Lnsects
(Trachea)
Unicellular
Mamnals Lungs
Respiration Onganisms
(Diffusion

Human Cellular
Respiratory system Respination
CAerobic Anaerobic
Organs Breathing
Mechanism
Presence of O2 /Ahsence of O2
Carbon dioxide + Lacic Acid
Nostris, Nasal \Water Energy +Energy
Chamber,
Pharynx, Laryx,
Lack of 02
Irachea, (Inhalation) Ethanol +C0,
Bronchi, Bronchioles, Exhalation +Erergy
Alvedi
 =3.1. The Heaht
(lhe pumping ongan)

AORTA -PULMONARY ARTERY

Largest artery of the body that Carvies dexygenated blood
distributes oxygenated blood from the RV to the lungs for
throughout the body ygenaion,

SUPERIOR VENA CAVA PULMONARY VEIN

Collects deoxygenated Carvies oxygenated blood
blood from the from the lungs to the LA of
the heart
superiar paA of
the body to the RA of
the heat LEFT ATRIUM (LA
- Receives oxygenated
RIGHT ATRIUM (RA) blood from the lungs
Receives deoxygenated through pulomnonary
blood from the vena cava veins
On cortraction, it pumps - On contacion, it
blood into the kV thraugh pumps blood into the
tricuspid valve. left ventricle through
bicuspid valve
TRICUSPID VALVE BICUSPID VALVE
Prevents backfaw of
blood from RVto RA Prevets backfow of
when RV contracts. the blood from LVto
LA when LV corntracts
INFERIOR VENA CAVA..
LEFT VENTRICLE (LV)
Collects deoxygenated Thickest chamber of
blood from lower part
of the body to the RA of SEMILUNAR VALVE the heart
the heart RIGHT VENTRICLE (RV Semlunar vatve Responsible for the
- Receives deonygenated prevents the pumping of
blood from the RA backfow of blod oxygenated blood to
- Pumps blood into the from pulmonarny all parts of the body
pulmnary atery aftery or aofta through the aona.

Part of the body that lies above heart-Superior

Partofthe body that les below heart- Inferior
 -3.2. Bloed Vessels
Heat Aorta Ateries Aterioles a
e Capillries
Vena cava - Veins
Venules
ARTERIES V/S VEINS

Capilaries Vein
Artery
Caries blood away from heart * Caries blood towards the heart
Blood Aows under high pressure * Blood flows under low pressure
Has thick elastic wall * Has thin inelasic wall
* Does not have valves, * Has valves to prevent backfow of blood
Caries oxygenated blood exceçt * Caries deoxygenated blood except
puimonary areny puimonary vein
Blood presure
* Ihe pressure exerted by blood on the walls of the blood vessels,
* Normal blood pressure
Systolic pressure:
120 Pressure of blood on walls of artery during vertricular contracion.
Diastolic pressure:
B0 The pressure of blod on walls of artery during ventricular Sphygmomanometer
relaxation,
 3.3. Bleed compencnts:

RED BLO0D CELLS

Contain hemogabin and WHITE BLO0D CELLS
transport oYgen
ldertfy and destroy
paihagens

PLASMA
PLATELETS
Ivolved in blood
Fuid part ofthe blood, clating
Caries smal amourts of hormones, eledroytes,
waste products and gases,

Lymph
Colonless tissue fuid that mostly consists ofwhite blood cells.
Funcions -Caries dgested and absorbed fa from intestine into the blood.
Drains excess Auid from extra cellular spaces back into the blood
 34. Deuble Cihculatehy Systenm
Double Circulaion
Blood passes through the hearttwice during each cycle.

Lungs
PULMONARY VEIN
PULMONARY ARTERY h earies oxygenated
blood from the lungsto
tcavies deaygenated blod Pulmonary circulation the LA ofthe heart
from the RVto the lungs for
omYgenaion of blood
RA LA

RV

AORTA
VENA CAVA
Systemic circulaion Garies the oxygenated
blood from theLV of
Carvies the deoxygenated the heartto the nest of
blood from the body to the body.
the RA ofthe heart

BLO0D CAPILLARIES
Very thin walled and allw the exchange
of materials between and blood and
adjacent tssues of the body
 =3.S. Thanspeht in othch animals:
Circulatony system of amphibians and reptles
Three chambered heast
* Double circulation
blood capllaries in ungs
TWO ATRIUMS:
kight atrium receives
deoxygenated blood while left VENTRICLE
atrium neceives oxygenated Miing of oxygenated and
blood deoxygenated blod occursin
veritricles.

Blood capilaries for restof

the body

lhese animals does nót use enengy to maintain body Temperature,

Circulatory System of fsh

* lwochambered heart Body blood
caplaries BLOOD CIRcULATION
Single circulaion
Gls blood
Gils Body
capillaries
Heaft

Ventricle Atrsium
 [Link] in Plants
Iransportaiton of food and water takes place separately in plants.
Xylem
Xylem
Iransports water and minerals from Xylem Vessels
Fbers
rot to all other parts ofthe plaDt
The fow is urnidirecional, Xylem Thacheids
Parenchgna
Forces responsible for transportation in xylem
XYLEM

TRANSPIRATIONAL PULL'
R0OT PRESSURE
Usmotic pressure in noots which t pulls the water column upwards as there is
causes sapto rise in the plarit a continuous loss of water from leaves.

Phloem

Iransport of food through phloem is called translocation.

Inanslocate sugar, amino acids, proteins and other ions.
AIP is usedto transport sugar from leaves to phloem, Sieve
Plate
* The fowis bidirecional
Forces responsible for translocation in phloem

Osmótic Pressure Comparnion Cel

Osmdtic pressure is responsible for the
transfer of substances from phloemto Phloem PHLOEM Phloem Fiores
tissues whene food is required. parenchyma
 Mnd Map

Phloem Xyjem

ranspotalion
In animals

Double circulation Single circulation

Human circulatory Fish

system Circulatory sytem of
amphibians
4 chambered
heart (24-2V 3 chambered heart
(2A-1)
Blood vessels Blood
Platelets
Veins RBC
Arteries) WBC
Plasma
 4. Exchetion
41Human Excretory System Metabolic aste
* Nitrogenous
Process of removing metabolic wase from the body waste lAmmonia"
urea, uric acid) Kidney
Lungs
H0 Skin

PAIR OF KIDNEYS h
RENAL VEIN Bean shaped
FUNCTION
FUNCTION
Excreion of N-waste
Blood free from toxic (urea +uric acid)
waste comes out of Fornátion of urine
kidney via renal vein pH Balance
H20 and sat balance
URINARY BLADDER
Pear shaped bag,
muscular and elastic RENAL ARTERY
FUNCTION FUNCTION
Receives urine from Supplies blood along with
uneters Some impurities into the
Stores urine temporariy kidney

URETHRA PAIR OF URETERS

Opening of urinary bladder, It has Muscular elastic tube,
two sphincters connedted to urinary bladder
FUNCTION FUNCTION
Expels urine Carvies urine from kidney to
urinary bladder lby peristalsis)
 =42Sthuctuhe of Nephhens
Each kiney has about 1milion nephrons,
Funcional unit of Kidhey
Steps of Urine Fowmation
()0LTRAFILTRATION (2) SELECTIVE REABSORPTION (3) TUBULAR SECRETION
Fitraton of blood under high Amino acids, glucose, salts and Renal tubules etrad
pressure to form primary water are reabsorbed back in addiüonal Nwastes from
urine which is 130L/day surrounding blood by diffusion blood and forns final uwrine
which is 1-2 Lf day
coLLECTING DUCT
Duct that
GLOMERULUS receives final
Cluster of capilaries urine and
which fonms a kndt concentrátes it

BOWMAN'SCAPSULE
Cup shaped tubule
around glomerulus,
Collects primary urine,
RENAL TUBULE
-Long tubule with coied and looped vegion,
-Processes the primany urine and forms fnal urine.

Excretory Pathway
Kidney Uneter

Renal Vein Nephrons Urine Urinary bladder

Renal Ateny Uretra
Cinculaiion
 13Antificial kidncy
*Used during kidney faure
Rters blood via dialysing fuid
Only removes wastes ike urea and uric acid by diffusion
No tubular reabsoroion
Blood with toxic
wastes
DIALYSER
-Memove the toxic wastes and fuid from the blood

Fresh
Dalysate

Blood free from

Dialysate
(uith wates)
3 toxic wastes

Excretion in Pants
Plants do nt possess special excretory organs, but they excre elther by
elirinating wastes fromtheir body or by storing them
GASEOUS EXCHANGE C0, and H- released during vespiration
, released during phoosyhesis
STORAGE Converted in gum, nesins or laex and stored in old xylen (wood)
-Wase products stored in the leaves, bark and frits are removed
by chedding of leaves, peeling of bark and feling of fruits
TRANSPIRATION -Excess water is eliminated
 Mnd Map

Gaseous Exchange
In Plants
(Storage
Transpiration
Excreton
Lungs
Human Exeretory System
Skin

Kidney Urethra

Funcional Unit
Nephron
Aternaivs Ureters

Kidney Faiure
Urinany
Bladder

Artfcial Kidney

Renal Tubule
Bouman's Capsule
Collecing Duct ) -Tibular Reabsoption
-Utrafitration
- Tubular Secreion