4/4/26, 11:55 AM E-Library - Information At Your Fingertips: Printer Friendly

369 Phil. 269

THIRD DIVISION
[ G.R. Nos. 121662-64, July 06, 1999 ]
VLASON ENTERPRISES CORPORATION, PETITIONER, VS.
COURT OF APPEALS AND DURAPROOF SERVICES,
REPRESENTED BY ITS GENERAL MANAGER, CESAR URBINO
SR., RESPONDENTS.
DECISION
PANGANIBAN, J.:

Summons to a domestic or resident corporation should be served on officers, agents or

employees, who are responsible enough to warrant the presumption that they will
transmit to the corporation notice of the filing of the action against it. Rules on the
service of motions should be liberally construed in order to promote the ends of
substantial justice. A rigid application that will result in the manifest injustice should be
avoided. A default judgment against several defendants cannot affect the rights of one
who was never declared in default. In any event, such judgment cannot include an
award not prayed for in the complaint, even if proven ex parte.

The Case

These principles were used by this Court in resolving this Petition for Review on
Certiorari before us, assailing the July 19, 1993 Decision[1] and the August 15, 1995
Resolution,[2] both promulgated by the Court of Appeals. The assailed Decision
disposed as follows:[3]

"ACCORDINGLY, in view of the foregoing disquisitions, all the three (3)

consolidated petitions for certiorari are hereby GRANTED.

THE assailed Order of respondent Judge Arsenio Gonong of the Regional

Trial Court of Manila, Branch 8, dated April 5, 1991, in the first petition for
certiorari (CA-G.R. SP No. 24669); the assailed Order of Judge Bernardo
Pardo, Executive Judge of the Regional Trial Court of Manila, Branch 8,
dated July 6, 1992, in the second petition for certiorari (CA-G.R. SP No.
28387); and finally, the assailed order or Resolution en banc of the
respondent Court of Tax Appeals Judges Ernesto Acosta, Ramon de Veyra
and Manuel Gruba, under date of October 5, 1992, in the third petition for
certiorari (CA-G.R. SP No. 29317) are all hereby NULLIFIED and SET
ASIDE thereby giving way to the entire decision dated February 18, 1991 of
the respondent Regional Trial Court of Manila, Branch 8, in Civil Case No.
89-51451 which remains valid, final and executory, if not yet wholly
executed.

THE writ of preliminary injunction heretofore issued by this Court on

[Link] 1/26
4/4/26, 11:55 AM E-Library - Information At Your Fingertips: Printer Friendly

March 6, 1992 and reiterated on July 22, 1992 and this date against the
named respondents specified in the dispositive portion of the judgment of
the respondent Regional Trial Court of Manila, Branch 8 in the first petition
for certiorari, which remains valid, existing and enforceable, is hereby
MADE PERMANENT without prejudice (1) to the [private respondent's]
remaining unpaid obligations to the herein party-intervenor in accordance
with the Compromise Agreement or in connection with the decision of the
respondent lower court in CA-G.R. SP No. 24669 and (2) to the
government, in relation to the forthcoming decision of the respondent Court
of Tax Appeals on the amount of taxes, charges, assessments or obligations
that are due, as totally secured and fully guaranteed payment by the [private
respondent's] bond, subject to the relevant rulings of the Department of
Finance and other prevailing laws and jurisprudence."

The assailed Resolution ruled:

`ACCORDINGLY, in the light of the foregoing disquisitions, as well as

considering these clarifications, the three (3) motions aforementioned are
hereby DENIED."

The Facts

Poro Point Shipping Services, then acting as the local agent of Omega Sea Transport
Company of Honduras & Panama, a Panamanian company, (hereafter referred to as
Omega), requested permission for its vessel M/V Star Ace, which had engine trouble, to
unload its cargo and to store it at the Philippine Ports Authority (PPA) compound in San
Fernando, La Union while awaiting transhipment to Hongkong. The request was
approved by the Bureau of Customs.[4] Despite the approval, the customs personnel
boarded the vessel when it docked on January 7, 1989, on suspicion that it was the
hijacked M/V Silver Med owned by Med Line Philippines Co., and that its cargo would
be smuggled into the country.[5] The district customs collector seized said vessel and its
cargo pursuant to Section 2301, Tariff and Customs Code. A notice of hearing of SFLU
Seizure Identification No. 3-89 was served on its consignee, Singkong Trading Co. of
Hongkong, and its shipper, Dusit International Co., Ltd. of Thailand.

While seizure proceedings were ongoing, La Union was hit by three typhoons, and the
vessel ran aground and was abandoned. On June 8, 1989, its authorized representative,
Frank Cadacio, entered into a salvage agreement with private respondent to secure and
repair the vessel at the agreed consideration of $1 million and "fifty percent (50%) [of]
the cargo after all expenses, cost and taxes."[6]

Finding that no fraud was committed, the District Collector of Customs, Aurelio M.
Quiray, lifted the warrant of seizure on July 16, 1989.[7] However, in a Second
Indorsement dated November 11, 1989, then Customs Commissioner Salvador M.
Mison declined to issue a clearance for Quiray's Decision; instead, he forfeited the
vessel and its cargo in accordance with Section 2530 of the Tariff and Customs Code.[8]
Accordingly, acting District Collector of Customs John S. Sy issued a Decision
decreeing the forfeiture and the sale of the cargo in favor of the government.[9]

To enforce its preferred salvor's lien, herein Private Respondent Duraproof Services
filed with the Regional Trial Court of Manila a Petition for Certiorari, Prohibition and
[Link] 2/26
4/4/26, 11:55 AM E-Library - Information At Your Fingertips: Printer Friendly

Mandamus[10] assailing the actions of Commissioner Mison and District Collector Sy.
Also impleaded as respondents were PPA Representative Silverio Mangaoang and Med
Line Philippines, Inc.

On January 10, 1989, private respondent amended its Petition[11] to include former
District Collector Quiray; PPA Port Manager Adolfo Ll. Amor Jr; Petitioner Vlason
Enterprises as represented by its president, Vicente Angliongto; Singkong Trading
Company as represented by Atty. Eddie Tamondong; Banco Du Brasil; Dusit
International Co., Inc.; Thai-Nan Enterprises Ltd. and Thai-United Trading Co., Ltd.[12]
In both Petitions, private respondent plainly failed to include any allegation pertaining
to petitioner, or any prayer for relief against it.

Summonses for the amended Petition were served on Atty. Joseph Capuyan for Med
Line Philippines: Angliongto (through his secretary, Betty Bebero), Atty. Tamondong
and Commissioner Mison.[13] Upon motion of the private respondent, the trial court
allowed summons by publication to be served upon the alien defendants who were not
residents and had no direct representatives in the country.[14]

On January 29, 1990, private respondent moved to declare respondents in default, but
the trial court denied the motion in its February 23, 1990 Order,[15] because
Mangaoang and Amor had jointly filed a Motion to Dismiss, while Mison and Med
Line had moved separately for an extension to file a similar motion.[16] Later it
rendered an Order dated July 2, 1990, giving due course to the motions to dismiss filed
by Mangaoang and Amor on the ground of litis pendentia, and by the commissioner
and district collector of customs on the ground of lack of jurisdiction.[17] In another
Order, the trial court dismissed the action against Med Line Philippines on the ground
of litis pendentia.[18]

On two other occasions, private respondent again moved to declare the following in
default: petitioner, Quiray, Sy and Mison on March 26, 1990;[19] and Banco Du Brazil,
Dusit International Co., Inc., Thai-Nan Enterprises Ltd. and Thai-United Trading Co.,
Ltd. on August 24, 1990.[20] There is no record, however, that the trial court acted upon
the motions. On September 18, 1990, petitioner filed another Motion for leave to
amend the petition,[21] alleging that its counsel failed to include the following
"necessary and/or indispensable parties": Omega represented by Cadacio; and M/V Star
Ace represented by Capt. Nahon Rada, relief captain. Aside from impleading these
additional respondents, private respondent also alleged in the Second (actually, third)
Amended Petition[22] that the owners of the vessel intended to transfer and alienate
their rights and interests over the vessel and its cargo, to the detriment of the private
respondent.

The trial court granted leave to private respondent to amend its Petition, but only to
exclude the customs commissioner and the district collector.[23] Instead, private
respondent filed the "Second Amended Petition with Supplemental Petition" against
Singkong Trading Company; and Omega and M/V Star Ace,[24] to which Cadacio and
Rada filed a Joint Answer.[25]

[Link] 3/26
4/4/26, 11:55 AM E-Library - Information At Your Fingertips: Printer Friendly

Declared in default in an Order issued by the trial court on January 23, 1991, were the
following: Singkong Trading Co., Commissioner Mison, M/V Star Ace and Omega.[26]
Private respondent filed, and the trial court granted, an ex parte Motion to present
evidence against the defaulting respondents.[27] Only private respondent, Atty.
Tamondong, Commissioner Mison, Omega and M/V Star Ace appeared in the next
pretrial hearing; thus, the trial court declared the other respondents in default and
allowed private respondent to present evidence against them.[28] Cesar Urbino, general
manager of private respondent, testified and adduced evidence against the other
respondents, including herein petitioner. As regards petitioner, he declared: "Vlason
Enterprises represented by Atty. Sy and Vicente Angliongto thru constant intimidation
and harassment of utilizing the PPA Management of San Fernando, La Union x x x
further delayed, and [private respondent] incurred heavy overhead expenses due to
direct and incidental expenses xxx causing irreparable damages of about P3,000,000
worth of ship tackles, rigs, and appurtenances including radar antennas and apparatuses,
which were taken surreptitiously by persons working for Vlason Enterprises or its
agents[.]"[29]

On December 29, 1990, private respondent and Rada, representing Omega, entered into
a Memorandum of Agreement stipulating that Rada would write and notify Omega
regarding the demand for salvage fees of private respondent; and that if Rada did not
receive any instruction from his principal, he would assign the vessel in favor of the
salvor.[30]

On February 18, 1991, the trial court disposed as follows:

"WHEREFORE, IN VIEW OF THE FOREGOING, based on the

allegations, prayer and evidence adduced, both testimonial and
documentary, the Court is convinced, that, indeed, defendants/respondents
are liable to [private respondent] in the amount as prayed for in the petition
for which it renders judgment as follows:

1. Respondent M/V Star Ace, represented by Capt. Nahum Rada, [r]elief

[c]aptain of the vessel and Omega Sea Transport Company, Inc.,
represented by Frank Cadacio[,] is ordered to refrain from alienating
or [transferring] the vessel M/V Star Ace to any third parties;

2. Singkong Trading Company to pay the following:

a. Taxes due the government;

b. Salvage fees on the vessel in the amount of $1,000,000.00 based

on xxx Lloyd's Standard Form of Salvage Agreement;

c. Preservation, securing and guarding fees on the vessel in the

amount of $225,000.00;

d. Maintenance fees in the amount of P2,685,000.00;

e. Salaries of the crew from August 16, 1989 to December 1989 in

the amount of $43,000.00 and unpaid salaries from January 1990

[Link] 4/26
4/4/26, 11:55 AM E-Library - Information At Your Fingertips: Printer Friendly

up to the present;

f. Attorney's fees in the amount of P656,000.00;

3. [Vlason] Enterprises to pay [private respondent] in the amount of

P3,000,000.00 for damages;

4. Banco [Du] Brazil to pay [private respondent] in the amount of

$300,000.00 in damages; and finally,

5. Costs of [s]uit."

Subsequently, upon the Motion of Omega, Singkong Trading Co. and private
respondent, the trial court approved a Compromise Agreement[31] among the movants,
reducing by 20 percent the amounts adjudged. For their part, respondents-movants
agreed not to appeal the Decision.[32] On March 8, 1991, private respondent moved for
the execution of judgment, claiming that the trial court Decision had already become
final and executory.[33] The Motion was granted[34] and a Writ of Execution was
issued.[35] To satisfy the Decision, Sheriffs Jorge Victorino, Amado Sevilla and
Dionisio Camañgon were deputized on March 13, 1991 to levy and to sell on execution
the defendant's vessel and personal property.

On March 14, 1991, petitioner filed, by special appearance, a Motion for

Reconsideration, on the grounds that it was allegedly not impleaded as a defendant,
served summons or declared in default; that private respondent was not authorized to
present evidence against it in default; that the judgment in default was fatally defective,
because private respondent had not paid filing fees for the award; and that private
respondent had not prayed for such award.[36] Private respondent opposed the Motion,
arguing that it was a mere scrap of paper due to its defective notice of hearing.

On March 18, 1991, the Bureau of Customs also filed an ex parte Motion to recall the
execution, and to quash the notice of levy and the sale on execution.[37] Despite this
Motion, the auction sale was conducted on March 21, 1991 by Sheriff Camañgon, with
private respondent submitting the winning bid.[38] The trial court ordered the deputy
sheriffs to cease and desist from implementing the Writ of Execution and from levying
on the personal property of the defendants.[39] Nevertheless, Sheriff Camañgon issued
the corresponding Certificate of Sale on March 27, 1991.[40]

On April 12, 1991,[41] private respondent filed with the Court of Appeals (CA) a
Petition for Certiorari and Prohibition to nullify the cease and desist orders of the trial
court.[42] Respondent Court issued on April 26, 1991 a Resolution which reads:[43]

"MEANWHILE, in order to preserve the status quo and so as not to render

the present petition moot and academic, a TEMPORARY RESTRAINING
ORDER is hereby ISSUED enjoining the respondent Judge, the Honorable
Arsenio M. Gonong, from enforcing and/or implementing the Orders dated
22 March 1991 and 5 April 1991 which ordered respondent Sheriff to cease
and desist from implementing the writ of execution and the return thereof,
the quashing of the levy xxx on [the] execution [and sale] of the properties
[Link] 5/26
4/4/26, 11:55 AM E-Library - Information At Your Fingertips: Printer Friendly

levied upon and sold at public auction by the Sheriff, for reason of grave
abuse of discretion and in excess of jurisdiction, until further orders from
this Court.

"WITHIN ten (10) days from notice hereof, respondents [petitioner

included] are also required to SHOW CAUSE why the prayer for a writ of
preliminary injunction should not be granted."

On May 8, 1991, petitioner received from Camañgon a notice to pay private respondent
P3 million to satisfy the trial court Decision. Not having any knowledge of the CA case
to which it was not impleaded, petitioner filed with the trial court a Motion to Dismiss
ex abutandi ad cautelam on the grounds that (1) the Petition of private respondent
stated no cause of action against it, (2) the trial court had no jurisdiction over the case,
and (3) litis pendentia barred the suit.[44]

On May 10, 1991, Camañgon levied on petitioner's properties, which were scheduled
for auction later on May 16, 1991. Specific descriptions of the properties are as follows:
[45]

"a) Motor Tugboat - "DEN DEN" ex

Emerson-I

Length: 35.67 ms. Breadth: 7.33 ms.

Depth: 3.15 ms. Gross Tons: 205.71
Net tons: 67.78 Official Number 213551
Material: Steel Class License: CWL
License No. 4424"

b) Barge - "FC99" ex YD-153

Length: 34.15 ms. Breadth: 15.85 m.s.

Depth: 2.77 m.s. Gross Tons: 491.70
Net Tons: 491.70 Official Number 227236
Material: Steel Class License: CWL
License No. 83-0012

c) Barge - "LAWIN" ex "Sea Lion 2"

Length: 66.92 ms. Breadth: 11.28 ms.

Depth: 4.52 m.s. Gross Tons: 1,029.56
Net Tons: 1,027/43 Official Number 708069
Material: Steel Class License: Coastwise
License No. 81-0059"

Petitioner also filed a special appearance before the CA. It prayed for the lifting of the
levy on its properties or, alternatively, for a temporary restraining order against their
auction until its Motion for Reconsideration was resolved by the trial court.[46]

Acting on petitioner's Motion for Reconsideration, the trial court reversed its Decision
of February 18, 1991, holding in its May 22, 1991 Resolution as follows:[47]

"xxx [T]hat xxx Motion For Reconsideration [of the petitioner] was filed on
March 14, 1991 (See: page 584, records, Vol.2) indubitably showing that it
was seasonably filed within the 15-day time-frame. Therefore, xxx said
[Link] 6/26
4/4/26, 11:55 AM E-Library - Information At Your Fingertips: Printer Friendly

default-judgment ha[d] not yet become final and executory when the Writ of
Execution was issued on March 13, 1991 xxx The rules [provide] that [the
e]xecution shall issue as a matter of right upon the expiration of the period
of appeal from a judgment if no appeal has been duly perfected (Sec. 1, R-
39, RRC). That being the case, VEC has all the right to file as it did xxx the
aforementioned reconsideration motion calling [the] attention of the Court
and pointing therein its supposed error and its correction if, indeed, any
[error was] committed. It is in this light that this Court made an in-depth
reflection and assessment of the premises or reasons raised by [petitioner],
and after a re-examination of the facts and evidence spread on the records, it
has come to the considered conclusion that the questioned default-judgment
has been improvidently issued. By the records, the claim of [private
respondent] that his January 29, 1990 Ex-Parte Motion To Declare
Defendants In Default (pp. 174-177, records, Vol. 1) including VEC had
been granted is belied by the February 23, 1990 Order (pp. 214-215,
records, ibid) par. 2, thereof, reading to wit:

`By the foregoing, for reasons stated thereunder respectively, this

Court, in the exercise of its judicious discretion, in the sense that
the rules should be liberally construed in order to promote their
object and to assist the parties, resolves to DENY petitioner's
Motion to have the Commissioner of Customs AND OTHER
ENUMERATED RESPONDENTS DECLARED IN DEFAULT.'
[Emphasis ours].

Not even [private respondent's] November 23, 1990 `Ex-Parte Motion To

Present [Evidence] Against Defaulting Defendants' (page 489, records,
Vol.2) [can] be deemed as a remedy of the fact that there never was issued
an order of default against respondents including [petitioner] VEC. Having
thus established that there [had] been no order of default against VEC as
contemplated by Sec. 1, Rule 18, in relation to Sec. 9, Rule 13, Revised
Rules of Court, there could not have been any valid default-judgment
rendered against it. The issuance of an order of default is a condition sine
qua non in order [that] a judgment by default be clothed with validity.
Further, records show that this Court never had authorized [private
respondent] to adduce evidence ex-parte against [petitioner] VEC. In sum,
the February 18, 1991 decision by default is null and void as against
[petitioner] VEC. With this considered conclusion of nullity of said default
judgment in question, this Court feels there is no more need for it to resolve
Arguments I-A & I-B, as well as III-A & III-B, of the March 14, 1991
Motion for Reconsideration. The Court agrees, however, with said
discussions on the non-compliance [with] Sec. 2, Rule 7 (Title of
Complaint) and Sec. I, Rule 8 on the requirement of indicating in the
complaint the ultimate facts on which the party pleading relies for his claim
of defense [--] which is absent in the January 9, Amended Petition (pp. 122-
141, records, Vol. I) [--] for it merely mentioned [petitioner] VEC in par. 5
thereof and no more. It abides, likewise, with [Argument] III-B that the
Decision in suit award[ed] amounts never asked for in instant petition as
regards VEC (Sec. 5, Rule 18, RRC). xxx.

WHEREFORE, in view of the foregoing consideration, and as prayed for,

[Link] 7/26
4/4/26, 11:55 AM E-Library - Information At Your Fingertips: Printer Friendly

the February 18, 1991 Judgment by Default is hereby reconsidered and SET
ASIDE."

On June 26, 1992, then Executive Judge Bernardo P. Pardo[48] of the Regional Trial
Court of Manila issued an Order[49] annulling the Sheriff's Report/Return dated April 1,
1991, and all proceedings taken by Camañgon.

The CA granted private respondent's Motion to file a Supplemental Petition impleading

petitioner in CA-GR 24669.[50] In view of the rampant pilferage of the cargo deposited
at the PPA compound, private respondent obtained from the appellate court a Writ of
Preliminary Injunction dated March 6, 1992. The Writ reads:[51]

"ACCORDINGLY, in view of the foregoing disquisitions, the urgent

verified motion for preliminary injunction dated February 11, 1992 is
hereby GRANTED. Therefore, let a writ of preliminary injunction forthwith
issue against the respondents and all persons or agents acting in their behalf,
enjoining them not to interfere in the transferring of the aforementioned
vessel and its cargoes, or in removing said cargoes xxx from [the] PPA
compound."

On September 15, 1992, Sheriff Amado Sevilla seized petitioner's motor tugboat Den
Den by virtue of the Order[52] dated April 3, 1992, issued by the RTC of Manila,
Branch 26.[53]

On August 6, 1992, the CA consolidated CA-GR SP No. 28387[54] with CA-GR SP No.
24669.[55] The Court of Tax Appeals issued on October 5, 1992, a Resolution in CTA
Case Nos. 4492, 4494 and 4500, which disposed as follows:

"Confirming the order in open court on October 5, 1992, the Court hereby
RESOLVES to:

1. Order Respondent Commissioner of Customs to assign or detail [a]

sufficient number of customs police and guards aboard, and around the
vicinity of, the vessel `M/V Star Ace' now in anchor at Mariveles,
Bataan or elsewhere, in order to ensure its safety during the pendency
of these cases;

2. Direct him to assign personnel and/or representatives to conduct an

inventory of part of the vessel's cargo now in the possession of Mr.
Cesar S. Urbino, Sr. at 197 Heroes del `96 Street, Caloocan City,
which inventory may be participated in by all the parties interested in
said cargo."

To enjoin the CTA from enforcing said Order, private respondent filed before the Court
of Appeals another Petition for Certiorari,[56] which was later also consolidated with
CA-GR SP No. 24669.

On July 19, 1993, the CA rendered the assailed Decision. Petitioner filed (1) a Motion
for Clarification, praying for a declaration that the trial court Decision against it was
not valid; and (2) a partial Motion for Reconsideration, seeking to set aside the assailed
[Link] 8/26
4/4/26, 11:55 AM E-Library - Information At Your Fingertips: Printer Friendly

Decision insofar as the latter affected it.

On July 5, 1995, the Court of Appeals issued the following Resolution:[57]

"Pending resolution of the motions for reconsideration, filed by Vlason

Enterprises Corporation and Banco [Du] Brazil, and considering [private
respondent's] Motion for Entry of Judgment with respect to respondent PPA
having already been granted by this Court as far back as June 17, 1994,
pursuant to the resolution of the Supreme Court dated December 8, 1993 in
G.R. No. 111270-72 (Philippine Ports Authority vs. Court of Appeals, et al.)
informing the parties in said case that the judgment sought to be reviewed
has now become final and executory, the lower court may now take
appropriate action on the urgent ex-parte motion for issuance of a writ of
execution, filed by [private respondent] on July 15, 1994."

On August 28, 1995, the Regional Trial Court of Manila, Branch 26, issued a Writ of
Possession which resulted in private respondent taking possession of petitioner's barge
Lawin (formerly Sea Lion 2) on September 1, 1995.[58]

Hence, this Petition.[59]

Ruling of the Respondent Court

As already adverted to, Respondent Court granted the Petition for Certiorari of the
private respondent, which was consolidated with the latter's two other Petitions. The
court a quo issued the following rulings:

1. The trial court had jurisdiction over the salvor's claim or admiralty
case pursuant to Batas Pambansa Bilang 129.

2. Since the Decision of the trial court became final and executory, never
having been disputed or appealed to a higher court, the trial judge
committed grave abuse of discretion in recalling the Writ of Execution
and in quashing the levy and the execution of the sale of M/V Star Ace
and its cargo.

3. Such acts constituted an alteration or a modification of a final and

executory judgment and could never be justified under law and
jurisprudence.

4. Civil Case 59-51451 dealt only with the salvor's claim without passing
upon the legality or the validity of the undated Decision of the
Commissioner of Customs in the seizure proceeding.

5. Petitioner and his co-respondents could not invoke the jurisdiction of a

court to secure affirmative relief against their opponent and, after
failing to obtain such relief, question the court's jurisdiction.

6. Petitioner had no recourse through any of the following judicially

accepted means to question the final judgment:

[Link] 9/26
4/4/26, 11:55 AM E-Library - Information At Your Fingertips: Printer Friendly

a. a petition for relief from judgment under Rule 38,

b. a direct action to annul and enjoin the enforcement of the

questioned judgment, and

c. a collateral attack against the questioned judgment which

appears void on its face.

7. A court which has already acquired jurisdiction over a case cannot be

ousted by a coequal court; the res in this case--the vessel and its cargo-
-were placed under the control of the trial court ahead of the CTA.

8. The admiralty Decision had attained finality while the issue of the
validity of the seizure proceedings was still under determination.

In the assailed Resolution, Respondent Court clarified that there was no need to serve
summons anew on petitioner, since it had been served summons when the Second
Amended Petition (the third) was filed; and that petitioner's Motion for Reconsideration
was defective and void, because it contained no notice of hearing addressed to the
counsel of private respondent in violation of Rule 16, Section 4 of the Rules of Court.

"To this second motion, [private respondent] contends that there was no
need to serve summons anew to VEC when the second amended petition
was filed impleading VEC, pursuant to the ruling of the Supreme Court in
Asiatic Travel Corp. vs. CA (164 SCRA 623); and that finally, the decision
of the court a quo o[n] February 18, 1991 became final and executory,
notwithstanding the timely filing of the motion for reconsideration of VEC
for the reason that the said motion for reconsideration was defective or void,
there being no notice of hearing addressed to the counsel of petitioner. In
fact, no motion such as this instant one can be acted upon by the Court
without proof of service of the notice thereof, pursuant to Rule 16, Section 4
of the Rules of Court.

xxxxxxxxx

"Finally, we should never lose sight of the fact that the instant petition for
certiorari is proper only to correct errors of jurisdiction committed by the
lower court, or grave abuse of discretion which is tantamount to lack of
jurisdiction. Where the error is not one of jurisdiction but an error of law or
of fact which is a mistake of judgment, appeal is the remedy (Salas vs.
Castro, 216 SCRA 198). Here, respondents failed to appeal. Hence, the
decision dated February 18, 1991 of the lower court has long become final,
executory and unappealable. We do not and cannot therefore review the
instant case as if it were on appeal and direct actions on these motions.
While the proper remedy is appeal, the action for certiorari will not be
entertained. Indeed, certiorari is not a substitute for lapsed appeal.

"At any rate, the decision dated July 19, 1993 of this Court on the main
petition for certiorari is not yet final (except with respect to respondent
PPA), the Bureau of Customs having filed a petition for certiorari and
prohibition, under Rule 65 of the Rules of Court, with the Supreme Court,
necessitating prudence on Our part to await its final verdict."[60]
[Link] 10/26
4/4/26, 11:55 AM E-Library - Information At Your Fingertips: Printer Friendly

Assignment of Errors

Before us, petitioner submits the following assignment of errors on the part of
Respondent Court:[61]

"I

The Court of Appeals committed serious error in ruling that the entire
decision of the trial court in Civil Case No. 89-51451 dated 18 February
1991 became final and executory because it `was never disputed or
appealed'.

"A. VEC filed a motion for reconsideration of the said decision two days
before deadline, which motion was granted by the trial court.

"B. The trial court correctly granted VEC's motion for reconsideration and
set aside the 18 February 1991 decision xxx against VEC, for:

"1. The trial court never acquired jurisdiction over the person of VEC as to
enable it to render any judgment against it:

"(i) VEC was not impleaded as a respondent in Civil Case No. 89-51451;

"(ii) Summons was not served on VEC;

"2. The trial court improperly rendered judgment by default against VEC;

"(i) The trial court never issued an order of default against VEC;

"(ii) The trial court never authorized ex-parte presentation of evidence

against VEC.

"3. The Judgment by default was fatally defective because:

"(i) No filing fee was paid by [private respondent] for the staggering amount
of damages awarded by the trial court.

"(ii) The 18 February 1991 decision violates the Revised Rules of Court,
which prescribe that a judgment by default cannot decree a relief not prayed
for.

"II

Since the 18 February 1991 Decision in Civil Case No. 89-51451 is void as
against VEC, the recall of the writ of execution was valid, as far as VEC is
concerned."

The Court believes that the issues can be simplified and restated as follows:

1. Has the February 18, 1991 RTC Decision become final and executory
in regard to petitioner?

[Link] 11/26
4/4/26, 11:55 AM E-Library - Information At Your Fingertips: Printer Friendly

2. Did the trial court acquire jurisdiction over the petitioner?

3. Was the RTC default judgment binding on petitioner?

4. Was the grant of damages against petitioner procedurally proper?

5. Was private respondent entitled to a writ of execution?

This Court's Ruling

The petition is meritorious.

First Issue: Finality of the RTC Decision

A judgment becomes "final and executory" by operation of law. Its finality becomes a
fact when the reglementary period to appeal lapses, and no appeal is perfected within
such period.[62] The admiralty case filed by private respondent with the trial court
involved multiple defendants. This being the case, it necessarily follows that the period
of appeal of the February 18, 1991 RTC Decision depended on the date a copy of the
judgment was received by each of the defendants. Elsewise stated, each defendant had
a different period within which to appeal, depending on the date of receipt of the
Decision.[63]

Omega, Singkong Trading Co. and M/V Star Ace chose to enter into a compromise
agreement with private respondent. As to these defendants, the trial court Decision had
become final, and a writ of execution could be issued against them.[64] Doctrinally, a
compromise agreement is immediately final and executory.[65]

Petitioner, however, is not in the same situation. Said Decision cannot be said to have
attained finality as to the petitioner, which was not a party to the compromise.
Moreover, petitioner filed a timely Motion for Reconsideration with the trial court,
thirteen days after it received the Decision or two days before the lapse of the
reglementary period to appeal. A motion for reconsideration tolls the running of the
period to appeal.[66] Thus, as to petitioner, the trial court Decision had not attained
finality.

Exception to the Rule

on Notice of Hearing

Respondent Court and private respondent argue that, although timely filed, petitioner's
Motion for Reconsideration was a mere scrap of paper, because (1) it did not contain a
notice of hearing addressed to the current counsel of private respondent, and (2) the
notice of hearing addressed to and served on private respondent's deceased counsel was
not sufficient. Admittedly, this Motion contained a notice of hearing sent to Atty. Jesus
C. Concepcion who, according to private respondent, had already died and had since
been substituted by its new counsel, Atty. Domingo Desierto. Therefore, the appellate
court ruled that the said Motion did not toll the reglementary period to appeal and that
the trial court Decision became final.

This Court disagrees. Rule 15 of the Rules of Court states:

[Link] 12/26
4/4/26, 11:55 AM E-Library - Information At Your Fingertips: Printer Friendly

"SEC. 4. Notice.--Notice of a motion shall be served by the applicant to all

parties concerned, at least three (3) days before the hearing thereof, together
with a copy of the motion, and of any affidavits and other papers
accompanying it. The court, however, for good cause may hear a motion on
shorter notice, specially on matters which the court may dispose of on its
own motion.

SEC. 5. Contents of notice.--The notice shall be directed to the parties

concerned, and shall state the time and place for the hearing of the motion."
[67]

Ideally, the foregoing Rule requires the petitioner to address and to serve on the counsel
of private respondent the notice of hearing of the Motion for Reconsideration. The case
at bar, however, is far from ideal. First, petitioner was not validly summoned and it did
not participate in the trial of the case in the lower court; thus, it was understandable that
petitioner would not be familiar with the parties and their counsels. Second, Atty.
Desierto entered his appearance only as collaborating counsel,[68] who is normally not
entitled to notices even from this Court. Third, private respondent made no
manifestation on record that Atty. Concepcion was already dead. Besides, it was Atty.
Concepcion who signed the Amended Petition, wherein petitioner was first impleaded
as respondent and served a copy thereof. Naturally, petitioner's attention was focused
on this pleading, and it was within its rights to assume that the signatory to such
pleading was the counsel for private respondent.

The Court has consistently held that a motion which does not meet the requirements of
Sections 4 and 5 of Rule 15 of the Rules of Court is considered a worthless piece of
paper, which the clerk of court has no right to receive and the trial court has no
authority to act upon. Service of a copy of a motion containing a notice of the time and
the place of hearing of that motion is a mandatory requirement, and the failure of
movants to comply with these requirements renders their motions fatally defective.[69]
However, there are exceptions to the strict application of this rule. These exceptions are
as follows:[70]

"xxx Liberal construction of this rule has been allowed by this Court in
cases (1) where a rigid application will result in a manifest failure or
miscarriage of justice;[71] especially if a party successfully shows that the
alleged defect in the questioned final and executory judgment is not
apparent on its face or from the recitals contained therein; (2) where the
interest of substantial justice will be served;[72] (3) where the resolution of
the motion is addressed solely to the sound and judicious discretion of the
court;[73] and (4) where the injustice to the adverse party is not
commensurate [to] the degree of his thoughtlessness in not complying with
the procedure prescribed."[74]

The present case falls under the first exception. Petitioner was not informed of any
cause of action or claim against it. All of a sudden, the vessels which petitioner used in
its salvaging business were levied upon and sold in execution to satisfy a supposed
judgment against it. To allow this to happen simply because of a lapse in fulfilling the
notice requirement - which, as already said, was satisfactorily explained - would be a
manifest failure or miscarriage of justice.
[Link] 13/26
4/4/26, 11:55 AM E-Library - Information At Your Fingertips: Printer Friendly

A notice of hearing is conceptualized as an integral component of procedural due

process intended to afford the adverse parties a chance to be heard before a motion is
resolved by the court. Through such notice, the adverse party is permitted time to study
and answer the arguments in the motion.

Circumstances in the case at bar show that private respondent was not denied
procedural due process, and that the very purpose of a notice of hearing had been
served. On the day of the hearing, Atty. Desierto did not object to the said Motion for
lack of notice to him; in fact, he was furnished in open court with a copy of the motion
and was granted by the trial court thirty days to file his opposition to it. These
circumstances clearly justify a departure from the literal application of the notice of
hearing rule.[75] In other cases, after the trial court learns that a motion lacks such
notice, the prompt resetting of the hearing with due notice to all the parties is held to
have cured the defect.[76]

Verily, the notice requirement is not a ritual to be followed blindly. Procedural due
process is not based solely on a mechanistic and literal application that renders any
deviation inexorably fatal. Instead, procedural rules are liberally construed to promote
their objective and to assist in obtaining a just, speedy and inexpensive determination of
any action and proceeding.[77] For the foregoing reasons, we believe that Respondent
Court committed reversible error in holding that the Motion for Reconsideration was a
mere scrap of paper.

Second Issue: Jurisdiction Over Petitioner

Service of Summons
on a Corporation

The sheriff's return shows that Angliongto who was president of petitioner corporation,
through his secretary Betty Bebero, was served summons on January 18, 1990.[78]
Petitioner claims that this service was defective for two reasons: (1) Bebero was an
employee of Vlasons Shipping, Inc., which was an entity separate and distinct from
Petitioner Vlason Enterprises Corporation (VEC); and (2) the return pertained to the
service of summons for the amended Petition, not for the "Second Amended Petition
with Supplemental Petition," the latter pleading having superseded the former.

A corporation may be served summons through its agents or officers who under the
Rules are designated to accept service of process. A summons addressed to a
corporation and served on the secretary of its president binds that corporation.[79] This
is based on the rationale that service must be made on a representative so integrated
with the corporation sued, that it is safe to assume that said representative had sufficient
responsibility and discretion to realize the importance of the legal papers served and to
relay the same to the president or other responsible officer of the corporation being
sued.[80] The secretary of the president satisfies this criterion. This rule requires,
however, that the secretary should be an employee of the corporation sought to be
summoned. Only in this manner can there be an assurance that the secretary will "bring
home to the corporation [the] notice of the filing of the action" against it.

[Link] 14/26
4/4/26, 11:55 AM E-Library - Information At Your Fingertips: Printer Friendly

In the present case, Bebero was the secretary of Angliongto, who was president of both
VSI and petitioner, but she was an employee of VSI, not of petitioner. The piercing of
the corporate veil cannot be resorted to when serving summons.[81] Doctrinally, a
corporation is a legal entity distinct and separate from the members and stockholders
who compose it. However, when the corporate fiction is used as a means of perpetrating
a fraud, evading an existing obligation, circumventing a statute, achieving or perfecting
a monopoly or, in generally perpetrating a crime, the veil will be lifted to expose the
individuals composing it. None of the foregoing exceptions has been shown to exist in
the present case. Quite the contrary, the piercing of the corporate veil in this case will
result in manifest injustice. This we cannot allow. Hence, the corporate fiction remains.

Effect of Amendment of
Pleadings on Jurisdiction

Petitioner claims that the trial court did not acquire jurisdiction over it, because the
former had not been served summons anew for the Second Amended Petition or for the
Second Amended Petition with Supplemental Petition. In the records, it appears that
only Atty. Tamondong, counsel for Singkong Trading, was furnished a copy of the
Second Amended Petition.[82] The corresponding sheriff's return indicates that only
Omega, M/V Star Ace and Capt. Rada were served summons and copies of said
Petition.[83]

We disagree. Although it is well-settled that an amended pleading supersedes the

original one, which is thus deemed withdrawn and no longer considered part of the
record, it does not follow ipso facto that the service of a new summons for amended
petitions or complaints is required. Where the defendants have already appeared before
the trial court by virtue of a summons on the original complaint, the amended
complaint may be served upon them without need of another summons, even if new
causes of action are alleged.[84] After it is acquired, a court's jurisdiction continues until
the case is finally terminated. Conversely, when defendants have not yet appeared in
court and no summons has been validly served, new summons for the amended
complaint must be served on them.[85] It is not the change of cause of action that gives
rise to the need to serve another summons for the amended complaint, but rather the
acquisition of jurisdiction over the persons of the defendants. If the trial court has not
yet acquired jurisdiction over them, a new service of summons for the amended
complaint is required.

In this case, the trial court obviously labored under the erroneous impression that
petitioner had already been placed under its jurisdiction since it had been served
summons through the secretary of its president. Thus, it dispensed with the service on
petitioner of new summons for the subsequent amendments of the Petition. We have
already ruled, however, that the first service of summons on petitioner was invalid.
Therefore, the trial court never acquired jurisdiction, and the said court should have
required a new service of summons for the amended Petitions.

Impleading a Party in the

Title of the Complaint

Petitioner further claims that the trial court failed to acquire jurisdiction to render
judgment against it because (1) the title of the three Petitions filed by private

[Link] 15/26
4/4/26, 11:55 AM E-Library - Information At Your Fingertips: Printer Friendly

respondent never included petitioner as a party-defendant, in violation of Rule 7; and

(2) the Petitions failed to state any allegation of ultimate facts constituting a cause of
action against petitioner.

We disagree with petitioner on the first ground. The judicial attitude has always been
favorable and liberal in allowing amendments to pleadings. Pleadings shall be
construed liberally so as to render substantial justice to the parties and to determine
speedily and inexpensively the actual merits of the controversy with the least regard to
technicalities.[86]

The inclusion of the names of all the parties in the title of a complaint is a formal
requirement under Section 3, Rule 7. However, the rules of pleadings require courts to
pierce the form and go into the substance, and not to be misled by a false or wrong
name given to a pleading. The averments in the complaint, not the title, are controlling.
Although the general rule requires the inclusion of the names of all the parties in the
title of a complaint, the non-inclusion of one or some of them is not fatal to the cause of
action of a plaintiff, provided there is a statement in the body of the petition indicating
that a defendant was made a party to such action.

Private respondent claims that petitioner has always been included in the caption of all
the Petitions it filed, which included Antonio Sy, field manager of petitioner. We
checked and noted that in the caption and the body of the Amended Petition and Second
Amended Petition with Supplemental Petition, Antonio Sy was alleged to be
representing Med Line Philippines, not petitioner. Because it was private respondent
who was responsible for the errors, the Court cannot excuse it from compliance, for
such action will prejudice petitioner, who had no hand in the preparation of these
pleadings. In any event, we reiterate that, as a general rule, mere failure to include the
name of a party in the title of a complaint is not fatal by itself.

Stating a Cause of Action

in the Complaint

The general rule is allegata et probata -- a judgment must conform to the pleadings and
the theory of the action under which the case was tried.[87] But a court may also rule
and render judgment on the basis of the evidence before it, even though the relevant
pleading has not been previously amended, so long as no surprise or prejudice to the
adverse party is thereby caused.[88]

In the case at bar, the liability of petitioner was based not on any allegation in the four
Petitions filed with the trial court, but on the evidence presented ex parte by the private
respondent. Since the trial court had not validly acquired jurisdiction over the person of
petitioner, there was no way for the latter to have validly and knowingly waived its
objection to the private respondent's presentation of evidence against it.

Third Issue: Judgment By Default

The trial court Decision holding petitioner liable for damages is basically a default
judgment. In Section 18, judgment by default is allowed under the following condition:
[89]

[Link] 16/26
4/4/26, 11:55 AM E-Library - Information At Your Fingertips: Printer Friendly

"SEC. 1. Judgment by default.--If the defendant fails to answer within the

time specified in these rules, the court shall, upon motion of the plaintiff and
proof of such failure, declare the defendant in default. Thereupon the court
shall proceed to receive the plaintiff's evidence and render judgment
granting him such relief as the complaint and the facts proven may warrant.
xxxx."

Thus, it becomes crucial to determine whether petitioner was ever declared in default,
and whether the reception of evidence ex parte against it was procedurally valid.

Petitioner Was Never

Declared In Default

Petitioner insists that the trial court never declared it in default.

We agree. The trial court denied the January 29, 1990 Motion of private respondent to
declare all the defendants in default, but it never acted on the latter's subsequent Motion
to declare petitioner likewise. During the pretrial on January 23, 1993, the RTC
declared in default only "Atty. Eddie Tamondong, as well as the other defendants Hon.
Salvador Mison, M/V Star Ace, Omega Sea Transport Co., Inc. of Panama and Sinkong
Trading Co., [but] despite xxx due notice to them, [they] failed to appear."[90] Even
private respondent cannot pinpoint which trial court order held petitioner in default.

More important, the trial court, in its Resolution dated May 22, 1991, admitted that it
never declared petitioner in default, viz.:

"xxx It is in this light that this [c]ourt made an in-depth reflection and
assessment of the premises or reasons raised by [petitioner] VEC[;] and
after a re-examination of the facts and evidence spread on the records, it has
come to the considered conclusion that the questioned default-judgment has
been improvidently issued. [Based on] the records, the claim of [private
respondent] that [its] January 29, 1990 Ex-Parte Motion to Declare
Defendants In Default (pp. 174-177, records, Vol. 1) including VEC had
been granted is belied by the February 23, 1990 Order (pp. 214-215,
records, ibid) par. 2, thereof, xxx

xxxxxxxxx

Not even petitioner's November 23, 1990 "Ex-Parte Motion To Present

Evidence Against Defaulting Defendants" (page 489, records, Vol. 2) [can]
be deemed as a remedy [for] the fact that there never was issued an order of
default against respondents including [petitioner] VEC. Having thus
established that there ha[d] been no order of default against VEC as
contemplated by Sec. 1, Rule 18, in relation to Sec. 9, Rule 13, Revised
Rules of Court, there could not have been any valid default-judgment
rendered against it. The issuance of an order [o]f default is a condition sine
qua non in order [that] a judgment by default be clothed with validity.
Further, records show that this [c]ourt never had authorized [private
respondent] to adduce evidence ex-parte against [Petitioner] VEC. In sum,
the February 18, 1991 decision by default is null and void as against
[Petitioner] VEC. xxxx."

[Link] 17/26
4/4/26, 11:55 AM E-Library - Information At Your Fingertips: Printer Friendly

The aforementioned default judgment refers to the February 18, 1989 Decision, not to
the Order finding petitioner in default as contended by private respondent. Furthermore,
it is a legal impossibility to declare a party-defendant to be in default before it was
validly served summons.

Trial Court Did Not Allow

Presentation of Evidence
Ex Parte Against Petitioner

The Order of December 10, 1990, which allowed the presentation of evidence ex parte
against the defaulting defendants, could not have included petitioner, because the trial
court granted private respondent's motion praying for the declaration of only the foreign
defendants in default. So too, private respondent's ex parte Motion to present evidence
referred to the foreign defendants only.[91]

Furthermore, the reception of evidence ex parte against a non-defaulting party is

procedurally indefensible. Without a declaration that petitioner is in default as required
in Section 1, Rule 18, the trial court had no authority to order the presentation of
evidence ex parte against petitioner to render judgment against it by default. The trial
judge must have thought that since it failed to appear despite summons and was in
default, it effectively waived any objection to the presentation of evidence against it.
This rule, however, would have applied only if petitioner had submitted itself to the
jurisdiction of the trial court. The latter correctly declared, in the Resolution just cited,
that the default judgment against the former had been improvidently rendered.

Fourth Issue: Awards Not Paid and Prayed For

Additional Filing Fees as

Lien on the Judgment

Had the trial court validly acquired jurisdiction over petitioner, nonpayment of docket
fees would not have prevented it from holding petitioner liable for damages. The Court,
in Manchester Development Corporation v. Court of Appeals,[92] ruled that a court
acquires jurisdiction over any case only upon the payment of the prescribed docket fee,
not upon the amendment of the complaint or the payment of the docket fees based on
the amount sought in the amended pleading. This ruling, however, was modified in Sun
Insurance Office, Ltd. v. Asuncion,[93] which added:

"3. Where the trial court acquires jurisdiction over a claim [through] the
filing of the appropriate pleading and payment of the prescribed filing fee
but, subsequently, the judgment awards a claim not specified in the
pleading, or if specified the same has been left for determination by the
court, the additional filing fee therefor shall constitute a lien on the
judgment. It shall be the responsibility of the Clerk of Court or his duly
authorized deputy to enforce said lien and assess and collect the additional
fee."

Filing fees for damages and awards that cannot be estimated constitute liens on the
awards finally granted by the trial court. Their nonpayment alone is not a ground for the
invalidation of the award.

[Link] 18/26
4/4/26, 11:55 AM E-Library - Information At Your Fingertips: Printer Friendly

Judgment by Default Cannot

Grant Relief Not Prayed For

A declaration or order of default is issued as a punishment for unnecessary delay in

joining issues. In such event, defendants lose their standing in court, they cannot expect
the trial court to act upon their pleadings, and they are not entitled to notice of the
proceeding until the final termination of the case.[94] Thus, the trial court proceeds with
the reception of the plaintiff's evidence upon which a default judgment is rendered.

Section 1 of Rule 18 provides that after the defendant has been declared in default, "the
court shall proceed to receive the plaintiff's evidence and render judgment granting him
such relief as the complaint and the facts proven may warrant." The reliefs that may be
granted, however, are restricted by Section 5, which provides that a judgment entered
against a party in default shall not exceed the amount or be different in kind from that
prayed for.

In other words, under Section 1, a declaration of default is not an admission of the truth
or the validity of the plaintiff's claims.[95] The claimant must still prove his claim and
present evidence. In this sense the law gives defaulting parties some measure of
protection because plaintiffs, despite the default of defendants, are still required to
substantiate their allegations in the complaint. The judgment of default against
defendants who have not appeared or filed their answers does not imply a waiver of all
their rights, except their right to be heard and to present evidence in their favor. Their
failure to answer does not imply their admission of the facts and the causes of action of
the plaintiffs, because the latter are required to adduce evidence to support their
allegations.

Moreover, the trial court is not allowed by the Rules to receive evidence that tends to
show a relief not sought or specified in the pleadings.[96] The plaintiff cannot be
granted an award greater than or different in kind from that specified in the complaint.
[97]

This case should be distinguished, however, from that of defendants, who filed an
answer but were absent during trial. In that case, they can be held liable for an amount
greater than or different from that originally prayed for, provided that the award is
warranted by the proven facts. This rule is premised on the theory that the adverse party
failed to object to evidence relating to an issue not raised in the pleadings.

The latter rule, however, is not applicable to the instant case. Admittedly, private
respondent presented evidence that would have been sufficient to hold petitioner liable
for damages. However, it did not include in its amended Petitions any prayer for
damages against petitioner. Therefore, the trial court could not have validly held the
latter liable for damages even if it were in default.

Fifth Issue: Execution of Final Judgment

Section 1 of Rule 39 provides that execution shall issue only upon a judgment that
finally disposes of the action or proceeding. Such execution shall issue as a matter of
right upon the expiration of the period to appeal it, if no appeal has been duly perfected.
[98]

[Link] 19/26
4/4/26, 11:55 AM E-Library - Information At Your Fingertips: Printer Friendly

In the present case, however, we have already shown that the trial court's Decision has
not become final and executory against petitioner. In fact, the judgment does not even
bind it. Obviously, Respondent Court committed serious reversible errors when it
allowed the execution of the said judgment against petitioner.

WHEREFORE, the appeal is hereby GRANTED, and the assailed Decision and
Resolution of the Court of Appeals are REVERSED and SET ASIDE insofar as they
affect petitioner. The levy and the sale on execution of petitioner's properties are
declared NULL and VOID. Said properties are ordered RESTORED to petitioner. No
pronouncement as to cost.

SO ORDERED.

Purisima, and Gonzaga-Reyes, JJ., concur.

Romero, J., (Chairman), on official business abroad.
Vitug, J., concur in the result.

[1]Penned by J. Jainal D. Rasul and concurred in by JJ. Segundino G. Chua and

Consuelo Ynares-Santiago (now an associate justice of the Supreme Court); Rollo, pp.
65-79.

[2] Rollo, pp. 81-85.

[3] Rollo, pp. 78-79.

[4] Records, Vol. 1, pp. 27-31.

[5] Records, Vol. 1, p. 32.

[6] Records, Vol. 1, pp. 36-39. (Exh. B)

[7]Decision dated July 17, 1989, in SFLU Seizure Identification No. 3-89; records, Vol.
1, pp. 54-68.

[8] 2nd Indorsement dated November 1989; Records, Vol. 1, pp. 70-71.

[9] Decision dated November 17, 1989, Records, Vol. 1, pp. 74-86.

[10]Docketed as Civil Case No. 89-51451 and raffled to Branch 8; records, Vol. 1, pp.
1-26.

[11] Ibid., pp. 122-145.

[12] Amended Petition, id., pp. 122 & 128-129.

[13] Sheriff's Return, id., pp. 160-164 & 171.

[Link] 20/26