Graphical
Presentation
Bar Diagram
A bar diagram, also known as bar chart, is a form of
presentation in which the frequencies are represented
PRESENTATION by rectangles usually separated along the horizontal
OF QUALITATIVE
axis and drawn as bars of convenient widths. Its
DATA
lengths are equal to the frequency or proportional to
the magnitudes they represent. The widths of these
bars have no significance but are taken to make the
chart look attractive.
Example 01: The accompanying table shows the stock
position of finished goods in metric tons as of June 2004
of the Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation.
Represent the data by a bar diagram.
Finished goods Quantity
PRESENTATION TSP 8916
OF QUALITATIVE
DATA SSP 18455
Paper 2660
Cement 7048
Sanitary ware 862
Insulator 1462
Tiles 17335
The vertical bar diagram constructed from these data
is shown in Figure 01 below.
20000
18000
16000
14000
PRESENTATION
Quantity
12000
OF QUALITATIVE 10000
8000
DATA 6000
4000
2000
0
TSP SSP Paper Cement Sanitary Insulator Tiles
Finished goods
Figure 01: Vertical bar diagram for data in Example 01
Pie Diagram
The following steps are involved in constructing a pie chart
a) Convert the absolute frequencies into relative
frequencies for each category of the variable.
b) Multiply the relative frequencies so converted by 360
PRESENTATION for each category. The resulting values are the angles
OF QUALITATIVE expressed in degrees.
DATA
c) Check that the column obtained in step (b) adds to 360.
d) Draw a circle of appropriate radius.
e) Present the figures obtained in step (b) in the circle
with the help of a protractor.
The resulting figure is the desired pie diagram of your
data.
Example 02: The table below shows the production
of major crops as assessed by BBS for the period
2003–2004
Major crops Production
(Lac metric tons)
Aus 18.32
PRESENTATION
OF QUALITATIVE Amon 115.2
DATA Boro 124.5
Wheat 15.07
Potato 32.53
Source: Statistical Yearbook 2001
Draw a pie chart to represent the data.
PRESENTATION OF QUALITATIVE DATA
Following the steps outlined above, we construct a table to
facilitate the drawing of the desired pie chart
Major crops Production Relative frequency Angles in degrees
(a) (b) (c)=(b)304 (d)=(c)360
Aus 18.32 .060 22
Amon 115.2 .378 136
Boro 124.5 .408 147
Wheat 15.07 .049 18
Potato 32.53 .105 37
Total 304 1.00 360
Now draw a circle with a suitable radius and present the
figures in column (d) in the circle with the help of a protractor.
PRESENTATION
OF QUALITATIVE
DATA
Figure 02: Simple Pie diagram
Diagrams for Discrete Data
Discrete data may be presented by either dotted or
continuous lines. Suppose we have a survey data on
PRESENTATION number of children in 65 families as shown below:
OF QUANTITATIVE
DATA
Family
size
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Number
of 1 3 4 5 4 3 2
families
A dot diagram for these data will be as follows:
PRESENTATION
OF QUANTITATIVE
DATA 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Family Size
Figure 03: Dot diagram for
family size data
The diagram is known as dot diagram.
You can display the same data by continuous lines
also. Such a diagram is called line diagram. Here is
a line diagram for the above data:
PRESENTATION
OF QUANTITATIVE
DATA
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Family Size
Figure 4: Line diagram for family size data
Line Graph
A line graph is particularly useful for numerical data.
In the following table, we present the growth of
Bangladesh census population since 1901. These
data are displayed by line graph in Figure 05.
Diagrams for Table 01: Census population of Bangladesh: 1901-
Continuous Data 1991
Year Population Year Population
1901 28.9 1951 44.2
1911 31.6 1961 55.2
1921 33.2 1974 76.4
1931 35.6 1981 89.9
1941 42.0 1991 111.5
120
100
Population (in million)
80
60
40
Diagrams for 20
Continuous Data
0
1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1974 1981 1991
Census year
Figure 05: Line graph
The diagram clearly demonstrates that as year
increases, the population also increases.
Scatter Diagram
Scatter diagrams are useful for displaying information on
two quantitative variables, which are believed to be inter-
related. Height and weight, age and height, income and
expenditure, are examples of some of the data sets that
are assumed to be related to each other. Such data can be
Diagrams for
Continuous Data displayed by scatter diagrams. Data in below table relate
to the age at marriage of 20 couples obtained in a survey
conducted in an area. A scatter diagram in Figure 06
displays these data. The diagram clearly demonstrates
that as age of the husband increases, the wife’s age also
increases, thus implying that a positive relationship exists
between husband’s age and wife’s age.
Diagrams for Continuous Data
Table 02: Age at first marriage of 20 couples in years
Husband’s Wife’s Husband’s Husband’s
age Wife’s age Wife’s age
age age age
19 15 39 32 21 14
26 17 39 30 26 19
27 19 26 19 28 19
29 21 33 27 29 21
36 28 39 34 37 29
40 36 25 21 31 27
35 32 40 38 - -
40
35
30
25
Wife's age
20
Diagrams for 15
Continuous Data 10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Husband's age
Figure 06: Scatter diagram for the data in Table 02
Diagrams for Continuous Data
Positive relationship Negative relationship No relationship
As x increases, y As x increases, y No obvious
increases decreases pattern
THANK YOU!