2.
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
What is Reproductive Health
The reproductive health referes to healthy reproductive organ with normal function
Reproductive health According to WHO Reproductive health means a total well being in
physical, emotional, social & behavioural aspects
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH- PROBLEMS AND STRATEGIES
(i) PROBLEMS
Over Population enormous rise in population/ population explosion is main problem of
Early Marriage children get married as soon as they attain puberty / before puberty
Health of the Mother early marriage leads to several disease in mother
Deformities it is common in children of early marriagable mothers
MMR & IMR there are high in early marriage
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) children's who have married early are not aware
about reproductive organs, hence STDs more common
Carreer early marriage blocks the carreer, specially of Lady
(ii) STRATEGIES
Initiates action plans & programmes India was amongst the irst countries in the world
initiate action plans and programmes at a national level to attain total reproductive
health as a social goal. eg: Family Planing Programme initiated in 1951
Reproductive and Child Health Care (RCH) programmes’.
Awareness abut reproduction Audio-visual & print media governmental and
nongovernmental agencies have take various steps to create awareness among people
Sex education introduced in schools to encourage and provide right information
Knowledge and growth of reproductive organs & STDs
Birth control devices & care of mother & child
Prevention of sex Abuse & sex related crimetake up necessary steps to prevent social evil
Provide better medical facilities provide awareness about sex related problem,prenatal
care & postnatal care.
Research in reproductive health area ‘Saheli’– a new oral contraceptive for the females
was developed by scientists at Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI) in Lucknow, India
Amniocentesis used to test for- presence of Genetic disorder & sex determination
it is based on Chromosomal pattern of cells present in amniotic luids
its misuse is being used to kill the normal female fetus
it is legally banned for sex determination to avoid female focticide
f
f
POPULATION STABILISATION AND BIRTH CONTROL
POPULATION Total no. of same kind of individual in a given area in a given time
POPULATION EXPLOSION Enormous/Explosive growth in the population over a relatively
short period of time
World Population India's Population
2 Billion in 1900 0.35 Billion/350 Million in 1947 (at the time of independence)
6 Billion in 2000 1 Billion in 2000
7.2 Billion in 2011 1.2 Billion in 2011
Causes of explosive impact on population growth Better health/Medical facilities
Better Improvement in life
Standard living condition
Decline in MMR & IMR
Most Important step to overcome population explosion
Motivates smaller families by using various contraceptives methods
Advertisement in media & Poster/Bills eg: slogan like- We 2 our 2
(Hum do hamare do)
Statutory raising of marriageable age 18 yrs for females & 21 yrs for males
Incentives should given by government to the smaller families
NOTE
According to 2011 census report,the population growth rate was <2% i.e 20/1000/year
Such an alarming growth rate represents population explosion & it could lead to an
absolute scarcity of food a shelter and space
The government was for forced to take up serious measure to check this population growt
COMMONLY USED CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS (BIRTH CONTROL)
Contraceptive are the device/methods used to prevent unwanted pregnancy
Wide range of contraceptives Ideal contraceptives should have
Natural/traditional methods Safe & User friendly
Barrier Easily available
IUDs E ective
Oral contraceptives Reversible
No/ least side e ect
Injectables
Not interfere sexual desire/derive
Implants
Surgical Methods
ff
ff
CONTRACEPTIVES / BIRTH CONTROL
(i) NATURAL METHODS
It’s working principle is avoiding chances of sperm & ovum meeting (physical meeting)
No medicines/device is used so side e ect are almost hill but chance of failure is high
It is of 3-types
(a) Periodic Abstinence
couples avoid / abstain coitus from 10-17 day of menstrual cycle
10-17 days(14th day) is c/a fertile period b/c chances of ovulation is expected and
chances of fertilisation is high
(b) Withdrawal/Coitus Interruptus
Male partner withdraw his penis from vagina Just before ejaculation during intercourse
and thus avoid insemination
(c) Lactational Amenorrhea (Absence of menstruation)
There is no menstruation & no ovulation occurs during intense lactation after parturition
During this period High PRL disrupts release of GnRH from hypothalamus
it is e ective only up to maximum period of 6-month from parturition
chances of contraception is almost nill
ff
ff
(ii) BARRIER METHODS
Working: sperm & ovum are prevented from Physical meeting with the help of Barrier
Barriers are available for both males & females eg: Condoms
Diaphragm, Cervical Caps & Vaults
(a) Condoms
it is made up of thin rubber/Latex sheath & covers penis in male & vagina & cervix in female
Nirodh is popular brand of condom for male
Condoms protecting the users from STDS/STIs & AIDS
it can be self inserted & is disposable (not reusable)
Condom for male Condom for female
(a) Diaphragm , Cervical Caps & Vaults (covers the cervix during coitus)
it made up of compratively thick rubber
it inserted into Females reproductive tract to Covers cervix
it blocking the entry of sperms through cervix
it is reusable
for increase e iciency spermicide cream , Jellies & foam are used
ff
(iii) IUDs- INTRA UTERINE DEVICES
it is E ective & popular methods for females
inserted by Doctors/expert nurses in the Uterus
working- increase phagocytosis of sperm or suppress sperm motility
Lips Loop
Ideal contraceptives used by females in India
types of IUDs
Non-medicated IUDs eg: Lips loop
Plastic object inserts in the uterus (not used any medicine)
increase phagocytosis for sperm in uterus
Copper releasing IUDs eg: CuT ,Cu7 ,Multiload 375
released Cu ions suppress sperm motility and fertilising capacity
e ecient birth control method
Hormone releasing DUDS eg: Progestasart , LNG-20
Copper T/Cu T
make the uterus unsuitable for implantation & cervix hostile to sperm
(iv) CHEMICAL METHODS
in this method of contraception chemical is inserted in vagina before intercourse
these chemical contains spermicides (kill sperm) eg:Lactic As , Citric As, Boric As
ff
ff