SCIENCE Tensional Stress: Pulls rock apart.
It causes the
crust to stretch and thin out.
I. The Earth’s Crust (The Geosphere's Shear Stress: Acts in opposite directions
Skin) horizontally, like sliding a deck of cards.
The crust is the solid, rocky outer layer. It is divided 2. Folding (When Rocks Bend)
based on density, thickness, and chemical "flavors."
Folding occurs deep in the crust where temperatures
are higher and rocks are more "plastic."
Anticline: An upward fold (arch). The oldest
rocks are at the center.
Syncline: A downward fold (trough). The
youngest rocks are at the center.
Monocline: A one-sided, step-like fold in rock
layers.
III. The Anatomy and Types of Faults
Feature Continental Crust Oceanic Crust
A fault is a fracture where measurable movement has
occurred.
Makes up the
Found beneath 1. Essential Fault Parts
Location landmasses and
the ocean floor.
mountains. Fault Plane: The break surface where
movement happens.
Hanging Wall: The block above the fault plane
Average 32 km (up to 70 km in Much thinner, (where you could "hang" a lantern).
Thickness orogenic belts). average 8 km. Foot Wall: The block below the fault plane
(where you could "walk" your feet).
Fault Scarp: The visible "cliff" formed when the
Silicon, Oxygen, fault reaches the surface.
Common Silicon, Oxygen,
Aluminum, Calcium,
Elements Iron, Magnesium.
Sodium, Potassium. 2. The Fault Gallery (Movement Mechanics)
Fault
Mostly Granitic (less Mostly Basaltic Movement Stress Involved Visual Key
Rock Type Type
dense). (denser). Hanging Wall Stretches the
Normal
moves Tension crust; creates
Fault
DOWN valleys.
Shortens the
Reverse Hanging Wall
Compression crust; creates
II. Stress, Strain, and Folding Fault moves UP
mountains.
A reverse fault
Stress is the force per unit area. Strain is the change in Thrust Hanging Wall Extreme
with a low angle
shape that occurs when stress is applied. Fault moves OVER Compression
(<45∘).
No vertical
1. Forces of Change (Stress Types) Strike- Horizontal
Shear movement;
Slip (Side-to-Side)
offset roads
Compressive Stress: Squeezes rock together. It
causes the crust to shorten and thicken.
IV. Seismology: Magnitude & Intensity
When rocks break along a fault, they release Elastic
Potential Energy as Seismic Waves.
1. Key Locations
Focus (Hypocenter): The actual point
underground where the rock snaps.
Epicenter: The location on the surface directly
above the focus.
2. The Measurement Divide Pacific Ring of Fire: The reason for our 20+
active volcanoes and frequent quakes.
Magnitude: Measured via Seismograph. It is a Philippine Fault Zone (PFZ): A 1,200 km left-
quantitative measure of energy. One lateral strike-slip fault.
earthquake = One Magnitude. Active vs. Inactive: A fault is Active if it has
Intensity: Measured via human observation moved within the last 10,000 years.
(PEIS). It describes the damage. One earthquake Trenches: Deep V-shaped ocean floors (e.g.,
= Many Intensities (gets weaker further away). Philippine Trench) where plates subduct.
Important Vocabulary Recap
🇵🇭 V. PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Orogeny: The process of mountain building.
Scale (PEIS) Rift Valley: A valley formed by tensional stress
between two normal faults.
The Philippines uses this 10-point scale to assess local Seismogram: The paper record of the
impact. earthquake's shaking.
Scale Characterization Description of Effects
Scarcely Felt by people under favorable
I
Perceptible circumstances.
Felt by few individuals at rest
II Slightly Felt indoors. Hanging objects swing
slightly.
Felt by many indoors.
III Weak Dizziness and nausea may be
felt.
Felt generally
Moderately
IV indoors/outdoors. Dinner
Strong
plates and windows rattle.
Hanging objects swing
V Strong violently. Small objects are
overturned.
Many people are frightened
VI Very Strong and run outdoors. Heavy
furniture moves.
People find it difficult to stand.
VII Destructive Old/poor buildings are
damaged.
Well-built buildings are
VIII Very Destructive considerably damaged.
Landslides occur.
Most buildings are totally
IX Devastating damaged. Bridges may be
destroyed.
Practically all man-made
Completely
X structures are destroyed. Land
Devastating
is distorted.
VI. The Philippine Setting