Theme—Adaptations | Adaptations LEARNING OUTCOME: || By the end of the lesson, learners will be able to: as * define adaptation and habitat recall the names of plants and | 2nd their adaptations studied in earlier classes * record the ada | shown by plants and animals living in desert/aquatic conditions « 18 In different habitats wi ith | 2 list of plants and animals occurrin ‘common names and adaptations ie ‘ook at the pictures given below and answer the following questions orally, 8, 1. Identify the animals in pictures A, B and C given above, 2. What does the animal in picture A eat? - Does it have any special feature that helps it to eat food easily? What does the animal in picture B eat? On the basis of its food habit, which category does this animal belongINTRODUCTION Living things qe found im 2 wide variety of places om the Earch, Deserts, mst, grussunds mountains waterbodies and the polar regions are some of the places iniabited bw living betes. HABITAT A place that provides food, shelter and right climatic conditions for a lising argurissm 1 thrive, breed and flourish is called its habitat. We find different animals in different habitats. For ecample, snow Teagandis (Eig. 7) cam survive in low temperature conditions of mountain tops covered! witin sow. Om the atthe hand, animals such as kangaroo rats (Fig 7.2) can tolerate high temperature andiscmity ai ‘water. They are, thus, able to live in deserts. Fig: 71 Seow leper SCI-VOCAB aan = — "habitat: the place that provides food, shelterand right dimatic conditions sethatamamimail ora plant can easily survive, breed and flourishin diferent habitats. lotus plant (Fig. 73) lives in wag | Di also found sae ee tan past (Fig, 7.4) is found in the desert habitat. "Fig. 74 Cactus Types of habitats The habitat of plants and animals are broadly classified into three main categories gy follows. Aquatic habitat: Animals and plants which are found in water are called aquatic organisms and their habitat is called aquatic habitat. There are three types of aquatic habitat: Marine water habitat such as seas and oceans. Fresh water habitat such as rivers, lakes and ponds. + Coastal water habitats such as salt water swamps. ‘Terrestrial habitat: This habitat is also called land habitat. These are of three types— deserts, forests and mountains. Aerial habitat: The sky or the atmospheric space where certain categories of animals can fly is the aerial habitat. These animals have wings to fly. Examples include birds, bats and | insects. Fig. 75 Aquatic habitat Fig. 7.6 Terrestrial habitat Fig. 7.7 Aerial habitatADAPTATION ‘An animal or a plant brings about certain alterations in its physical features or behaviour to live comfortably in its habitat. These changes in physical features and behaviour of a living organism that allow it to adjust successfully in its habitat are called adaptations. Adaptations seen in different animals and plants living in different habitats are discussed below. Define the following: 1. Habitat Adaptation ADAPTATIONS IN AQUATIC HABITAT All types of waterbodies such as ponds, lakes, rivers, wetlands, seas and oceans form the aquatic habitat. Ponds, lakes, rivers and wetlands comprise the freshwater habitat. Coral reefs, mangrove swamps, seas and oceans form saltwater habitat. Different types of living organisms are found in these habitats. Plant life Hydrophytes are the plants growing in freshwater bodies. Hydrophytes are categorised into three types—floating, fixed and submerged hydrophytes. Floating hydrophytes Aquatic plants that float on the surface of waterbodies are called floating hydrophytes. ‘They show the following adaptations: Plants such as Wolffia, Pistia and duckweed have small and light bodies. SCI-VOCAB - am & adaptations: body features and habits of a living thing that help it live in its habitat comfortably hydrophytes: plants growing in waterbodiesPlants such as water hyacinth (Fig. 7.8) have modified swollen leaf stalks which are filled with air, This makes the plant body light and helps them stay afloat. Fixed hydrophytes The roots of these hydrophytes are fixed to the bottom of the waterbody. Their leaves and flowers are found above the surface of water. Water (Fig. 7.9) floats on the surface of water, whereas lotus er above the surface of water. They are generally found in waterbodies, Fig. 78 Water hyacinth Fig. 7.9 Water lily Fixed hydrophytes show the following adaptations: + They have thin, long, light and hollow stems which are very flexible. * They often have broad, flat and waxy leaves. The waxy coating, called cuticle, docs nal allow water from sticking to the leaves, thus, saves them from decaying. * The leaves have stomata only on their upper surface. The lower surface which i rest ‘on water does not have stomata. Stomata helps in the exchange of gases. Submerged hydrophytes Plants such as Hydrilla (Fig. 7.10) and Vallisneria (tape grass) grow completely submerged inside water. They have roots which fix them to the bottom of the waterbody. Submerged hydrophytes show the following adaptations, Very small, thin and ribbon-like leaves are present in these plants * The leaves are devoid of waxy coating and stomata, Exchange of gases takes place through the general surface ofthe body. + Attimes the flowers of subme: surface of the waterbody wit them in pollination, SCI-VOCAB _ cuticle: a protecting film coverin, plant organs a Pollination: the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma rged hydrophytes are seen floating on the th the help of their long stalks. This helps i the upper layer of leaves, young shoots and other el“ICT Skills x. _ Browsing, Presentation skills different types of hydrophytes presentation software Aim: To make a Presentation on Materials required: a, computer, Procedure: Collect pictures of the diffe ‘erent types of hydrophytes from th Make a PowerPoint presentatio, Be ces cn n to highlight the distinction b aes gt Inction between the types of Animal life Fish Some adaptations of fish are as follows; + Fish have special body shape which is broad in the middle and tapering towards the ends. Such a shape is called streamlined shape (Fig. 711). This helps the fish to move smoothly inside water offering least resistance, Fig. 7.11 Streamlined body ofa fish ‘The body of the fish is covered with scales which are Protective structures and help in movement. Special locomotory organs called fins are present that help the fish to swim. The tail fin acts like a rudder and helps to propel the fish forward ent change direction. Upward and downward movement is brought about by the pectoral and pelvic fins. Maintaining balance in water is done by the dorsal fins, Fish have special respiratory organs called gills, Gills help them absorb dissolved oxygen from the surrounding water and give out carbon dioxide. + Experiential Learning + Visual Literacy D) « Art-integrated learning + Concrete Experience « Observation Skill « Drawing Aim: To study different parts of a fish Materials required: A preserved specimen of a fish, notebook, pencil Procedure: Visit the Biology laboratory and study the external features of the preserved specimen of a fish. Draw and label all parts of the fish in your notebook.al + Critical Thinking + Communication Wanda “ane ei Da Read the passage carefully and answer the questions ae he eis 1 Adaptations are the special characteristics of an organ t a os = f it for its environment or forits particular way of life, There are three kinds of animal a laptations behavioral, physical, and physiological. eh i ate each e actions that animals take to survivein thelr natural habit ‘Acommon example of behavioural animal adaptation is migration, when animals: from a place with harsh climatic conditions to a place where the conditions are more favourable. Some other behavioural adaptations include the types of sounds and body | movements they make to communicate with others. Physical adaptations are external physical features of an organism that helps it survive Anumber of organisms such as the tiger have colours and patterns on their body that: blend with the environment and help them hide from their enemies or hunt their Similarly, flesh-eating animals have sharp claws and teeth to hunt down their preys, Physiological adaptations are changes in body processes and functions that an animal 0es through to help it survive. For example, skunks spray toxins with strong odours to ward off predators, snakes and spiders produce poison to paralyse their prey, and Mosquitoes release blood thinners to prevent clotting of blood they suck from ther | victims. Irrespective of their type, all adaptations are influenced by the environment an animal || lives in and all adaptations are designed to help an animal survive and thrive in its | habitat. ‘What termis used for the special features that help an animal live and survive inits | habitat? . a. Adoptions b. Adaptions <.Adeptations — d. Adaptations Which of the following is an example of a behavioral adaptation? a. Beak ofabird _b, Migration in birds _c. Claws ina tiger d. Polsoninasnake 3. Which of the following is a reason for animal adaptations? a. Ward off danger _b. Communicati c. Hunting [Link] of these { Water birds 4 1 Birds such as ducks, geese, swans and Gulls live in or near waterbodies, These are called | | birds (Fig. 7.12). ). They obtain food from the waterbody. Duck = > Fig 7.12 Waterbirds— —_---—-—_—_—_—_—_—_—_—_ Some adaptations shown by the water birds are as follows, Water birds often haye a thin layer of skin joining their toes to form webbed feet. Webbed feet act as oars and aid the water birds to swim easily in water, Beaks of these birds are often broad and able to filter food from the water. The feathers of these birds are waterproof and keep them warm, Other aquatic animals Crabs, prawns, turtles, crocodiles and frogs are also found in waterbodies, Salamanders live in wet places. Figure 7.13 shows some aquatic animals, Frogs live both in water and on land. When in water, they use their moist skin to obtain oxygen dissolved in water. On Jand, they breathe by means of lungs. Frogs also have webbed feet. Information Literacy + Understanding Facts Myth: Dolphins and whales living in water are fish. Fact: Dolphins and whales live in water and look like fish. However, they are not fish but are mammals. Give an example of each. 1. afloating hydrophyte 2. asubmerged hydrophyte 3. afixed hydrophyte a water birdATO er, t and discuss Its answ. types of habital Frame a question on ADAPTATIONS IN TERRESTRIAL HABITAT All habitats such as desert, forest, grassland and mountain found on land are habitat. ee th sand haying little or no it ing A vast area of land covered with sand hay! rainfall is called a desert (Fig. 7.14). Days are extremely hot while nights are cold in a desert, Animals and plants living in desert habitat have adaptations to adjust with scarcity of water and extreme temperature changes, Plant life Plants such as cacti are capable of thriving in desert conditions, called xerophytes. Some of the adaptations shown by the xerophytes are as follows: + Roots—Generally, different types of cacti have roots that spread out ¥ below the soil surface, These are called shallow, radiating roots, They: moisture in the form of dew drops from the soil surface, Some cacti sucl have deep taproots growing inside the soil in search of water, Some | Babul (Acacia) have extensive taproot system to absorb water from + Stem—Desert plants have thick and fleshy stems, have chlorophyll. The green stem helps the plant stores water, Plants having such stems are called su + Leaves—In order to conserye water, reduced to spines, Hlowers—Most cacti use th of the daytime, SCI-VOCAB to prepare food and icculents, the leaves of desert plants such as cactus a cool night-time to flower in order to avoid xerophytes: plants gro wing in extreme Scarcity of water‘Animal life Many animals (Fig. 7.15) such as camels, kangaroo rats, desert foxes, lizards, snakes, mice and desert hares have adapted to live in the dry condition of a desert, See Accel Be. Desert fox. Fig. 7.15 Some desert animals Acamel (Fig. 7.16) is best suited to live in deserts. It is often referred to as ‘ship of the desert: Some adaptations of camel are as follows: « A ccamel has two rows of long eyelashes which protect the eyes against the blowing sand and extreme heat and light of the sun. The ears of a camel are covered with hairs even from inside to protect them from blowing sand. The hump on its back is actually stored fat which helps Fig 7.16 Camel—ship of the desert it to survive in desert for a long period without food and water. ‘A camel has long and strong legs which help to keep its body away from the hot sand during the daytime in a desert. There are thick patches of skin on the knees which protect it from getting burnt when it kneels on the hot desert sand. At the bottom of their hooves there are broad flat leathery pads. These help the camel to move easily on desert sand without sinking its feet. Nostrils are covered with folds of skin and a camel can close its nostrils to keep out the blowing sand. The body of the camel is covered with thick skin to provide protection against extreme temperatures in a desert.easily which is an adaptation against water Jos A camel does not sweat its body. + The kidneys of a camel are efficient in producing urine with low water Content, + Experiential Learning + Visual Literacy + Artintegrated Learning + Concrete Experience + Observation Skills « Aim: To study the different body parts of a camel and understand its adaptat dry desert conditions Materials required: % sized chart paper, pencil, ruler, pen, a picture of a camel, Procedure: Paste the picture of a camel neatly at the centre of the % sized chart pap Use the ruler to draw neat pointers to different body parts of the camel. Make boxes at the end of the pointers to write the adaptation shown by that part of the body the camel. Put up this mind map in your study room to easily revise the adaptations ina camel. The cold, rocky and high altitude regions of mountains also serve as home for and animals, As the altitude increases, mountains are very cold. many pla the temperature decreases, so high altitude Plant life Pine, spruce, cedar, the mountains. Pine Spruce Fig. 7.17 Some plants growing on mountains_— some . scaptstions $e tats wach as fics amd pines are as follows ‘ These trees are cone-shaped with sh pape nee oping branches heips Sheen Since the tesa conesped dye ced oa cairo trees: co_The leaves are needle shaped veith 2 waxy oo f 2 z ¥ outing t prevent snow. since the leaves do not have broud and fiat Lmina, rari eases stomata and waxy covering slows down the rate of transpiration, thus poticg water a ey oO These trees do not have flowers and fruits. ‘ See matic conditions : The seods are protected against the nature—These trees do not shed all their leaves at once. They remain green through the year Such trees are therefore alo called evergreen trees. er Leav animal life ‘Animal: js such as yak, musk deer, mountain goat, snow Jeopard, Brahminy duck and bar-headed goose (Fig. 7.18) are found in mountainous regions. Musk deer Beabaninw ask Fig. 7.18 Some animals fowl ie he moans girs SCI-VOCAB —- cae ones coniferous tree:a coniferous tree is cone shaped, produces cones and its leaves do not fall off in winter evergreen tree: a tree that does not lose its leaves in winterountain some ofthe! adaptations show” ym! (Big. 7.19) are 4 ts horns, themselves- Pe ones ace of a protects it from ©O) rm. The white colour ‘The white mountain goat by keeping it w™ helps it to camouflage: A mountain vers of fur So on its body: The lay ingoat the body is So! soft woolly laye! goats she shrubs an' er of fur closer t© reece of sheep. Long thick hairs, callec > d guard hairs, insulation. er coats by late spring. Th th providin: P 6 = d their wint! d bushes and shi of a mountain goat has a hard outer she on cup when the goat puts its ree we the steep and rocky mountains where ten x ive, balance their body and move swift rong hind legs that help them to ae 7 ‘The mountain barks of trees» on each foot ich acts like @ sucti footed even on Tm «The hoof footpad whi goats are sure- elp the goats to s. They have st -at grass, moss and wood) ty plants. to grab and tear big patches of see Short and sturdy legs h ug he mountain: oats are herbivores and e: + Mountain g' eight teeth on upper and lower jaws terrain of t Just as the rings on the bark of a tree h elp us calculate its i ; i age, similarly rings ua ofa mountain Boa tell us its age. Each year there isa 2 a) e number of rings is one less than the age of the goat. Thus a ae vel . -year-old goat | one ring, 2 three-year-old goat has two rings and so on. SCI-VOCAB camouflage: the col looks similar to what is around it our or shape of an animal that makes it difficulTick (7) true or false, Afir tree has broad and flat leaves, (te False 2. Coniferous trees are cone-shaped, Mountain goats retain their Winter coats, * Information Literacy» Crtcal Thinking + Rescarch Skill» Problem-solving @ an unique enviroy extremely cold Arctic region of the Earth, As su in that environment. If the Earth becor survive. Read about variolis factors thatlere eateing realities Earth’. and answer the following: + _ State the name of the phenomenon. * How would polar bears be affected if the temperature continues to rise? * Suggest some changes that we must Undertake to reduce the increase of temperature of the Earth. This activity is aligned with the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goal 15—Life on Land. nment. Polar bears are found in the ich, they have adaptations to survive mes warmer, it will become difficult for them to 'S average temperature, + Critical Thinking « Communication |_.. + Framing Questions + Discussing ADAPTATIONS IN AERIAL HABITAT Animals that spend major part of their lives in air are called aerial animals, Birds, bats and most insects are aerial animals. Plants that have roots above the ground are called aerial plants, Plant life Many plants such as epiphytes, mangrove trees and parasitic plants have aerial roots.Epiphytes Plants such as orchids (Fig. 7.20) and mosses a Sel trees for support and are called epiphytes or ai Dau “These never harm the plants on which they grow. They have chlorophyll and hence can prepare their own food. They use their special aerial roots to absorb moisture from the air, Conservation of Orchids in Manipur Orchids are herbaceous plants found mostly as epiphytes. Orchids are’ diversity in shape, size and colour. A large variety of orchids can be ‘Seenin} Himalayan Region. The Indian state of Manipur has about 280. Varieties. However, due to expansion of human inhabitation, widespread steps to conserve orchid plants. These plants are preservedin the: Orchid Centre, Khonghampat, Imphal, under the Wildlife Wing of Forest De; Pneumatophores of mangroves Mangroves grow in swamps where the soil is waterlogged with less Thus, these plants develop special aerial roots called pneumatophores grow upwards in air and have special cells to absorb oxygen from it, Haustoria root Parasitic plants such as dodder (Fig. 7.21) have specialised roots that can penetrate the tissues of host plants and absorb nutrients from them. Such specialised roots of parasitic plants are called haustoria. Animal life Fig 7.21 Dad Birds lead an aerial mode of life. Each part of their body is adapted to support of the adaptations are as follows: + _ Birds have streamlined body to offer least resistance to air while flying. + The body of birds is covered with feathers. These feathers help to provide war birds. The feathers present on wings help birds to fly.+ Thetail feather acts as a rudder in changing direction during flight. Italso acts asa brake while landing. « The forelimbs of birds are modified into wings that help them to fly. + The hindlimbs are used for walking, Perching, swimming and running. + The birds move their wings upwards (upstroke) and downwards (downstroke) to fly in air (Fig. 7.22), For this, they have well-developed and strong shoulder bones. Their sternum is modified to hold the strong flight muscles, + _ Inorder to stay afloat in air, birds need to have light body weight. This is done by having hollow and light bones, Such bones are called pneumatic bones. + _ Birds have sharp eyesight and a keen sense of hearing which help them to locate food even while flying, 1 2 s ‘Wing feathers spread out le and go further downward 7 h A downward ne Wings continue to pus! stroke begins cree Ogee at PSLRA Fa? owrvarde providian 4) an upward lift ‘Wings complete an upward stroke and downward stroke begins again Fig, 7.22 Flight pattern in some birds rmation Literacy + Understanding facts Myth: Bats are birds since they fiy in air, Fact: Bats have wings and fly in air. However, they are not birds but are mammals. REASON CORNER SCI-VOCAB "pneumatic bones: light,+ Critical Thin + Reasoning SBI Human beings also adapt to several changes around them. Discuss in aa 7 in which human beings adapt. J « Experiential Learning » Life ‘ied Trip» Socal Awareness «Big Visit a zoological or @ botanical garden. List the plants and animals p biscuss with your elders and find out how you should behave when you , sucha place. Uar ‘ther aquatic animals (crab, prawn, turtle, eee Water bieds Floating (duck. swan, hydrophyt gui) (Pista) aBOUOGBoOH) 1, Objective type questions A. Tick (7) the most appropriate answer. 1, Desert isa habitat where we will find oon 2S DONG b. heavy rains © sand d. low temperature 2, Cactus plants have a, flatieaves b. spiny leaves ¢. large-sized leaves d. waxy leaves 3. Hydrillaisa a, pond plant b. marine plant c. desert plant d, mountain plant 4, Lotus plantisa a. floating plant b. fixed hydrophyte c, submerged hydrophyte d, terrestrial plant 5. Camel is best suited for a. mountain life b. sealife c. desert life d. shallow water 6. Which of the following is nota terrestrial habitat? a, Desert b. Grassland c Lake d. Mountain 7. Which of these is paired incorrectly? a, fish - water 'b. snow leopard — mountain <. lotus~sea d. duck-pond 8, Which of the following are all terrestrial habitats? a. Pond, grassland, sea b. Sea, forest, mountain <. Mountain, desert, forest d. Tree, grassland, lake 9. Aleaf insect looks like leaves and a polar bear living in snowy regions have fur on {ts body. What is common in both these animals? HOTS a. They migrate to protect themselves from enemies. b. They use their bodies to attack enemies. < They use their bodies to prepare food. d. They use their body covers to confuse their enemies.C. Write true (T) or false (F) against the following statements. ML Fill in the blanks, 4. Incacti, leaves are reduced to ... 2, Conifers Dear sssesrserrsrsresernrensnnens instead of flowers, : 3, Theleaf stalks of water hyacinth are filled With snisnrsnnnn, that help them to breathe, sew BONES. 4, Fist have nsssseensen 5. Birds have .. 1. The roots of epiphytes grow deep into the soll. ‘ 2. Acamel can open and close its nostrils during a sandstorm, 3. The bar-headed geese live in sandy deserts. 4, The leaves of lotus plants float on the surface of water. 5. Bats are aquatic animals. 9 Match the organisms with their habitats. 1. fish a. sky 2. camel b. mountain 3. bird c. water 4,_ snow leopard desert E, With the help of characters found in the organisms, identify the 1, flat and thick stem, spiny leaves ne 2. respiration by gills, locomotion by fins 3. body covered with feathers, limbs modifies into wings 4, presence of thick fur on the body Short answer questions ‘A. Name the following: : 1. thehabitat found on land 2. the habitat found in water :3, the animals that spend major part of their lives in alr ‘4. the category of plants growing in deserts 5. the term used for the aerial roots of mangroves . Answer the following questions briefly. 1. Define adaptation. 2, State the names of two plants that grow completely submerged in water. 3. _ Name any four animals found in deserts. 4. Whatare epiphytes? 5. Where do mangroves grow? In. Long answer questions A._ Differentiate between the following: 1. Hydrophytes and xerophytes 2, Alotus plant and a cactus plant B, Answer the following questions in detail. 4. _ List the adaptations that help a camel survive in the hot deserts. 2. Where do mountain goats live? How do they survive in their habitat? 3. How are submerged hydrophytes adapted to live under water? 4. List the adaptations of fish. 5, What are the adaptations seen in birds? | ‘Answer the following questions: Why are submerged hydrophytes kept in aquariums? Which do you think can be a food for the snow leopard—musk deer or a monkey? Give reason. ‘+ Communication + Collaboration = — & + Group Discussion Learning by Doing + Group Work Conducta group discussion on the topic—Destruction of habitat has an adverse effect | ontiving organisms.