MATHEMATICAL FOUNDATIONS
Complete Solutions & Step-by-Step Marking Scheme (Set D)
Total Marks: 50 | Solution Guide
Instructions: Compare your self-assessment working against the steps below to confirm final
answers and look at mark breakdowns.
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Question 1 Solution — Logic & Logical Equivalence (10 Marks)
Statement to verify: ~(p ∧ q) ≡ ~p ∨ ~q
p q p ∧ q ~(p ∧ q) ~p ~q ~p ∨ ~q
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T T T F F F F
T F F T F T T
F T F T T F T
F F F T T T T
Verification Analysis:
• Column 4 represents the truth values for ~(p ∧ q): [F, T, T, T]
• Column 7 represents the truth values for ~p ∨ ~q: [F, T, T, T]
Conclusion: Since the truth values in Column 4 and Column 7 are completely identical for all
possible truth assignments of p and q, the statements are logically equivalent. (Verified)
Mark Allocation: 7 Marks for complete truth table columns; 3 Marks for explicit conclusion
statement reference.
Question 2 Solution — Direct and Inverse Cube Variation (10 Marks)
Given: V is directly proportional to r³, so V = k * r³
1. Find the variation equation connecting V and r:
Substitute V = 113.04 and r = 3:
113.04 = k * (3)³ => 113.04 = 27k
k = 113.04 / 27 = 4.1867 (or exactly 4/3 * π ≈ 1.333π if using exact geometry, let's keep k =
4.1867 for standard decimals)
Equation: V = 4.1867 * r³ (3 Marks)
2. Calculate volume when r = 5 cm:
V = 4.1867 * (5)³ = 4.1867 * 125 = 523.34 cm³ (2 Marks)
3. Find r when V = 7231.04 cm³:
7231.04 = 4.1867 * r³
r³ = 7231.04 / 4.1867 = 1727.14
r = ∛(1727.14) ≈ 12 cm (3 Marks)
4. Describe what happens if radius is doubled:
If r becomes 2r, then V new = k * (2r)³ = k * 8r³ = 8 * V old.
The volume increases by a factor of 8. (2 Marks)
Question 3 Solution — Exponential Graph Transformations Only (10 Marks)
Base Parent Function: f(x) = 4^x
1. g(x) = 4^(x + 2):
The graph is shifted horizontally 2 units to the left. (2.5 Marks)
2. h(x) = -4^x:
The graph is reflected vertically across the x-axis. (2.5 Marks)
3. r(x) = 4^x - 3:
The graph is shifted vertically downwards by 3 units. (2.5 Marks)
4. F(x) = -4^(x + 2) - 3:
The graph is shifted 2 units left, reflected across the x-axis, and shifted 3 units down. (2.5
Marks)
Question 4 Solution — Weighted Mean & Variance (10 Marks)
Part A: Weighted Mean (5 Marks)
• Supplier A: 1,200 parts * $2.50 = $3,000
• Supplier B: 800 parts * $3.00 = $2,400
• Supplier C: 500 parts * $4.00 = $2,000
• Total Parts (Sum of Weights) = 1,200 + 800 + 500 = 2,500 parts
• Total Cost = $3,000 + $2,400 + $2,000 = $7,400
• Weighted Mean = $7,400 / 2,500 = $2.96 per part. (5 Marks)
Part B: Sample Standard Deviation (5 Marks)
Data Set: {2, 4, 5, 7, 12}, Sample Mean (x̄ ) = 6, Sample Size (n) = 5
• Deviations (x - x̄ ): (2-6)=-4, (4-6)=-2, (5-6)=-1, (7-6)=1, (12-6)=6
• Squared Deviations: (-4)²=16, (-2)²=4, (-1)²=1, (1)²=1, (6)²=36
• Sum of Squared Deviations = 16 + 4 + 1 + 1 + 36 = 58
• Sample Variance (s²) = 58 / (n - 1) = 58 / 4 = 14.5
• Sample Standard Deviation (s) = √14.5 ≈ 3.81. (5 Marks)
Question 5 Solution — Factorials & Summation Notation (10 Marks)
1. Evaluate 16! / (14! * 2!):
Expand: (16 * 15 * 14!) / (14! * 2 * 1)
Cancel out 14!: (16 * 15) / 2 = 240 / 2 = 120. (3 Marks)
2. Expand and sum ∑_{i=1}^{4} (2i² - 1):
• i = 1: 2(1)² - 1 = 2 - 1 = 1
• i = 2: 2(2)² - 1 = 8 - 1 = 7
• i = 3: 2(3)² - 1 = 18 - 1 = 17
• i = 4: 2(4)² - 1 = 32 - 1 = 31
• Sum = 1 + 7 + 17 + 31 = 56. (3 Marks)
3. Find the 30th term of an arithmetic sequence (a₁ = -5, d = 4):
Formula: a_n = a₁ + (n - 1)d
a_30 = -5 + (30 - 1) * 4
a_30 = -5 + 29 * 4 = -5 + 116 = 111. (4 Marks)