MATRICES [0717923014]

• A matrix is a rectangular arrangement of numbers into rows and columns.

 MATRIX ORDER
• Matrix order or dimension is the number of rows and columns that a matrix has.
• Rows and listed first and columns second.
• In general, a matrix is defined by the order of r × c, where r is the number of rows and c is the
number of columns.
• A matrix with 2 rows and columns is written as 2 × 3 and read as “two by three”.
• Worked examples:
1. What is the order of the following matrices?

4. IDENTITY MATRIX
• An identity matrix is a matrix in which all elements of the main diagonal are ones and all others
are zeros
• It is usually denoted by I

𝟏 𝟎
A. I =( )
𝟎 𝟏

1 0 0
B. I = (0 1 0)
0 0 1
• Any matrix multiplied by an identity matrix results in itself; I × A = IA = A

19.3 ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF MATRICES

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 • Only matrices with the same matrix order, that is, the same number of rows and columns can be
added or subtracted.
• To add or subtract matrices, add or subtract the corresponding elements of the matrices.

𝑎 𝑏 𝑒 𝑓
• If matrix A = ( ) matrix B = ( ) then:
𝑐 𝑑 𝑔 ℎ

𝑎+𝑒 𝑏+𝑓
• A + B =( )
𝑐+𝑔 𝑑+ℎ

𝑎−𝑒 𝑏−𝑓
• A-B =( )
𝑐−𝑔 𝑑−ℎ

 EXAMPLES
1. Given that:

−2 1 2 1 −2 + 2 1 + 1 0 2
i. A = ( ) and B=( ) Find (a) A +B =( )= ( )
7 4 9 3 7+9 4+3 16 7
−2 − 2 1 − 1 −4 0
(b)A-B = ( ) =( )
7−9 4−3 −2 1

MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES

SCALAR MULTIPLICATION
• In matrices, real numbers are called scalars.
• Scalar multiplication is the product of a scalar and a matrix.
• Each element of the matrix is multiplied by a scalar.
𝑎 𝑏
• If A = ( )is a matrix and k is a scalar, the product of A and k is:
𝑐 𝑑
𝑎 𝑏 𝑘𝑎 𝑘𝑏
kA= k× ( ) =( )
𝑐 𝑑 𝑘𝑐 𝑘𝑑

 EXAMPLES
𝟏 𝟐
Given a matrix A =( ) find
𝟑 𝟒

A. 2A
B. −A
SOLUTIONS

A. 2A

B.

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  MULTIPLICATION OF TWO MATRICES
• To multiply two matrices, the number of columns of the left matrix must be equal to the
number of rows of the right matrix.
• The result matrix will have the same number of rows as the left matrix and the same
number of columns as the right matrix.
𝑎 𝑏 𝑒 𝑓
• For matrices A =( ) and B=( )
𝑐 𝑑 𝑔 ℎ

• If the number of columns in the left matrix is not equal to the number of rows in the right
matrix the product of the matrix is undefined.

EXAMPLES
Simplify the following matrices.

−2
1.(6 4 9) ( 5 ) = (6 × ( 2) + 4 × 5 + 9 × 1) = (17)
1
3 4 1 6 3×1+4×5 3×6+4×0 23 18
2. ( )( ) =( )= ( )
2 7 5 0 2×1+7×5 2×6+7×0 37 12

DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX
• A determinant is a real number that can be calculated from a
square matrix.
• It is denoted by det(A) or |A|.
• A determinant is calculated from a 2 × 2 matrix by subtracting
the product of the minor diagonal from the major diagonal.

𝑎 𝑏
• For a matrix A = ( )
𝑐 𝑑
| A| = ad − bc

EXAMPLES
2 4
Find the determinant of the following matrix A=( )= 2× 3 − 4 × 5 = 6 − 20 = −14
5 3
SINGULAR MATRIX
A matrix is singular if determinant is zero ie ad -bc =0

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 𝑥 + 2 −1
Example: Find the value of given that matrix B is singular B=( )
−3 𝑥
x(x+2)- (-3× −1) =0
𝑥 2 +2x-3 =0
(x+3)(x-1)=0 hence x= 1 or 3

INVERSE OF A MATRIX
• The inverse of a matrix A is a matrix which when multiplied by A results in an identity
matrix
• It is denoted by A−1

HOW TO FIND THE INVERSE OF A 2 × 2 MATRIX

𝑎 𝑏
If matrix A = ( )
𝑐 𝑑

EXAMPLES
Find the inverse of the following matrices
4 7
A=( )
2 6
1 4
B= ( )
2 3
SOLUTIONS

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SOLVE SIMULTANEOUS EQUATION USING MATRIX
i. Write the equation in matrix form.
ii. Find the inverse matrix of a 2 × 2 matrix.
iii. Multiply both sides of the matrix equation with the inverse matrix.

EXAMPLES
Solve the following simultaneous equations using matrices
A. x+y=2
2x − y = 1

B. 3x + 2y = 11
2x + y = 8

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EXERCISE
Answer the first 10 questions in topics page64

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