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Vector
VECTOR
1. INTRODUCTION :
Vector algebra is the branch of algebra that involves operations on vectors. Vectors are quantities
that have both magnitude and direction. We can add, subtract, and multiply vector quantities
using special vector algebra rules. Vectors can be easily represented in 2-D or 3-D spaces. Vector
algebra has various applications it is used in solving various problems in mathematics and
physics, engineering, and various other fields.
1.1 DIRECTED LINE SEGMENT :
Any given portion of a given straight line where the two end points are distinguished as Initial
and Terminal is called a Directed Line Segment.
EN A
The directed line segment with initial point A and terminal point B is denoted by the symbol AB .
The two end points of a directed line segment are not interchangeable and the directed line
segments. AB and BA must be thought of as different.
1.2 VECTOR :
LL
A directed line segment which can be scaled and follows parallelogram law of addition is called a
vector. Every vector has four essential characteristics:
(i) Length : The length of AB will be denoted by the symbol AB
Clearly, we have AB BA
(ii) Support : The line of unlimited length of which a directed line segment is a part is
A
called its line of support or simply the Support.
(iii) Sense : The sense of AB is from A to B and that of BA from B to A so that the
sense of a directed line segment is from its initial to the terminal point.
(iv) It can be scaled and follows parallelogram law of addition (we will learn it at later
stage).
Note: Unless initial point is fixed, we can translate every vector anywhere in space without
altering its magnitude and sense.
2. SOME IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS :
2.1 ZERO/NULL VECTOR:
A vector whose initial and terminal points coincide is called a zero vector. It cannot be assigned
any sense. The magnitude of the zero vector is 0.
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JEE-Mathematics
2.2 UNIT VECTOR :
A vector that has a unit magnitude is called the unit vector. A unit vector in the direction of given
c
vector c is denoted by c i.e. ĉ and ĉ 1
c
2.3 EQUALITY OF TWO VECTORS :
Two vectors are said to be equal if they have
(a) the same length,
(b) the same or parallel supports and
(c) the same sense.
2.4 CO-INITIAL VECTORS:
EN
The vectors which start from the same point are called co-initial vectors(see fig.).
B
D
A
C
LL
2.5 COTERMINOUS VECTORS:
The vectors which have the same end point(or final point or terminal point) (see fig.).
A
A
D P
B C
2.6 COLLINEAR/PARALLEL VECTORS :
Two vectors are said to be collinear/parallel, if their line of supports are parallel disregards to
their sense. (see fig.)
a
b
c
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Vector
2.7 LIKE AND UNLIKE VECTORS :
If two vectors have the same sense they are called as like vectors irrespective of their magnitude.
If they have opposite sense, they are called as unlike vectors.
b d
a c
Like Vectors Unlike Vectors
2.8 ANGLE BETWEEN TWO VECTORS:
It is defined as the smaller angle formed when the initial points
or the terminal points of two vectors are brought together.
Note : 0º < < 180º
b
2.9 COPLANAR VECTORS :
EN
a
b
or
a
A given number of vectors are called coplanar if their supports are all parallel to the same plane.
Note : Two vectors are always coplanar.
3. ALGEBRA OF VECTORS
LL
3.1 ADDITION OF TWO VECTORS :
The vectors have magnitude as well as sense, therefore their addition is different than addition of
real numbers.
Let a and b be two vectors in a plane, which are represented by AB and CD . Their addition
can be performed in the following two ways :
(i) Triangle law of addition of vectors : If two vectors can be represented in magnitude and
A
direction by the two sides of a triangle, taken in order, then their sum will be represented by
the third side in reverse order.
Let O be the fixed point in the plane of vectors. Draw a line segment
F D
OE from O, equal and parallel to AB , which represents the vector
a+b
a . Now from E, draw a line segment EF , equal and parallel to CD , b b
which represents the vector b . Line segment OF obtained by joining O EC
a
O and F represents the sum of vectors a and b . A a B
i.e. OE EF OF
or a b OF
This method of addition of two vectors is called Triangle law of addition of vectors.
Note : In general for any non-zero vectors a, b & c one may note that although
a +b +c = 0 but it will not always represent the three sides of a triangle.
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JEE-Mathematics
(ii) Parallelogram law of addition of vectors : If two vectors be
represented in magnitude and direction by the two adjacent Q R
sides of a parallelogram then their sum will be represented by
the diagonal through the co-initial point. b
Let a and b be vectors drawn from point O denoted by line
O a P
segments OP and OQ . Now complete the parallelogram
OPRQ. Then the vector represented by the diagonal OR will
represent the sum of the vectors a and b .
i.e. OP OQ OR
or a b OR
This method of addition of two vectors is called Parallelogram law of addition of
vectors.
3.2 PROPERTIES OF VECTOR ADDITION :
3.3
(1)
(3)
a b b a (commutative)
EN
a 0 a 0 a (additive identity)
(2)
(4)
(a b) c a (b c) (associativity)
a (a) 0 (a) a (additive inverse)
POLYGON LAW OF VECTOR ADDITION (ADDITION OF MORE THAN TWO VECTORS):
Addition of more than two vectors is found to be by repetition of
triangle law. Suppose we have to find the sum of five vectors a, b, c, D d C
a +b +c +d
e c
d and e . If these vectors be represented by line segment
B
LL
E
OA, AB, BC, CD and DE respectively, then their sum will be
b
denoted by OE . This is the vector represented by rest (last) side of O a A
the polygon OABCDE in reverse order. We can also make it clear
this way :
By triangle's law
OA + AB = OB or a + b = OB
A
OB c OC or (a b) c OC
OC + d = OD or (a b c) d OD
OD e OE or (a b c d) e OE
Here, we see that OE is represented by the line segment joining the initial point O of the first
vector a and the final point of the last vector e .
In order to find the sum of more that two vectors by this method, a polygon is formed. Therefore
this method is known as the polygon law of addition.
Note : If the initial point of the first vector and the final point of the last vector are the same, then
the sum of the vectors will be a null vector.
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Vector
3.4 SUBTRACTION OF VECTORS :
B
Vector – b has length equals to vector b but its direction is opposite.
a b
O A
Subtraction of vector a and b is defined as addition of a and (– b ). It is
–b
written as follows : C
a b a (b)
Geometrical representation :
In the given diagram, a and b are represented by OA and AB . We extend the line AB in
opposite direction upto C, where AB = AC. The line segment AC will represent the vector b .
Note :
(i) a – a = a + (–a) = 0
EN
By joining the points O and C, the vector represented by OC is a + (–b) i.e. denotes the
vector a b.
LL
(ii) a b ba
Hence subtraction of vectors does not obey the commutative law.
(iii) a – (b – c)¹ (a – b) – c i.e. subtraction of vectors does not obey the associative law.
3.5 MULTIPLICATION OF VECTOR BY SCALARS :
A
If a is a vector & m is a scalar, then m( a ) is a vector parallel to a whose modulus is |m| times
that of a . This multiplication is called SCALAR MULTIPLICATION.
In below diagram multiplying a vector a by a factor of 3 stretches it out by 3 times.
a 3a
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JEE-Mathematics
If a & b are vectors & m, n are scalars, then :
(i) m na n ma mna (ii) 1 a a
(iii)
m a b ma mb (iv) m n a ma na
(v) 0 a 0 (vi)
m 0 0
(vii) ma 0 m 0 or a 0
3.6 POSITION VECTOR :
Let O be a fixed origin and P be any point. Then vector OP is called as position vector of P.
Position vector of a point is denoted as P p .
y
P( p )
3.7 VECTOR JOINING TWO POINTS :
EN O
x
If A a and B b two points, then vector joining them is given by AB OB OA b a
B
b
LL
A
a
Illustration 1 : Show that the sum of the vector represented by the sides AB, DC of a quadrilateral
ABCD is equivalent to the sum of the vectors represented by the diagonals AC
A
and DB .
Solution : From the triangular law of addition
AB BC AC and DC CB DB
Addition of these two equation gives,
AB DC AC DB [Since BC CB ]
-
D
C
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Vector
Illustration 2 : A, B, P, Q, R are five points in any plane. If forces AP, AQ, AR act on point A and
forces PB,QB, RB act on point B then prove that their resultant is 3AB
Solution : From figure
A P
AP PB AB
AQ QB AB
Q
AR RB AB
So Resultant of given forces R
B
= ( AP AQ AR ) + ( PB QB RB ) = 3 AB
Gyanoday - 1 :
1. Let point A,B,C,D are vertices of parallelogram ABCD. Then prove that
2AB 3BC 4CD 5DA 2CA .
4.
2.
SECTION FORMULA : EN
Let O be the centre of a regular pentagon ABCDE and OA a . Then prove that
AB 2BC 3CD 4DE 5EA equals 5a .
If a & b are the position vectors of two points A & B then the p.v. of a point C (r ) which
divides AB in the ratio m : n is given by :
(a) Internal Division : (b) External division :
mb + na mb – na
OC = r = OC = r =
LL
m+n m–n
m
A( a ) m C( r ) n B( b ) A( a B( b ) n C( r )
)
O
A
a+b
Note : Position vector of mid point of AB =
2
Illustration 3 : ABCD is a parallelogram whose diagonals meet at P. If O is a fixed point, then prove
that OA OB OC OD equals 4OP .
Solution :
Let A a , B b , C c , D d and P p .
Then P is mid-point of AC
ac
p a c 2p
2
Again P is mid-point of BD
bd
p b d 2p
2
OA OB OC OD a b c d 4p 4 OP
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JEE-Mathematics
Illustration 4 : Prove using vectors that the medians of a triangle are concurrent.
Solution :
Let ABC be a triangle with A a , B b , C c . A(a)
Again, let D d be the middle point of the side BC.
E
bc G
d B(b) C(c)
2 D
Now, let point G divides the median AD in the ratio 2 : 1.
2d a a b c
g
3 3
Similarly, the position vector of the points on other two medians, which divide the
abc
medians in the ratio 2 : 1 comes out to the same i.e. , which is the position
3
vector of G. Hence all the medians meet in G i.e. are concurrent.
Gyanoday - 2 :
1.
2.
EN
Let p is the p.v. of the orthocentre & g is the p.v. of the centroid of the triangle ABC
where circumcentre is at origin. If p = K g , then find value of K.
If D,E and F are the mid-points of the sides BC, CA and AB, respectively of ABC and
O is any point, then prove the following.
(a) OA OB OC OD OE OF (b) AD BE CF 0
LL
2 1 1
(c) OE OF DO OA (d) AD BE CF AC
3 3 2
3. If M and N are the mid points of the sides BC and CD respectively of a parallelogram
ABCD, then AM AN AC ; where is a scalar. Find .
5. LINEAR DEPENDENCE AND INDEPENDENCE :
A
In theory of vectors, these concepts are central to the definition of dimension but first, we need to
understand linear combinations.
5.1 LINEAR COMBINATION OF VECTORS:
The linear combinations of vectors a1 ,a 2 ,.....a n is defined as
x1a1 x2a 2 ... x n a n
where xi , for all i = 1,2,3.., n are scalars called coefficients of linear combination.
5.2 LINEARLY DEPENDENT VECTORS :
A set of vectors a1 ,a2 ,....a n is called linearly dependent, if at least one of them can be expressed
as a linear combination of others.
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Vector
5.3 LINEARLY INDEPENDENT VECTORS:
A set of vectors a1 ,a2 ,....a n is called linearly independent, if none of them can be expressed as a
linear combination of others.
Note :
If vectors a1 ,a2 ,....a n are linearly independent and xi i such that,
x1a1 x 2 a 2 ... x n a n 0 then x1 = x2 = .... = xn = 0.
Two parallel vectors are always linearly dependent.
Two non-parallel vectors are always linearly independent.
5.4 THEOREM IN TWO DIMENSIONS :
Let a and b be two linearly independent vectors. Then every vector r in plane of a and b will
be uniquely expressed as a linear combination of a and b i.e. there exists unique scalars x and y
such that
5.5
Note:
EN r xa yb
Three coplanar vectors are always linearly dependent.
Three non-coplanar vectors are always linearly independent.
THEOREM IN THREE DIMENSIONS :
Let a, b and c be three linearly independent vectors. Then every vector r in three-dimensional
LL
space will be uniquely expressed as a linear combination of a, b and c i.e. there exists unique
scalars x, y and z such that r xa yb zc
Note : Four or more vectors in three-dimensional space are always linearly dependent.
5.6 CARTESIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM IN THREE DIMENSIONS :
A Cartesian coordinate system for a three-dimensional space consists of an ordered triplet of
A
lines (called X-axis, Y-axis and Z-axis) that go through a common point (the origin) and are
pair-wise perpendicular.
y
Let ˆi, ˆj, kˆ be unit vectors along X-axis, Y-axis, Z-axis respectively. Since ˆi, ˆj, kˆ are mutually
perpendicular, hence they are linearly independent. Thus, every vector r in three- dimensional
space can be uniquely represented as a linear combination of ˆi, ˆj, kˆ i.e. there exist unique x,y,z
satisfying r xiˆ yjˆ zkˆ ,
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JEE-Mathematics
5.7 CONDITION THAT VECTORS ARE PARALLEL/COLLINEAR :
(i) Two non zero vectors a & b are parallel if and only if, a Kb , for some K – {0}.
a a a
(ii) If vectors a a1ˆi a 2 ˆj a 3kˆ and b b1ˆi b 2ˆj b3kˆ are parallel, then 1 2 3 .
b1 b 2 b3
(iii) If a & b are two non-zero, non-parallel vectors and x,y such that xa yb 0 , then
x = y = 0.
Illustration 5 : Let r 3iˆ 2jˆ 5k, ˆ b ˆi 3jˆ 2kˆ and c 2iˆ ˆj 3kˆ .
ˆ a 2iˆ ˆj k,
If r a b c , then find .
Solution : 3iˆ 2jˆ 5kˆ (2iˆ ˆj k)
ˆ (iˆ 3jˆ 2k)
ˆ (2iˆ ˆj 3k)
ˆ
= (2 2)iˆ ( 3 )ˆj ( 2 3)kˆ
Equating components of equal vectors, we get
2 2 = 3
3 = 2
2 3 = –5
EN ........(i)
........(ii)
........(iii)
On solving (i), (ii) & (iii), we get 3, 1, 2
So 6 .
Illustration 6 : If a and b are non-collinear vectors, then find the value of x for which vectors
LL
(x 2)a b and (3 2x)a – 2b are collinear.
Solution : Since vectors and are collinear, there exists a non-zero scalar such that = .
(x – 2) a + b = {(3 + 2x) a – 2 b } (x – 2 – (3 + 2x)) a + (1 + 2) b =
x – 2 – (3 + 2x) = 0 and 1 + 2 = 0 [Since a, b are non-collinear]
1 1
A
x–2+ (3 + 2x) = 0 4x – 1 = 0 x = .
2 4
Illustration 7 : Prove that the line joining the middle points of two sides of a triangle is parallel to
the third side and is of half its length.
Solution :
Let A a , B b , C c .
A(a)
If D d and E e are mid points of AB and AC D(d) E(e)
ab ac B(b) C(c)
respectively, then d and e .
2 2
a c a b c b BC BC
DE e d = DE .
2 2 2 2 2
Hence, line segement DE is parallel to BC and is equal to half of it.
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Vector
Illustration 8 : If the middle points of sides BC, CA & AB of triangle ABC are respectively D, E, F,
then find the position vector of centroid of triangle DEF, when position vector of
A,B,C are respectively ˆi ˆj, ˆj k,
ˆ kˆ ˆi .
ˆi ˆj ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
Solution : The position vector of points D, E, F are respectively ˆ ˆi k j and i k ˆj
k,
2 2 2
1 ˆi ˆj ˆ ˆ kˆ ˆj ˆi kˆ ˆ
So, position vector of centroid of DEF = ki j
3 2 2 2
=
3
2 ˆ ˆ ˆ
i j k .
Illustration 9 : Prove using vectors that centroid of a triangle divides each median in the ratio 2 : 1.
Solution :
Let origin 0 be at A. Suppose P and Q be mid points, of AB and AC respectively.
b c
Then P and Q . A(0)
2 2
Then g
1
b 2c c 2b
2
1EN
Let G divides CP in : 1 and BQ in : 1.
p c q b
2 1 2 1
2
P
B(b)
G
Q
C(c)
and [Since b, c are linearly independent]
1 1 1 1
LL
==2
Hence proved that G divides CP and BQ in ratio 2 : 1. Similarly, we can prove for
third median.
Gyanoday - 3 :
If a = 2 î + ˆj – 7 k̂ and b = î + 3 ˆj – 7 k̂ are two equal vectors, then find + .
2 2
1.
2. If a , b are two vectors then which of the following statements is/are correct -
A
(A) a b | a || b | (B) | a || b | a b
(C) | a || b | a b (D) a b a b
3. In the given figure of regular hexagon, which vectors are (provided initial point of each
vector is fixed) :
E D
d
x c
F z C
y
b
A a B
(a) Parallel (b) Equal
(c) Coinitial (d) Parallel but not equal.
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JEE-Mathematics
4. If a 2iˆ 3jˆ 4kˆ and b 8iˆ 12jˆ 16kˆ are such that a = b , then find .
5. Let a, b, c be three non-zero vectors such that any two of them are non-collinear. If
a 2b is collinear with c and b 3c is collinear with a , then prove that
a 2b 6c 0 .
6. A vector a has components 2p & 1 with respect to a rectangular cartesian system. The
system is rotated through a certain angle about the origin in the counterclockwise sense.
If with respect to the new system, a has components p + 1 & 1 then find sum of possible
value of p.
7. (a) If the vectors a 3iˆ ˆj 2 kˆ , b ˆi 3 ˆj 4 kˆ & c 4 ˆi 2 ˆj 6 kˆ
constitute the sides BC, CA & AB of a ABC, then find the length of the median
bisecting the vector c .
(b) Let A (1, -1, -3), B (2, 1, -2) & C (-5, 2, -6) are the position vectors of the vertices
of a triangle ABC. Find the length of the bisector of its internal angle at A.
6. EQUATION OF LINE IN PARAMETRIC FORM :
6.1 POINT-DIRECTION FORM :
EN
The vector equation of line is an equation that identifies the
position vector of every point on the line.
Equation of line passing through A a and parallel to b is
r a b .
A(a)
P(r)
O
r – a ||b r – a = b
LL
Here is a parameter.
P(b)
6.2 TWO POINT FORM :
B(r)
Parametric vector equation of a line passing through two points A(a)
A a and B b is given by, r a t b a where t is a parameter.
O
6.3 EQUATION OF ANGLE BISECTOR : r – a || b – a r – a = t (b – a)
A
Equations of the bisectors of the angles between the lines r a b & r a c is,
r = a + t(bˆ + c) ˆ , where ,,t,p are parameters.
ˆ & r = a + p(cˆ – b)
Illustration 10 : Find equation of line passing through A(–2,3,4) and parallel to vector b 3iˆ 4jˆ kˆ .
Solution :
Using point direction form, we get equation of line as r 2iˆ 3jˆ 4kˆ 3iˆ 4jˆ kˆ
Illustration 11 : Find equation of line passing through A(0,1,2) and B(–1,2,4).
Using two-point form, we get the equation of line as
r a b a ; where a ˆj 2kˆ and b ˆi 2jˆ 4kˆ
r ˆj 2kˆ ˆi ˆj 2kˆ is the required equation.
14 E
Vector
Illustration 12 : Find the vector c , directed along the bisector of the angle between the vector
7 î – 4 ˆj – 4 k̂ and – 2 î – ˆj + 2 k̂ with | c | = 5 6 .
Solution : Let a = 7 î – 4 ˆj – 4 k̂ and b = – 2 î – ˆj + 2 k̂
C
Angle bisector of A divides the BC in the ratio of |AC|
b c
AB : AC , i.e. 3 : 1. D
|AB|
A B
9(–2iˆ – ˆj 2k)
ˆ 3(7iˆ – 4ˆj – 4k)
ˆ ˆi 7ˆj 2kˆ a
AD
9 3 4
AD
c = 5 6 5 ( î – 7 ˆj + 2 k̂ )
AD 3
6.4 TEST OF COLLINEARITY OF THREE POINTS :
(a)
(b)
EN A(a) B(b) C(c)
Three points A B C will be collinear if AB BC , where R .
Three points A, B, C with position vectors a,b, c respectively are collinear, if and only if
there exist scalars x, y, z not all zero simultaneously such that ; xa + yb + zc = 0 , where
x + y + z = 0.
LL
(c) Collinearty can also be checked by first finding the equation of line through two points and
then satisfying the third point.
Illustration 13 : If points A (2 î + 3 ˆj ), B (p î + 9 ˆj ) and C ( î – ˆj ) are collinear, then find the
value of p.
Solution : AB = (p – 2) î + 6 ˆj , AC = – î – 4 ˆj
p2 6
A
7
Now A, B, C are collinear AB || AC p= .
–1 –4 2
Illustration 14 : Prove that the points with position vectors a ˆi 2jˆ 3k,
ˆ b 2iˆ 3jˆ 4kˆ
& c = 7ˆj 10kˆ are collinear.
Solution : Method 1 :
AB b a 2iˆ 3jˆ 4kˆ ˆi 2jˆ 3kˆ ˆi 5jˆ 7kˆ
BC c b 7ˆj 10kˆ 2iˆ 3jˆ 4kˆ 2iˆ 10jˆ 14kˆ 2 ˆi 5jˆ 7kˆ
AB 2BC AB BC .
Hence a, b & c are collinear.
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JEE-Mathematics
Method 2 :
If we find, three scalars , m & n such that a mb nc 0 , where mn 0
then points are collinear.
Let (iˆ 2jˆ 3k)
ˆ m(2iˆ 3jˆ 4k)
ˆ n(7ˆj 10k)
ˆ 0
( 2m)iˆ (2 3m 7n)ˆj (3 4m 10n)kˆ 0
+ 2m = 0, –2 + 3m – 7n = 0, 3 – 4m + 10n = 0
Solving, we get = 2, m = –1, n = –1 + m + n = 0
Hence, the points are collinear.
Illustration 15 : In quadrilateral PQRS, PQ a,QR b,SP a b , M is the midpoint of QR and X
4
Solution : Method-1 :
Let origin be at point P 0
Then PQ a Q a
QR b R b a
EN
is a point on SM such that SX
5
SM. Then prove that P,X and R are collinear.
(b – a)
S
(b – a)
R
X M
(b)
LL
PS b a S b a
4 P a Q(a)
SX SM 5 x s 4 m s (0)
5
5x s 4m b a 2 2a b 3 a b
x
3
ab
A
5
3
5
3
PX a b PR PX PR P, X, R are collinear.
5
Method-2 :
QR b 1
QM , SM PM PS 2a b S R
2 2 2
4 8 2 X M
and SX SM a b (b)
5 5 5
8 2 3
PX PS SX a b a b a b
5 5 5
P a Q
Also PR PQ QR a b PX
3
5
PR PX PR
Hence P, X and R are collinear.
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Vector
Illustration 16 : In a triangle ABC, D and E are points on BC and AC respectively, such that
BD = 2DC and AE = 3EC. Let P be the point of intersection of AD and BE. Find
BP
ratio using vector methods.
PE
Solution : Let point C be origin, A a and B b
C(0)
BD 2DC d b 2 0 d d
b
3
E
D
P
a
Also AE = 3EC e
4
A(a) B(b)
Method - 1 :
Let P divides AD in ratio : 1 and BE in ratio : 1. Then position vector of point
P are
p
d a e a
1
1
1
3 1 1
EN
and
b 3b a 4b
1
3 1 4 1
1 4 1
4
3
9
and
2
8
3
LL
BP 8
Hence,
PE 3
Method - 2 :
b a
Equation of AD is r a a and equation of BE is r b b
3 4
A
P lies on both AD and BE
b a
a a b b 1 and 1
3 4 4 3
9 8
4 4 and + 3 = 3 and
11 11
Hence position vector of P is
b b 2a 3b 8e 3b a
p a a 1 a e
3 3 11 83 4
BP 8
Clearly P divides BE is ratio 8 : 3 .
PE 3
E 17
JEE-Mathematics
7. EQUATION OF PLANE IN PARAMETRIC FORM :
The vector equation of a plane is an equation that identifies the position vector of every point on
the plane.
7.1 THREE POINT FORM :
Let be a plane passing through three non-collinear points A a , B b and C c .
C(c) A(a)
P(r) B(b)
EN O
If P r is any point on the plane, then vectors AP, AB, AC must be coplanar i.e. there exist
scalars and such that AP AB AC r a b a c a .
The above form can also be written as r xa yb zc; x y z 1 .
LL
7.2 ONE DIRECTION, TWO-POINT FORM :
Let be a plane passing through points A a , B b and parallel to c where a b c.
P(r) c
A
B(b)
A(a)
If P r is any point on the plane, then vector AP, AB, c must be coplanar i.e., there exist scalars
and such that AP AB c
r a b a c
18 E
Vector
7.3 TWO DIRECTIONS, ONE-POINT FORM :
Let be a plane passing through point A a and parallel to vectors b and c , such that b c
P(x) b
c A(a)
O(o)
If P r is any point on the plane, then vectors PA, b, c must be coplanar i.e. there exist scalars
and such that AP b c
r a b c
EN
Note : If four points A a , B b , C c and D d are coplanar, then vectors AB, AC, AD must
also be coplanar i.e. there exist scalars such that AB AC AD .
b a c a d a
In other words, there must exist scalars, x,y,z,t not all zero simultaneously such that
xa yb zc td 0 and x + y + z + t = 0.
LL
Illustration 17 : Find equation of plane passing through points (2,3,4), (0,6,0) and (0,0,8).
Solution : If P r is any point on the plane, then vectors AP, AB, AC must be coplanar i.e.
there exist scalars and such that AP AB AC
r 2iˆ 3jˆ 4kˆ 2iˆ 3jˆ 4kˆ 2iˆ 3jˆ 4kˆ
A
r 2iˆ 3jˆ 4kˆ 2iˆ 3jˆ 4kˆ 2iˆ 3jˆ 4kˆ
Illustration 18 : Find equation of plane passing through (–2,3,–4), (0,6,0) and parallel to vector
c 2iˆ 3jˆ 4kˆ .
Solution : Let be plane passing through A(–2,3,–4), B(0,6,0) and parallel to vector
c 2iˆ 3jˆ 4kˆ . If P r is any point on the plane, then vectors AP, AB, c must be
coplanar i.e. there exist scalars and such that AP AB c
r 2iˆ 3jˆ 4kˆ 2iˆ 3jˆ 4kˆ 2iˆ 3jˆ 4kˆ
r 2iˆ 3jˆ 4kˆ 2iˆ 3jˆ 4kˆ 2iˆ 3jˆ 4kˆ
E 19
JEE-Mathematics
Gyanoday - 4 :
15 ˆ
1. Let a vector a of magnitude 50 is collinear with vector b 6 ˆi 8 ˆj k . If a, b are
2
unlike vectors, then find a .
2. If the three points with position vectors (1, a, b) ; (a, 2, b) and (a, b, 3) are collinear in
space, then find the value of a + b.
3. Let r a l and r bm be two lines in space where a 5iˆ ˆj 2kˆ ,
b ˆi 7ˆj 8kˆ , l 4iˆ ˆj kˆ and m 2iˆ 5jˆ 7kˆ then find the p.v. of a point which
lies on both of these lines.
4. The position vectors of the points A, B, C where ABC is a triangle are a , b and c
respectively. E is a point in AB such that AE : EB = 2:3. Find the position vector of the
point P where CE meets the median AD in terms of the vectors a, b and c .
8.
5.
6.
passes through the point (1, –2, 3).
EN
Find the vector equation of the line which is parallel to the vector 3iˆ 2jˆ 6kˆ and which
Find the unit vectors along the angle bisector between the vectors a ˆi 2jˆ 2kˆ and
b 3iˆ 6jˆ 2kˆ .
DOT PRODUCT :
LL
8.1 DEFINITION :
Let a and b be two non zero vectors inclined at an angle . Then the scalar product of a with b
is denoted by a . b and is defined as a . b = | a || b | cos ; 0 .
b
b a
A
a
8.2 GEOMETRICAL INTERPRETATION OF SCALAR PRODUCT :
| OA | = | a |, | OB | = | b |
B
Now a . b = | a || b | cos M
= | a | (OB cos )
b
= (magnitude of a ) (Projection of b on a )
Again, a . b = | a || b | cos O A
a N
= | b | (| a | cos )
= (Magnitude of b ) (Projection of a on b )
20 E
Vector
8.3 PROPERTIES :
(i) a .b | a || b | cos (0 )
Note that if is acute then a.b 0 & if is obtuse then a .b 0
(ii) a.a =| a |2 = a2
a
(iii) a .b = b .a (commutative)
b B
O
Projection of a on b
(iv) a .(b + c) = a .b + a .c (distributive)
(v) ˆi . ˆi = ˆj. ˆj = kˆ .kˆ = 1; ˆi . ˆj = ˆj.kˆ = kˆ . iˆ = 0
Hence a.b 0 a b for a, b 0 .
(vii) Projection of a on b =
a .b
|b|
EN
(vi) The angle between a & b is given by cos
(provided b 0 ).
a.b
| a || b |
0
a
LL
along b is 2 b and
a.b
(viii) The vector component of a
b
b
perpendicular to b is a a .b
b
2
b
(ix) If a a1ˆi a 2 ˆj a 3kˆ & b b1ˆi b 2ˆj b3kˆ , then a.b a1b1 a 2 b 2 a 3b3 .
A
(x) ˆ ˆ (a . ˆj)ˆj (a .k)k
Any vector a in three dimensional space can be written as, a (a .i)i ˆ ˆ.
Illustration 19 : Find the component of î in the direction of the vector ˆi ˆj 2kˆ .
ˆi ˆj 2kˆ
Solution: A unit vector along ˆi ˆj 2kˆ is
6
Hence the component of î along the given vector
ˆi ˆj 2kˆ 1
= Projection of î on
6 6
1
component of î in the direction of ˆi ˆj kˆ ˆi ˆj 2kˆ
6
E 21
JEE-Mathematics
Illustration 20 : Find the distance of the point B( î + 2 ˆj + 3 k̂ ) from the line which is passing through
A(4 î + 2 ˆj + 2 k̂ ) and which is parallel to the vector C 2iˆ 3jˆ 6kˆ .
B(1,2,3)
A (4i+2j+2k) M C
Solution : AM is projection of AB along C .
AB = 32 12 10 .
ˆ ˆ ˆ
ˆ (2i 3j 6k) = 0.
AM AB.cˆ (3iˆ k).
7
BM AB 10
Illustration 21 : Prove that the median to the base of an isosceles triangle is perpendicular to the base.
Solution :
AB = AC
EN
The triangle being isosceles, we have
B(b)
P
C(c)
A(0)
........ (i)
LL
bc
Now AP where P is mid-point of BC.
2
Also BC c b
bc 1
[Link] .(c b) (c 2 b 2 )
2 2
1
A
(AC2 AB2 ) 0 {by (i)}
2
Median AP is perpendicular to base BC.
Illustration 22 : If a, b, c are mutually perpendicular vectors of equal magnitude show that a b c
is equally inclined to each of a, b and c .
2
We have a b c a b c . a b c a.a b.b c.c 2a.b 2b.c 2c.a 3 a
2
Solution :
abc 3 a
Now a b c .a a a b c a cos 1
2
Where 1 is the angle between a b c and a .
22 E
Vector
1
Hence a 3 a cos 1 cos 1
2 2
Similarly, if 2,3 are the angles between a b c and b and c , then
1 1
cos 2 , cos 3 .
3 3
Hence 1 = 2 = 3.
Illustration 23 : Find the unit vector which makes angle of 45º with the vector 2iˆ + 2j-
ˆ kˆ and an angle
of 60º with the vector ˆj kˆ .
2c1 2c2 c3
Solution : Let the unit vector be c = c1ˆi + c 2 ˆj + c3 kˆ so that cos 45
3
3 c c 1
2c1 + 2c2 – c3 = and 2 3 cos 60 c2 c3
2 2 2
c 2 c3
1
2
EN
Also c12 c 22 c32 1
c
and c1 3
4 2
1
Hence the required vectors are
1
2 2 2
c32 1 2c3 1 c3
2 8 2 2
, 0,
1
2c32 1 c3
1
and ,
4
,
1
1 1
,
2 3 2
2 2 3 2 3 2 3 2
LL
Illustration 24 : If ‘a’ is real constant and A, B, C are variable angles and a 2 4 tan A + a tan B +
a 2 4 tan C = 6a, then find the least value of tan2 A + tan2 B + tan2C
Solution : The given relation can be re-written as :
( a 2 4iˆ ajˆ a 2 4k).(tan
ˆ Aiˆ tan Bjˆ tan Ck)
ˆ = 6a
A
(a 2 4) a 2 (a 2 4). tan 2 A tan 2 B tan 2 C . cos = 6a
(as a.b = | a | | b | cos )
3 a. tan 2 A tan 2 B tan 2 C cos 6a
tan2A + tan2B + tan2C = 12 sec2 ......(i)
also, 12 sec2 12 (as, sec2 1) ......(ii)
from (i) and (ii),
tan2A + tan2B + tan2 C 12
least value of tan2 A + tan2 B + tan2 C = 12.
E 23
JEE-Mathematics
Illustration 25 : A point A(x1, y1) with abscissa x1 = 1 and a point B(x2, y2) with ordinate y2 = 11 are
given in a rectangular cartesian system of co-ordinates OXY on the part of the curve
y = x2 – 2x + 3 which lies in the first quadrant. Find the scalar product of
OA and OB .
2
Solution : Since (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) lies on y = x – 2x + 3.
y1 = x12 – 2x1 + 3
2
y1 = 1 – 2(1) + 3 (as x1 = 1)
y1 = 2
so the co-ordinates of A(1, 2)
Also, y2 = x 22 – 2x2 + 3
EN
11 = x 22 – 2x2 + 3 x2 = 4, x2 –2 (as B lie in 1st quadrant)
co-ordinates of B (4, 11).
Hence, OA = ˆi + 2jˆ and OB = 4iˆ +11jˆ
OA . OB = 4 + 22 = 26.
LL
Gyanoday - 5:
1. If a 2iˆ 2jˆ 3kˆ , b ˆi 2jˆ kˆ and c 3iˆ ˆj are such that a b perpendicular to c
then the value of is
2. Find the projection of the vector a 4iˆ 2jˆ kˆ on the vector b 3iˆ 6jˆ 2kˆ . Also find
vector component of along a and b perpendicular to b .
A
3. Find the acute angle between the medians drawn from the acute angles of an isosceles
right angled triangle.
4. Find the set of values of c for which the angle between the vectors c x ˆi 6 ˆj 3kˆ &
x ˆi 2 ˆj 2cx kˆ is acute for every x R.
5. Let u ˆi ˆj , v ˆi ˆj and w ˆi 2jˆ 3kˆ If n̂ is a unit vector such that u·nˆ 0 and
v·nˆ 0 , then find |w·n|
ˆ .
6. If a b c = 0, a = 3, b = 5, c = 7, then find the angle between a and b is
24 E
Vector
1
7. Show that the angle between two body diagonals of a cube is cos1 .
3
2 2
8. If 2sinx siny + 3 cosy + 6 cosx siny = 7, then find the value of tan x + 2 tan y.
®
9. Given a parallelogram ABCD. If | AB | = a, | AD | = b & | AC | = c, then find DB . AB .
10. L1 and L2 are two lines whose vector equations are
L1 : r cos 3 ˆi
2 sin ˆj cos 3 kˆ
L2 : r aiˆ bjˆ ckˆ ,
where and are scalars and is the angle between L1 and L2. If the angle '' is
11. EN
independent of then find the value of ''
In the isosceles triangle ABC AB BC = 8, a point E divides AB internally in the
ratio 1 : 3, then find the cosine of the angle between CE & CA (where CA = 12)
9. CROSS PRODUCT :
LL
(a) If a and b are two vectors and is the angle between them, then a b a b sin nˆ ,
where n̂ is the unit vector perpendicular to both a and b whose direction can be found
using right hand thumb rule.
a×b
A
a
b
Right hand thumb rule :
To get a b make your fingers sweep from one vector to the other, as if you are rotating a
to meet b (dashed arrow below)
The cross product direction is where your thumb points.
2 a .a a .b
Lagrange's Identity :For any two vectors a and b ; (a b)2 a b (a .b) 2
2
(b)
a .b b.b
E 25
JEE-Mathematics
(c) The vector product a b is the vector c , such that
(i) c a 2 b2 (a .b)2 (ii) c.a 0; c.b 0 and
(iii) a, b, c form a right handed system
j i
(d) (i) a×b = 0 a and b are parallel (collinear)
(ii) In general a × b b × a (not commutative) k
(iii) (ma)×b = a×(mb) = m(a×b) where m is a scalar.
(iv) a×(b + c) = (a×b) + (a× c) (distributive over addition)
(v) ˆi × ˆi = ˆj× ˆj = kˆ ×kˆ = 0
(vi) ˆi × ˆj = k,
ˆ ˆj×kˆ = ˆi, kˆ × ˆi = ˆj
(e)
(f)
EN
(i) Unit vector perpendicular to the plane of a and b is nˆ = ±
ˆi ˆj
If a = a1ˆi + a 2 ˆj + a 3kˆ & b = b1ˆi + b 2 ˆj + b 3kˆ , then a×b = a1 a2
b1 b 2
kˆ
a3 .
b3
a × b
|a × b|
.
LL
r(a×b)
(ii) A vector of magnitude ‘r’ & perpendicular to the plane a and b ± .
| a×b |
| a×b |
(iii) If is the angle between a & b , then sinθ = .
| a || b |
(g) AREA :
A
(i)
If A a , B b , C c are vertices of ABC then the area of triangle
1 1 1 1
ABC is equal to AB AC CA CB BA BC a b b c c a
2 2 2 2
(ii) The points A, B & C are collinear if a b b c c a 0 .
(iii) Area of any quadrilateral whose diagonal vectors are d1 & d 2
1 a×b b
is given by d1 × d 2 .
2 a
(iv) Area of the parallelogram whose two adjacent sides are
represented by a and b is a b
26 E
Vector
Illustration 26 : Find the vectors of magnitude 5 which are perpendicular to the vectors a 2iˆ ˆj 3kˆ
and b ˆi 2ˆj kˆ .
ab
Solution : Unit vectors perpendicular to a & b
| ab|
ˆi ˆj kˆ
a b 2 1 3 = 5iˆ 5jˆ 5kˆ
1 2 1
(5iˆ 5jˆ 5k)
ˆ
Unit vectors
5 3
5 3 ˆ ˆ ˆ
Hence the required vectors are (i j k)
3
Illustration 27 : If a, b, c are three non zero vectors such that a b c and b c a , prove that
a, b, c are mutually at right angles and | b | 1 and | c | | a | .
Solution : a b c and a b c
EN
c a, c b and a b, a c a b, b c and c a
are mutually perpendicular vectors.
Again, a b c and b c a
| a b | | c | and | b c | | a |
| a || b | sin | c | and | b || c | sin | a |
2 2
a b and b c
LL
| a || b | | c | and | b | | c | | a | | b | 1 and a c
Illustration 28 : Show that the area of the triangle formed by joining the extremities of an oblique side
of a trapezium to the midpoint of opposite side is half that of the trapezium.
Solution : Let ABCD be the trapezium and E be the midpoint of BC. Let A be origin, B b and
(d)
D C
A
(b)
A (0) B
D d . Since DC is parallel to AB, DC tAB C d tb
b d tb d (1 t )b
e =
2 2
1 1 d (1 t)b 1
Area of AED = AE AD = d 1 t | b d |
2 2 2 4
1 1
Area of the trapezium =
2
AC BD
2
d tb d b
1
2
1 t b d = 2ar(AED)
E 27
JEE-Mathematics
Illustration 29 :
Let a & b be two non-collinear unit vectors. If u a a .b b & v a b , then prove that
v u u u.b
Solution : u.a a.a (a.b)(a.b)
= 1 | a |2 | b |2 cos 2 (where is the angle between a and b )
= 1 – cos2 = sin2
| v | | a b | sin
| u | u.u
a.a 2(a.b)2 (a.b)2 | b |2 1 (a.b)2 =
| v | | u | also u.b 0
Hence, | v | | u | | u | | u.b |
Illustration 30 : Unit vectors â and b̂ are perpendicular to each other and the unit vector ĉ is inclined
at an angle to both â and b̂ . If cˆ m aˆ bˆ n aˆ bˆ and m, n are real, prove that
Solution :
4
3
4
.
EN
â is perpendicular to b̂ â.bˆ 0 and â bˆ = 1
And cˆ m aˆ bˆ n aˆ bˆ a.c
Also c.c
ˆ ˆ ma 2 m m = cos
ˆ ˆ ma.a
ˆ ˆ m aˆ bˆ n aˆ bˆ . m aˆ bˆ n aˆ bˆ 2m
n2 = 1 – 2m2 = 1 – 2 cos2 = –2 cos – cos2 > 0
2
n2
3
LL
4 4
Gyanoday - 6 :
1. Find the number of vectors of unit length perpendicular to vectors a = (1, 1, 0) &
b (0, 1, 1).
2. Find the area of the parallelogram whose diagonals are represented by the vectors
2iˆ 3jˆ 6kˆ and 3iˆ 4ˆj kˆ .
A
3. If a × b = c × d and a × c = b × d , then show that ( a – d ) is parallel to ( b – c )
when a d and b c .
4. For any two vectors, u & v prove that
2 2 2 2 2 2
(a) (u.v)2 u v u v (b) (1 u )(1 v ) (1 u.v)2 u v (u v)
5. For two particular vectors A and B it is known that A B = B A . What must be true
about the two vectors?
(A) At least one of the two vectors must be the zero vector.
(B) A B = B A is true for any two vectors.
(C) One of the two vectors is a scalar multiple of the other vector.
(D) The two vectors must be perpendicular to each other.
28 E
Vector
6. If a b b c 0 , then show that a c kb where k is a scalar.
7. If A, B, C are unit vectors. Suppose that A.B A.C 0 and the angle between B and
C is . Prove that A 2 B C .
6
8. If A,B,C,D are any four points in space, prove that
AB CD BC AD CA BD 4 (Area of the triangle ABC)
9. Let AB 3iˆ ˆj, AC 2iˆ 3ˆj and DE 4iˆ 2ˆj . Then, find the area of the shaded
region in the figure
A
10.
ENB
E
C
If A(0, 1, 0), B(0, 0, 0), C(1, 0, 1) are the vertices of a ABC. Match the entries of
column-I with column-II.
Column-I Column-II
LL
2
(A) Orthocentre of ABC. (P)
2
3
(B) Circumcentre of ABC. (Q)
2
3
(C) Area (ABC) (R)
3
3
A
(D) Distance between (S)
6
orthocentre and centroid
(E) Distance between (T) (0, 0, 0)
orthocentre and circumcentre.
1 1 1
(F) Distance between (U) , ,
2 2 2
circumcentre and centroid.
1 1 1
(G) Incentre of ABC. (V) , ,
3 3 3
1 2 1
(H) Centroid of ABC (W) , ,
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
11. If a and b are vectors such that | a b | 29 and a (2iˆ 3jˆ 4k)
ˆ (2iˆ 3jˆ 4k)
ˆ b ,
then find (a b).(7iˆ 2ˆj 3k)
ˆ .
E 29
JEE-Mathematics
10. SCALAR TRIPLE PRODUCT :
(i) The scalar triple product of three vectors a, b & c is defined as :
where is the angle between a & b & is the angle
between . It is also defined as [a b c] , spelled as box product.
c cos c
b
a
(ii) Magnitude of scalar triple product represents the volume of the parallelopiped whose three
coterminous edges are represented by i.e.
(iii) In a scalar triple product the position of dot & cross can be interchanged
(iv)
i.e.
ˆ
ˆ ˆ
ˆ
ˆ
i.e.
ˆ
EN
OR
ˆ
=
ˆ
ˆ
a1
If a a1i a 2 j a 3k ; b b1i b 2 j b3k & c c1i c2 j c3k , then [a b c] = b1
c1
a2
b2
c2
a3
b3
c3
(v) In general if a a1 l a 2 m a 3n , b b1 l b 2 m b3n & c c1 l c2 m c3n then
LL
.
(vi) If are coplanar =0 are linearly dependent.
(vii) Scalar product of three vectors, two of which are equal or parallel is 0 i.e.
A
Note : If a, b, c are non- coplanar then [a b c] 0 for right handed system &
[a b c] 0 for left handed system.
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
(xi) &
a.p a.q a.r a.a a.b a.c
a b c p q r b.p b.q b.r and a b c b.a b.b b.c
2
(xii)
c.p c.q c.r c.a c.b c.c
30 E
Vector
Illustration 31 : For any three vectors a, b, c prove that [a b b c c a] 2[a b c]
1 1 0
Solution : We have [a b b c c a] 0 1 1 a b c 2 a b c
1 0 1
Illustration 32 : If a, b are non-zero and non-collinear vectors then show.
a b [a b ˆi]iˆ [a b ˆj]jˆ [a b k]k
ˆ ˆ
Solution : Let a b xiˆ yjˆ zkˆ
(a b).iˆ (xiˆ yjˆ zk).i
ˆ ˆ (a b).iˆ = x
Similarly (a b). ˆj = y & (a b).kˆ = z
Solution :
EN
a b [a b ˆi]iˆ [a b ˆj] ˆj [a b k]k
1 1 2
ˆ ˆ
Illustration 33 : If a b c 8 , find a b 2c 3a b c a b c .
a b 2c 3a b c a b c = 3 1 1 a b c 32
1 1 1
LL
Illustration 34 : If u 2, 1,1 , v 1,1,1 and w is a unit vector. Find maximum value of
u v w .
Solution : u v w u v w cos 14 cos 14
Illustration 35 : Find a vector c in the plane of a 2iˆ ˆj kˆ and b ˆi ˆj kˆ such that c is
perpendicular to b and c.(2iˆ 3jˆ k)
ˆ 1 .
A
Solution : Any vector in the plane of a & b can be written as xa yb .
Let c xa yb [by Theorem in two dimensions]
Now, given that c.b 0 (xa yb).b 0
xa.b yb2 0 –2x + 3y = 0 ...........(i)
Also (xa yb).(2iˆ 3jˆ k)
ˆ 1
xa.(2iˆ 3jˆ k) ˆ 1 y 1 x 3y 3
ˆ yb.(2iˆ 3jˆ k)
4 2 8
3 ˆ 1 (ˆi ˆj k)
ˆ 1 [4iˆ 5jˆ k]
Hence the required vector c (2iˆ ˆj k) ˆ
8 4 8
E 31
JEE-Mathematics
Gyanoday- 7 :
1. If a, b, c are three non coplanar mutually perpendicular unit vectors then find a b c .
2. If r be a vector perpendicular to a b c , where a b c 0 and = ( × )
+ m ( × ) + n( a × b ), then find l + m + n.
3. ˆ b ˆi ˆj 2kˆ and c 3iˆ 2jˆ 4kˆ form a
Examine whether the vectors a 2iˆ 3jˆ 2k,
left handed or right handed system.
4. For three vectors u , v , w which of the following expressions is not equal to any of
the remaining three?
(A) u .( v x w ) (B) ( v x w ). u (C) v .( u x w ) (D) ( u x v ). w
5.
6.
EN
The volume of the tetrahedron formed by the coterminous edges a, b, c is 3. Then find
the volume of the parallelepiped formed by the coterminous edges a b, b c, c a .
If u, v, w are non-coplanar vectors and p, q are integers, then find the number of
ordered pairs (p,q) for which the equality [3u pv pw] – [pv w qu] – [2w qv qu] = 0
holds.
LL
7. If a, b and c are non zero, non coplanar vectors determine whether the vectors
r1 2a 3b c, r2 3a 5b 2c and r3 4a 5b c are linearly independent or
dependent.
8. Find a vector r in the plane of p ˆi ˆj and q ˆj kˆ such that r is perpendicular
A
to p and r.q 2 .
9. Find the vector of magnitude 5 5 coplanar with vectors ˆi 2 ˆj & ˆj 2 kˆ and the
perpendicular vector 2 ˆi ˆj 2 kˆ .
10. Let a ˆi ˆj k,
ˆ b ˆi ˆj kˆ and c ˆi ˆj kˆ be three vectors. A vector v in the plane
1
of a and b , whose projection on c is , can be
3
(A) ˆi 3ˆj 3kˆ (B) 3iˆ 3jˆ kˆ (C) 3iˆ ˆj 3kˆ (D) ˆi 3ˆj 3kˆ
32 E
Vector
11. PARALLELOPIPED AND TETRAHEDRON :
11.1 PARALLELOPIPED :
It is a prism in which all the faces are parallelogram.(see fig.). It has 12 edges and 8 vertices.
a×b
c
b
Body diagonals of parallelopiped are concurrent at its center and are bisected by it.
The line joining mid-points of each pair of opposite edges are also concurrent at the center.
EN
The vectors ± a ± b ± c represent the body diagonals of parallelopiped formed by
coterminous vectors a, b, c .
The volume V of parallelopiped formed by coterminous vectors a, b, c (see fig.) is
V = (base area) × (height) = a b c
11.2 TETRAHEDRON :
It is a pyramid of triangular base. It has 4 triangular faces, 6 edges and 4 vertices(see fig.).
LL
O
a c
b h
A C
A
Lines joining the vertices to the centroids of the opposite faces are concurrent at centre or
centroid of tetrahedron.
Lines joining the mid-points of pair of opposite edges are also concurrent at the centre of
tetrahedron.
Volume of tetrahedron OABC formed by coterminous vectors a, b, c is given by (see fig.)
1 1
V= × (base area) x (height) = a b c
3 6
Volume of regular tetrahedron with side length 'a' is given by
a3
V
6 2
E 33
JEE-Mathematics
Illustration 36 : Prove that the volumes of a tetrahedron and another tetrahedron formed by joining
centroids of its faces are in the ratio of 27 : 1.
Solution :
O(o)
C(c) A(a)
B(b)
1 1
V1 = Volume of tetrahedron = OA OB OC a b c
6 6
bc ab ca abc
Centroids of faces G1 , G2 , G3 , G4
3 3 3 3
12. SKEW LINES :
=
1
6
G1G 4
V1 27
V2
1
G 2G 4
EN
V2 = Volume of tetrahedron G1G2G3G4
G3G 4 =
1 a b c 1 1
a b c
6 3 3 3 27 6
If two lines in space intersect at a point, then obviously the shortest distance between them is
LL
zero. Lines which do not intersect & are also not parallel are called skew lines. In other words
the lines which are not coplanar are skew lines. For Skew lines the direction of the shortest
distance vector would be perpendicular to both the lines. The magnitude of the shortest distance
vector would be equal to that of the projection of AB along the direction of the line of shortest
distance, LM is parallel to p q
i.e. LM = | Projection of AB on LM | = | Projection of AB on p q |
A
AB.(p× q) (b – a).(p× q) b a p q
= =
p× q | p× q | pq |
A p
L
a
p ×q
M q
B b
34 E
Vector
(a) The two lines directed along p & q will intersect only if shortest distance between them
is zero. i.e. (b a).(p q) 0 i.e. (b a) lies in the plane containing p & q
⇒ b – a p q = 0
(b) If two lines r1 = a1 + K1b & r2 = a2 + K 2 b
a2
d
b
a1
are parallel then shortest distance between them,
b (a 2 a1 )
d a 2 a1 sin
|b|
a1 a 2 ^ b
Illustration 37 : Find the shortest distance between the lines
Solution :
given by
1
EN
r (4iˆ – ˆj) (iˆ 2jˆ – 3k)
(a a ).(b b )
d= 2 1 1 2
| b1 b 2 |
ˆ and r (iˆ – ˆj 2k)ˆ µ(2iˆ 4jˆ – 5k)
ˆ
We know that, the shortest distance between the lines r a1 b1 & r a 2 b 2 is
Here a 4iˆ ˆj, a ˆi ˆj 2kˆ , b ˆi 2jˆ – 3kˆ and b 2iˆ 4ˆj – 5kˆ
2 1
ˆi ˆj kˆ
2
LL
Now, a 2 a1 –3iˆ 0ˆj 2kˆ and b1 b 2 = 1 2 –3 2iˆ ˆj 0kˆ
2 4 –5
(a 2 – a1 ).(b1 b 2 ) (–3iˆ 0ˆj 2k).(2i
ˆ ˆ – ˆj 0k)
ˆ = –6 and | b b | 4 1 0 5
1 2
(a 2 – a1 ).(b1 b 2 ) –6 6
Shortest distance, d = .
| b1 b 2 | 5 5
Gyanoday - 8 :
A
1. Find the shortest distance between the lines :
r1 (iˆ 2jˆ 3k)
ˆ (2iˆ 3jˆ 4k)
ˆ & r (2iˆ 4ˆj 5k)
2
ˆ (3iˆ 4ˆj 5k)
ˆ .
2. Find the value of a and point of intersection of lines
r ˆi 2ˆj kˆ ˆi ˆj kˆ and r 2iˆ ˆj kˆ 2iˆ ˆj akˆ , given that they intersect.
3.
A line passes through the point A ˆi 2ˆj 3kˆ and is parallel to the vector V ˆi ˆj kˆ .
Then find its shortest distance from the origin.
4. Find volume of tetrahedron formed by A(2,3,4), B(2,3,0), C(2,0,4), D(0,3,4).
5. Find the volume of tetrahedron ABCD with edge lengths AB = 2, AC = 3, AD = 4,
BC = 13 , BD = 2 5 and CD = 5.
6. Let M be the midpoint of AB in regular tetrahedron ABCD. What is cos(CMD) ?
E 35
JEE-Mathematics
13. VECTOR TRIPLE PRODUCT :
Let a, b and c be any three vectors, then the expression a×(b× c) is a vector & is called a
vector triple product.
b×c Plane containing both b and c
(but not a)
c
b
a × (b × c)
(same plane as b and c)
Geometrical interpretation of a×(b× c)
EN
Vectors involved in the triple vector product a × (b × c).
Consider the expression a (b c) which itself is a vector, since it is a cross product of two
vectors a & (b c) . Now a (b c) is vector perpendicular to the plane containing
LL
a & (b c) but (b c) is a vector perpendicular to the plane b & c , therefore a (b c) is
vector lies in the plane of and perpendicular to . Hence we can express a (b c) in
terms of b & c i.e. a×(b× c) = xb + yc where x & y are scalars.
A
(a) (b)
(c) [In general]
Illustration 38 : If a 2iˆ 3jˆ 4kˆ , b 3iˆ 2jˆ 4kˆ and c 3iˆ 2jˆ 4kˆ then find a b c and
a bc .
Solution : a b c a.c b b.c a 16 3iˆ 2jˆ 4kˆ 11 2iˆ 3jˆ 4kˆ 26iˆ ˆj 20kˆ
a b c a.c b a.b c
16 3iˆ 2jˆ 4kˆ 28 3iˆ 2jˆ 4kˆ
132iˆ 24jˆ 48kˆ
36 E
Vector
1
Illustration 39 : If a, b and c are three unit vectors such that a b c b , find the angles which
2
a makes with b and c .
1
Solution :
We are given that a b c b
2
1 1
a.c b a.b c b a.c and a.b 0
2 2
Hence the angle between a and c is and that between a and b is .
3 2
Illustration 40 : Prove that a b c b c a c a b 0
Solution : a b c c.a b c.b a
b c a b.a c c.a b
c a b c.b a a.b c
Illustration 41 : Prove that a b . c d
Solution : Let m c d
EN
Hence a b c b c a c a b 0
a.c a.d
b.c b.d
a b . c d a b .m a. b m
LL
a. b c d a. b.d c b.c d a.c b.d a.d b.c
Illustration 42 : Show that (b c).(a d) (c a).(b d) (a b).(c d) 0
Solution : b c . a d b.a
c.a
b.d
c.d
a.b c.d a.c b.d
A
c.b c.d
c a . b d
a.d b.c a.b c.d
a.b a.d
a b . c d a.c
b.c
a.d
b.d
a.c b.d a.d b.c
Adding these, we get the required result.
Illustration 43 : Prove that a b c d a b d c a b c d a c d b b c d a
Solution : Let m c d
ab cd ab m
a.m b b.m a = a. c d b b. c d a a c d b b c d a
Similarly, other result can be proved.
E 37
JEE-Mathematics
Illustration 44 : Prove that a b a c d a.d a b c
Solution :
L.H.S. d. a b a c d. a b .c a a b .a c
a b .c a.d a b c R.H.S.
d.a
2
Illustration 45 : Prove that a b b c c a a b c
Solution :
We have, a b b c c a a b b c . c a
= d b c . c a (where, d (a b) )
= d.c b d.b c. c a a b .c b a b .b c . c a
a b c b 0. c a ( [a b b] 0 )
Gyanoday - 9 :
1.
EN
a b c b. c a a b c b c a a b c a b c a b c
Let 2iˆ 3jˆ kˆ and ˆi ˆj . If is a unit vector, then find the maximum value of
.
2
LL
2. If a
1 3iˆ kˆ and b 2i 3j 6k ,
1 ˆ ˆ ˆ
then find the value of
10 7
2a b . a b a 2b .
3. Given the following information about the non-zero vectors A, B and C :
(i) A B A 0 (ii) B.B 4 (iii) A.B 6 (iv) B.C 6
Then find the value of A B A. B C A.C .
A
4. If a.b 0, a 1 and b
1
2
, then find a a a a b .
5. If A 2iˆ 3k,
ˆ B 2iˆ ˆj k,C
ˆ 10 ˆj kˆ determine x,y,z so that
A B C xA yB zC
2 2 2
Prove that a ˆi a ˆj a kˆ 2 a , where a xiˆ yjˆ zkˆ ; x,y,z
2
6.
7.
Prove that ˆi a ˆi ˆj a ˆj kˆ a kˆ 2a , a xiˆ yjˆ zkˆ ; x,y,z
8. If a, b, c are unit vectors, with a ^ b b ^ c c ^ a then find a b b c c a .
3
38 E
Vector
14. RECIPROCAL SYSTEM :
If a, b, c and a ', b ', c ' are two sets of non coplanar vectors such that
a . a ' b . b ' c . c ' 1 , a.b ' a.c ' b.c ' c.a ' c.b ' 0 then the two systems are called
Reciprocal System of vectors. We have
b c c a a b
a' ; b' ; c'
[a b c] [a b c] [a b c]
Illustration 46 : Find a set of vectors reciprocal to the vectors a, b and a b .
Solution : Let the given vectors be denoted by a, b and c where c a b
[a b c ] (a b).c (a b).(a b) (a b) 2
and let the reciprocal system of vectors be a ', b 'and c '
b c b (a b) c a (a b) a ab ab
a' ;b' ;c'
[a b c] | a b |2
[a b c] | a b | 2
[a b c] | a b |2
Illustration 47 : If a '
Solution :
bc
[a b c]
,b'
ca
EN
a ', b ', c ' are required reciprocal system of vectors for a, b and a b .
[a b c]
,c'
where a, b, c are non-coplanar vectors.
Here a a '
ab
[a b c]
, then shown that; a a ' b b' c c' 0
a (b c) (a.c)b (a.b)c
[a b c] [a b c]
LL
(b.a)c (b.c)a (c.b)a (c.a)b
Similarly b b ' & cc'
[a b c] [a b c]
(a.c)b (a.b)c (b.a)c (b.c)a (c.b)a (c.a)b
Hence a a ' b b' c c' = =0 .
[a b c]
[ a .b b.a etc.]
A
15. VECTOR EQUATIONS :
The techniques to solve vector equations are explained through following illustrations :
Illustration 48 : Let triplet of unit vectors satisfy xˆ yˆ zˆ xˆ yˆ , then identify the correct statement.
(A) xˆ yˆ 2 (B) xˆ yˆ 1 (C) xˆ 2yˆ 2 (D) No solution
Solution : xˆ yˆ zˆ xˆ yˆ ...(i)
Taking dot product with x,
ˆ yˆ & zˆ respectively we get
1 [xˆ yˆ z]
ˆ
xˆ yˆ 0
ˆ ˆ ˆ xˆ zˆ 1 zˆ xˆ
xˆ zˆ [xyz]
from (i)
x̂ 0 INCONSISTENT Ans. (D)
E 39
JEE-Mathematics
Illustration 49 : If the non zero vectors a & b are perpendicular to each other, then the solution of the
equation r a b is :
1 1
(A) r xa (a b) (B) r xb (a b)
a ·a b·b
(C) r xa b (D) r xb a
where x is a scalar
Solution : r xa yb z(a b)
take cross product with a
r a yb a z(a b) a
b y(b a) z((a ·a)b (b·a)a)
b y(b a) z(a·a)b
Since b & a b are non collinear
z(a ·a) 1 and y = 0
z
1
a2
r xa
1
a2
(a b)
EN Ans. (A)
Illustration 50 : Let u and v be unit vectors. If w is a vector such that w + ( w × u ) = v , then prove
LL
1
that |( u × v ). w | and that the equality holds if and only if u is perpendicular
2
to v .
Solution : w (w u) v ......(i)
w u v – w (w u)2 v2 w 2 – 2v.w
A
2v.w 1 w 2 – (u w)2 ......(ii)
also taking dot product of (i) with v , we get
w.v (w u).v v.v
v.(w u) 1 – w.v .......(iii) v.v | v |2 1
1
Now ; v.(w u) 1– (1 w 2 (u w) 2 ) (using (ii) and (iii))
2
1 w 2 (u w) 2
– ( 0 cos2 1)
2 2 2
1
= (1 – w2 + w2 sin2 ) ......(iv)
2
40 E
Vector
as we know ; 0 w2 cos2 w2
1 1 w 2 cos 2 1 w 2
2 2 2
1 w 2 cos 2 1
......(v)
2 2
from (iv) and (v)
1
| v.(w u) |
2
Equality holds only when cos2 = 0 =
2
i.e., u w u .w 0 w (w u) v
u·w u .(w u) u .v (taking dot with u )
Solution :
0 + 0 = u·v u·v = 0
a2 = b2 = c2 = 1, [abc] 0
a. b = b.c = c.a = cos
EN uv
Illustration 51 : a, b , c are three non-coplanar unit vectors such that angle between any two is If
a × b + b × c = a + m b + n c , then determine , m, n in terms of .
......... (i)
By taking dot product of both sides of given relation with by , and respectively,
we get
LL
0 + [ a b c ] = .1 + (m + n) cos ......... (ii)
0 = m + (n + ) cos ......... (iii)
[ a b c ] + 0 = ( + m)cos + n ......... (iv)
Adding, we get
2[ a b c ] = ( + m + n) + 2( + m + n) cos
A
or 2[ a b c ] = ( + m + n) (1 + 2cos) ......... (v)
[a b c]
From (ii), (m + n) =
cos
[a b c]
Putting in (v), we get 2[a b c] 1 2cos
cos
1 2 cos 1
or [a b c] 2 1 (1 2 cos )
cos cos
[a b c]
n {as above}
(1 2 cos )(1 cos )
2[a b c]cos
and m = –(n + ) cos =
(1 2 cos )(1 cos )
Thus the values of , m, n depend on [ a b c ]
E 41
JEE-Mathematics
Hence we now find the value of scalar [ a b c ] in terms of .
a.a a.b a.c1 cos cos
Now [ a b c ]2 = b.a b.b b.c cos 1 cos (Apply C1 + C2 + C3)
c.a c.b c.c cos cos 1
1 cos cos
= (1 + 2 cos) 1 1 cos (Apply R2 – R1 and R3 – R1)
1 cos 1
[ a b c ]2 = (1 + 2 cos)(1 – cos)2
[a b c]
1 2 cos
1 cos
1 2 cos
Putting in the value of , m, n we have n, m Ans.
Gyanoday - 10 :
1. If p
b c
[b c a]
, q
ca
[c a b]
, r
ab
EN
[a b c]
(1 2 cos )
, then find the value of
( a + b ). p + ( b + c ). q + ( c + a ) r .
(1 2 cos )
2.
If d a b b c v c a , a b c
1
and d. a b c 8 , then find
LL
8
+ + v.
3. If a ˆi ˆj kˆ & b ˆi 2ˆj kˆ , then find the vector c such that a.c 2 & a c b .
4. Let a ˆj kˆ and c ˆi ˆj kˆ . Then find the vector b satisfying a b c 0 and
a . b 3.
A
5. The vectors a and b are not perpendicular and c and d are two vectors satisfying
b c b d and a.d 0 . Then find the vector d in terms of a, b, c .
6. If a, b be two perpendicular unit vectors such that x b a x , then find x
7. Given a b 1 and a b 3 . If 'c' is a vector such that c a 2b 3 a b , then
find c.b .
8. Let a ˆi ˆj, b ˆi ˆj kˆ and c be a vector such that a c b 0 and a.c 4 , then
2
c is equal to
19 17
(A) (B) 8 (C) (D) 9
2 2
42 E
Three Dimensional Geometry
THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
1. INTRODUCTION :
In earlier classes we have learnt about points, lines, circles and conic section in two dimensional
geometry. In two dimensions a point represented by an ordered pair (x, y) (where x & y are both
real numbers)
In space, each body has length, breadth and height i.e. each body exist in three dimensional
space. Therefore three independent quantities are essential to represent any point in space. Three
axes are required to represent these three quantities.
2. COORDINATES OF POINT IN SPACE :
In two dimensional geometry, magnitude of x and y coordinates are
perpendicular distances from y and x axis respectively.
EN
But in case of three dimensional geometry it is understood in different way.
Magnitude of x-coordinate of a point is its perpendicular distance from y-z plane, similarly
magnitude of y and z coordinates are perpendicular distances from x-z and x-y plane.
Z
‘‘‘‘‘
P(x,y,z)
z
X Y
LL
Oy
X L M
(x,y, 0)
Remark : The sign of the coordinates of a point determines. The octant in which the point lies.
The following table shows the signs of the coordinates in eight octants.
Octants
A
I II III IV V VI VII VIII
Coordinates
x + – – + + – – +
y + + – + + + – –
z + + + – – – – –
Note: Let x,y,z be real numbers. Then, is any point on
x-axis {( x, y, z) : y = z = 0} i.e. is of form (x, 0, 0)
y-axis {(x, y, z) : x = z = 0} i.e. is of form (0, y, 0)
z-axis {(x, y, z) : x = y = 0} i.e. is of form (0, 0, z)
xy plane {(x, y, z) : z = 0} i.e. is of form (x, y, 0)
yz plane {(x, y, z) : x = 0} i.e. is of form (0, y, z)
zx plane {(x, y, z) : y = 0} i.e. is of form (x, 0, z)
E 71
JEE-Mathematics
2.1 DISTANCE FORMULA :
The distance between two points A(x1, y1, z1) and B (x2, y2, z2) is given by
AB = (x2 – x1 )2 + (y 2 – y1 )2 + (z2 – z1 )2
(a) Distance from origin :
Let O be the origin and P (x, y, z) be any point, then OP = x2 + y2 + z2
(b) Distance of a point from coordinate axes :
Let P(x, y, z) be any point in the space. Let PA, PB and PC be the perpendiculars drawn
from P to the axes OX, OY and OZ respectively. Then
PA = y2 + z2 ; PB = z2 + x2 ; PC = x 2 + y 2
(c) Distance of a point from coordiante-planes :
The perpendicular distance of point P(x,y,z) from
(i)
(ii)
xy – plane = |z|
yz – plane = |x|
(iii) xz – plane = |y| EN
Illustration 1 : Prove by using distance formula that the points P (1, 2, 3), Q (–1, –1, –1) and
R(3, 5, 7) are collinear.
Solution : We have PQ = (1 1)2 (1 2) 2 (1 3) 2 4 9 16 29
LL
QR = (3 1)2 (5 1) 2 (7 1) 2 16 36 64 116 2 29
and PR = (3 1)2 (5 2)2 (7 3)2 4 9 16 29
Since QR = PQ + PR. Therefore the given points are collinear.
Illustration 2 : Find the locus of a point, the sum of whose distances from (1, 0, 0) and (–1, 0, 0) is
A
equal to 10.
Solution : Let the points A(1,0,0), B (–1,0,0) and P(x,y,z).
Given PA + PB = 10
(x 1)2 (y 0)2 (z 0)2 (x 1)2 (y 0)2 (z 0)2 = 10
(x 1)2 y2 z2 10 (x 1)2 y2 z2
Squaring both sides, we get
(x – 1)2 + y2 + z2 = 100 + (x + 1)2 + y2 + z2 – 20 (x 1)2 y2 z2
– 4x –100 = – 20 (x 1)2 y2 z2 x + 25 = 5 (x 1)2 y2 z2
Again squaring both sides we get x2 + 50x + 625 = 25 {(x2 +2x +1) + y2 + z2}
24x2 + 25y2 + 25z2 – 600 = 0
72 E
Three Dimensional Geometry
2.2 SECTION FORMULAE :
Let P(x1, y1, z1) and Q(x2, y2, z2) be two points and let R (x, y, z) divide PQ in the ratio m 1 : m2.
m x m 2 x1 m 1y 2 m 2 y1 m 1z 2 m 2 z1
Then co-ordinates of R(x, y, z) = 1 2 , ,
m1 m 2 m1 m 2 m1 m 2
Note :
(i) If (m1/m2) is positive, R divides PQ internally and if (m1/m2) is negative, then externally.
x x 2 y1 y 2 z1 z 2
(ii) Mid-Point : Mid point of PQ is given by 1 , ,
2 2 2
Illustration 3 : Find the coordinates of the point which divides the line joining points (2,3,4) and
(3,–4,7) in ratio 5 : 3 internally.
Solution : Let the coordinates of the required point be (x,y,z). Then
x
2 3 3 5
35
21
8
EN
;y
3 3 4 5
35
21 11 47
Hence the required point is , , .
8 8 8
11
;z
8
4 3 7 5 47
35
Illustration 4 : Prove using section formula that the three points A (3, –2, 4), B (1, 1, 1) and
8
C (–1,4, -2) are collinear.
LL
Solution : The general coordinates of a point R which divides the line joining A (3, -2, 4) and
3 2 4
B (1, 1, 1) in the ratio : 1 are , , ...(1)
1 1 1
If C (–1,4, –2) lies on the line AB, then for some value of the coordinates of the
point R will be the same as those of C.
A
3
Let (x-coordinate of point R) = (x-coordinate of point C). Then, 1 2
1
Putting = –2 in (1) the coordinates of R are (–1,4, –2) which are also the
coordinates of C.
Hence the points A, B, C are collinear.
2.3 CENTROID OF A TRIANGLE :
Let A(x1, y1, z1), B(x2, y2, z2), C(x3, y3, z3) be the vertices of a triangle ABC. Then its centroid G
x x 2 x3 y1 y 2 y3 z1 z2 z3
is given by G 1 , ,
3 3 3
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JEE-Mathematics
Illustration 5 : If the centre of a tetrahedron OABC where O(0,0,0), A(a, 2, 3), B(1, b, 2) and
C(2, 1, c) is (1, 2, – 1), then find the distance of P (a, b, c) from origin.
a 1 2 0 2 b 1 0 3 2 c 0
Solution : Centre is
4
,
4
,
4 (1, 2, 1)
a = 1, b = 5, c = – 9
OP a 2 b2 c 2 107
Illustration 6 : Find the coordinates of circum-center of ABC, where A(a,0,0), B(0,b,0), C(0,0,c).
Solution : Let P(x,y,z) be the required point.
Then OP = PA x + y + z = (x – a) + y + z 2ax = a
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
a b c
x y = , z = (similarly)
2 z 2
2.4
(i)
Area :
a b c
EN
Hence, , , is the circumcenter of ABC.
2 2 2
If A(x1,y1,z1), B(x2,y2,z2), C(x3,y3,z3) are the vertices of triangle ABC, then area of ABC .
ˆi ˆj kˆ
1 1 1 1
AB AC or BA BC or CA CB x1 x 2 y1 y 2 z1 z 2 .
LL
2 2 2 2
x1 x 3 y1 y3 z1 z3
(ii) Let A(x1,y1,z1), B(x2,y2,z2), C(x3,y3,z3) and D(x4,y4,z4) are vertices (in order) of quadrilateral
ABCD.
ˆi ˆj kˆ
1 1
(a) Area of parallelogram ABCD AC BD AB AD x1 x 3 y1 y 3 z1 z3 .
2 2
x2 x4 y2 y4 z2 z4
A
ˆi ˆj kˆ
1 1
(b) Area of plane quadrilateral ABCD AC BD x1 x 3 y1 y 3 z1 z3 .
2 2
x2 x4 y2 y4 z2 z4
Illustration 7 : If A(1,–1,2), B(2,1,–1), C(3,–1,2) are vertices of ABC, then find its area.
Solution: AB OB OA i 2i 3k and AC OC OA 2i .
ˆi ˆj kˆ
AB AC 1 2 3 = 2(–3j – 2k)
2 0 0
1 1
Area of ABC AB AC 2 13 13 .
2 2
74 E
Three Dimensional Geometry
Gyanoday - 1 :
1. Name the octants in which the following points lie :
(i) (1,2,3) (ii) (4,–2,3) (iii) (4,2,–5) (iv) (4,–2,–5)
(v) (–4,2,–5) (vi) (–4,2,5) (vii) (–2,–4,–7) (viii) (–3,–1,6)
2. Find the projections of the point (-3, 5, 6) on the
(i) Co-ordinate planes (ii) Co-ordinate axes
3. Find the image of the given point in the specified plane.
(i) (–3,4,7) in the YZ-plane (ii) (–7, 2,–1) in the XZ-plane
4. Find the locus of a point such that the difference of the squares of its distances from the
points A(3, 4, 5) and B(–1, 3, –7) is equal to 2k2.
5. Find the ratio in which the following planes divide the line joining the points P(–2, 4, 7)
6.
7.
8.
EN
and Q(3, –5, 8) : (a) xy- plane (b) yz-plane
Find the perpendicular distance of the point P(a,b,c) from the coordinate axes.
A point R with x co-ordinate 4 lies on the line segment joining the points P(2,–3,4) and
Q(8,0,10). Find the coordinates of the point R.
Three consecutive vertices of a parallelogram are (4,3,5), (0,6,0) and (–8,1,4). Find
possible coordinates of the fourth vertex.
LL
9. In a three dimensional co- ordinate system P,Q and R are images of a point A{a,b,c) in
xy, yz and zx planes respectively. If G is the centroid of triangle PQR then find area of
AOG, where O is origin.
3. DIRECTION OF LINE
To define orientation of a line in space, we need to know the angles that if forms with coordinate
A
axes. Using these angles we define direction cosines and direction ratios.
3.1 DIRECTION COSINES OF A LINE :
If ,, be the angles which a given directed line makes with the positive directions of the x, y, z
axes respectively, then the ordered triplet cos, cos, cos are called the direction cosines of the
given line and are generally denoted by = cos , m = cos and n = cos
z
B
A
O
y
x
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JEE-Mathematics
Note :
(i) Lines are bi-directional i.e. each line has two sets of direction cosines.
(ii) If , m, n are direction cosines of a line L, then –, –m, –n are also direction cosines of same line L.
(iii) Direction cosines of a line are the components of any unit vector along the line. Hence, if , m, n
are direction cosines of a line L, then
+ m + n = 1 i.e., cos + cos + cos = 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
sin + sin + sir = 2 and cos 2 + cos 2 + cos 2 = –1
2 2 2
(iv) Direction cosines of coordinate-axes :
D.C.'s of +ve x-axis are 1,0,0.
D.C.'s of +ve y-axis are 0,1,0.
D.C.'s of +ve z-axis are 0,0,1.
(v) If the coordinates of a point P are (x, y, z) and OP = r, then the direction cosines of OP are
x y z x y z
, , or , , .
r r r r r r
3.2
x1 x 2 y1 z2 z1 z2
AB
DIRECTION RATIOS :
,
AB
,
AB EN
(vi) Direction cosines of the line joining A(x1, y1, z1) and B(x2, y2, z2) are
x x
AB
y y
AB
z z
or 1 2 , 1 2 , 1 2
AB
Let ,m,n be direction cosines of line L. Then any three numbers a, b, c proportional to , m, n are
a b c
called direction ratios of the line. Hence if , then a,b,c are called direction ratios of L.
m n
LL
Note :
(i) Direction ratios of the line joining A(x1, y1, z1) and B(x2, y2, y2) are x1 – x2, y1 – y2, z1 – z2.
(ii) Direction cosines of a line have two sets but direction ratios of a line have infinite possible sets.
Illustration 8 : Find the direction ratios and direction cosines of the line joining the points
A(6, –7, –1) and B(2,–3,l).
Solution : Direction ratios of AB are 4, –4, –2 i.e. 2, –2,–1
A
2 2 1
Direction cosines of line AB are , ,
3 3 3
Illustration 9 : A directed line makes with the x-axis an angle of measure 120° and with y-axis an
angle of measure 60°. Find the angle made by the line with the z-axis.
Solution : = 120° and = 60°
1 1
cos = cos 120° = – and cos = cos 60° =
2 2
2 2
1 1
Also cos2 + cos2 + cos2 = 1 + cos2 = 1
2 2
1 1
cos2 = cos = ±
2 2
= 45° or 135° Ans.
76 E
Three Dimensional Geometry
Illustration 10 : Let A = (2,3,5), B = (–1,3,2) and C = (,5,) be vertices of ABC. If the median
through A is equally inclined to the axes, then find
the value of and . A,(2,3, 5)
1 2
Solution : Midpoint of BC is , 4,
2 2
Direction ratios of the median through A are B(–1,3,) C(,5,)
1 2 5 8
2, 4 3 , 5 ,i.e., ,1 , .
2 2 2 2
The median is equally inclined to the axes
5 8
1 7, 10
2 2
Illustration 11 : Find the direction cosines of two lines which are connected by the relations
– 5m + 3n = 0 and 72 + 5m2 – 3n2 = 0.
Solution :
and 72 + 5m2 – 3n2 = 0
m
2
m
EN
The gives relations are – 5m + 3n = 0 = 5m – 3n
Putting the value of from (1) in (2), we get
7 5m 3n 5m 2 3n 2 0 6m – 7mn + 2n = 0
2
6 7 2 0 or
m 1
2 2
2
2
...(1)
...(2)
n n n 2 3
LL
m
from (1), 5 3
n n
m 1 m n
When 1
n 2 m 1 1 2
Hence direction ratios of one line are –1,1,2
1 1 2
So, direction cosines of one line are , ,
6 6 6
A
m 2 1 m n
When giving
n 3 m 2 1 2 3
1 2 3
The direction cosines of the other line are , ,
14 14 14
3.3 ANGLE BETWEEN TWO LINES :
Let be the angle between the lines with d.c.’s 1, m1, n1 and 2, m2, n2. Then is given by
cos = ± (1 2 + m1m2 + n1n2)
If a1, b1, c1 and a2, b2, c2 are the d.r.'s of two lines then angle between them is given by
(a1a 2 b1 b 2 c1c 2 )
cos
a b12 c12 a 22 b 22 c 22
2
1
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JEE-Mathematics
Note :
a1 b1 c1
(a) If the lines are parellel then
a 2 b2 c2
(b) If the lines then a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0
Illustration 12 : Find the acute angle between two lines whose direction ratios are 2, 3, 6 and 1, 2, 2
respectively.
Solution : a1 = 2, b1 = 3, c1 = 6; a2 = 1, b2 = 2, c2 = 2.
If be the acute angle between two lines whose d.r’s are given, then
a1a 2 b1b2 c1c 2 | 2 1 3 2 6 2 | 2 6 12 20
cos = =
a12 b12 c12 a 22 b22 c22 2 2 32 6 2 12 2 2 2 2 73 21
20
cos1
21
Illustration 13 : If a line makes angles , , , with four diagonals of a cube, then find
cos2 + cos2 + cos2 + cos2.
Solution :
EN
Let OA, OB, OC be coterminous edges of a cube and OA = OB = OC = a, then
co-ordinates of its vertices are O(0, 0, 0), A(a, 0, 0), B(0, a, 0), C(0, 0, a), L(0, a, a),
M (a, 0, a), N(a, a, 0) and P (a, a, a) Direction ratios of diagonals AL, BM, CN and
OP are –1,1,1 ; 1, –1,1 ; 1,1–1 and 1,1,1 respectively.
C
Z
L
M
P
LL
O Y
B
A N
X
Let , m, n be the direction cosines of the given line, then
1 1 1 mn
cos = m n
3 3 3 3
A
m n mn mn
Similarly cos = , cos and cos
3 3 3
4
cos2 + cos2 + cos2 + cos2 =
3
3.4 PERPENDICULAR AND PARALLEL LINES :
Let the two lines have their d.c.’s given by 1, m1, n1 and 2, m2, n2 respectively then they are
perpendicular if = 90° i.e. cos = 0, i.e. 1 2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0.
m 1 n1
Also the two lines are parallel if = 0 i.e. sin = 0, i.e. 1
2 m 2 n2
Note: If instead of d.c.’s, d.r.’s a1, b1, c1 and a2, b2, c2 are given, then the lines are
a b c
perpendicular if a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0 and parallel if 1 1 1 .
a 2 b2 c2
78 E
Three Dimensional Geometry
Illustration 14 : If the lines whose direction cosines satisfies the equations a + bm + cn = 0 and
f g h
fmn + gn + hm = 0 are perpendicular, then prove that = 0.
a b c
Solution : Eliminating n between the given relations, we find that
a bm
(fm + g) + hm = 0
c
2
or ag (af bg ch) bf 0 ........(i)
m m
bf
If 1
and 2
are roots of (i), then 1
2
m1 m2 m1 m 2 ag
m 1m 2
1 2
........(ii)
f /a g/b
m 1 m 2 n1 n 2
Similarly we can prove that ........(iii)
g/b h /c
4. PROJECTIONS
f /a
12 + m1m2 + n1n2 =
f g h
=0
a b c
EN
f g h
mm
a b c
g/b
nn
From (ii) and (iii), we get 1 2 1 2 1 2
h /c
{ 12 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0}
(a) Length of Projection of line segment OP on co-ordinate axes :
LL
z
P(x,y,z)
O
A y
x
A
Let line segment makes angle with x-axis and OA AP (see fig).
Then projection of OP on x-axis = OA = |OP cos|
Thus, the projections of line segment OP on axes are the absolute
values of the co-ordinates of P. i.e. If P(x,y,z), then
Length of Projection of OP on x-axis = |x|
Length of Projection of OP on y-axis = |y|
Length of Projection of OP on z-axis = |z|
(b) Length of Projection of a line segment AB on coordinate axes :
Projection of the point A(x1, y1, z1) on x-axis is E(x1, 0, 0) and that of point
B(x2, y2, z2) on x-axis is F(x2, 0, 0).
Hence Length of projection of AB on x-axis is EF = |x2 – x1|.
Similarly, length of projection of AB on y and z-axis are |y2 – y1| and |z2 – z1|
respectively.
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JEE-Mathematics
(c) Length of Projection of line segment AB on a line having direction cosines ,m,n:
Let A(x1, y1, z1) and B(x2, y2, z2).
Now Length of projection of AB on EF = CD = AB cos
B(x2,y2,z2)
z
EC D F
x y
(x 2 x1 ) (y 2 y1 )m (z 2 z1 )n
= (x2 x1 )2 (y2 y1 )2 (z2 z1 )2 ×
(x 2 x1 )2 (y 2 y1 ) 2 (z 2 z1 ) 2
= (x 2 x1 ) (y 2 y1 )m (z 2 z1 )n
Illustration 15 : Find the length of projection of the line segment joining the points (–1, 0, 3) and
(2, 5, 1) on the line whose direction ratios are 6, 2, 3.
Solution :
6 2
, m ,n
7 7
3
7
EN
The direction cosines , m, n of the line are given by
The required length of projection is given by
6 2
6
3
m n
2 3
2
m 2 n2
6 2 3
22
2 2 2
1
49
1
7
= |(x2 – x1) + m(y2 – y1) + n(z2 – z1)| = [2 (1)] (5 0) (1 3)
7 7 7 7
LL
Illustration 16 : Find out perpendicular distance of point P(0, –1, 3) from straight line passing through
A (1, –3, 2) and B(2, –l, 4).
Solution : Direction ratios of the line AB are 1,2,2.
Projection of AP on the line AB
P(0, –1, 3)
A
A(1, –3,2) N B(2,–1,4)
i.e. AN = (x – a) + m(y – b) + n(z – c)
1 2 2 5
0 1 1 3 3 2
3 3 3 3
0 1 1 3 3 2
2 2 2
Also, AP 6
25 29
Perpendicular distance PN AP 2 AN 2 6 .
9 3
80 E
Three Dimensional Geometry
Gyanoday - 2 :
1. Find the direction ratios & direction cosines of the line joining the points O(0,0,0) and
P(2, 3, 4).
2. If a line makes the angles 45º and 60º with X and Y-axes, then find the angle which it
makes with Z-axis.
3. Find the angle between the lines whose direction ratios are 1, –2, 1 and 4, 3, 2.
If a line makes , and angle with axes, then prove that sin + sin + sin = 2.
2 2 2
4.
5. Find the acute angle between diagonals of parallelogram formed by (4,7,6) (–1,–2,–1),
(2,3,2), (1,2,3).
6. Find the acute angle between two lines such that the direction cosines , m, n of each of
them satisfy the equations + m + n = 0 and 2 + m2 – n2 = 0.
7.
8.
9.
EN
Find the length of projections of the line joining the points P(3, 2, 5) and Q(0, –2, 8) on
the axes.
Lines OA , OB are drawn from origin O with direction cosines proportional to
(1,–2,–1); (3,–2,3). Find the direction cosines of the normal to the plane AOB.
If the projections of the line segment AB on the yz-plane, zx-plane, xy-plane are
160, 153 , 5 respectively then find the projection of AB on the z-axis.
LL
10. Find the acute angle between lines whose direction ratios satisfy
a + b + c = 0, 2ab + 2ac – bc = 0.
11. Let A(1,1,1), B(2,2,2), C(–2,4,–2) are three points forming a triangle. Find dr's of
(i) median through A (ii) altitude through B
(iii) internal angle bisector of A (iv) external angle bisector of A
A
12. If the line joining the points (k,1,2), (3,4,6) is parallel to the line joining the points
(–4,3,–6) (5,12,) then find k and .
13. Find the projection of the join of the points (3,4,2), (5,1,8) on the line whose d.c's are
2 3 6
7, 7, 7 .
5. EQUATION OF LINE :
Equation of a line can be represented in many forms. Few of these forms are mentioned below.
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JEE-Mathematics
5.1 ONE POINT AND DIRECTION FORM :
Equation of a line passing through the point (x1, y1, z1) and having d.r's (a,b,c) is
Cartesian form Vector Form
x – x1 y – y1 z – z1
= =
r x1ˆi y1ˆj z1kˆ aiˆ bjˆ ckˆ
a b c
x x1 a x x1 a
x x1 y y1 z z1
Let y y1 b y y1 b
a b c z z c z z c
1 1
xi yj zk x1 i ai y1 j bj z 1k ck
Now put r in place of xiˆ yjˆ zkˆ r x1 i y1 j z1k ai bj ck
5.2 TWO POINT FORM :
x x1
y y1
z z1
x 2 x1 y 2 y1 z 2 z1
EN
Equation of the line through two points A(x1,y1,z1) and B(x2,y2,z2) is
Cartesian Form
( ) (
Vector Form
r = x1ˆi + y1ˆj + z1kˆ + l ( x 2 - x1 ) ˆi + ( y 2 - y1 ) ˆj + ( z 2 - z1 ) kˆ )
Illustration 17 : Find the vector equation of the line passing through the points with position vectors
LL
ˆi ˆj 2kˆ and 2iˆ kˆ .
Solution : Here the line is passing through the point with p.v. ˆi ˆj 2kˆ . Also the line is along
the vector 2iˆ kˆ ˆi ˆj 2kˆ i.e. ˆi ˆj kˆ . Hence the required equation of the line
is r ˆi ˆj 2kˆ t ˆi ˆj kˆ , where t is parameter.
x 1 y 2 z 3
A
Illustration 18 : Find the co-ordinates of those points on the line which is at a
2 3 6
distance of 3 units from point (1,–2, 3).
x 1 y 2 z 3
Solution : Let P(1,–2,3) and =r
2 3 6 P(1,–2,3)
Then coordiantes of any point Q lying on it are 3 Units
Q(2r + 1, 3r – 2, 6r + 3) Q(2r + 1,3r–2,6r+3)
Also PQ = 3 4r2 + 9r2 + 36r2 = 9
3
r
7
13 5 39 1 23 3
Putting the value of r, we have Q , , or Q , ,
7 7 7 7 7 7
82 E
Three Dimensional Geometry
Illustration 19 : Prove that the vector equation of the straight line through the point with p.v. d and
bc ca a b
equally inclined to vectors a, b, c is r d t , where t is
b c c a a b
parameter.
Solution : Let the required line be r d sk , where k is a vector parallel to line.
a.k b.k c.k a b b c
Now .k 0 .k
a b c a b b c
a b b c
Hence k is perpendicular to both of and - .
a b b c
a b b c ab bc ca
Hence r d t
EN
k is parallel to
a b b c a b
a b bc c a
a b b c c a
.
b c
c a
Illustration 20 : ABC is a triangle. A line is drawn parallel to BC to meet AB and AC in D and E
LL
respectively. Prove that the median through A bisects
DE. A(0)
1 1
Solution : Take the vertex A of the triangle ABC as the origin.
D E
Let B b and C c . The mid-point of BC has the p.v.
B(b) b + c B(c)
A
bc 2
.
2
bc
The equation of the median is r .
2
b
Let D divide AB in the ratio 1 : [Link] D
1
c
So E also divides AC in the ratio 1 : [Link] E
1
bc
p.v. of the mid-point of DE = which lies on the median. Hence the
2 1
median bisects DE.
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JEE-Mathematics
Gyanoday - 3 :
1. Which of the following points lie on the line 2x – 2 = 3y + 6 = 4 – 4z.
(A) (1,–2,1) (B) (7,2,–2) (C) (–11,–10,7) (D) (–5,–6,4)
x 5 y 4 z 6
2. Find the vector form of line whose cartesian equation is .
3 7 2
3. Find the equation of the line through (3,1,2) and equally inclined to the axes.
x x1 y y1 z z1
4. The line is
0 1 2
(A) parallel to x-axis (B) perpendicular to x-axis
(C) perpendicular to YOZ plane (D) parallel to y-axis
5. Find equation of line passing through (–1,2,3) and parallel to line x = –2y = 3z.
6. Let two lines L1 and L2 in space, are defined by
L1 x y 1 ,z 1 y and L 2 x y 1 ,z 1 y .
If L1 is perpendicular to L2, for all non-negative reals and then which of the following
options is/are correct
(A) = (B) (C) l + m = 1 (D) + = 0
6.
6.1
POINT AND LINE
Let A(,,) be a point and L
m
nEN
x x1
y y1 z z1
r be a line.
FOOT OF PERPENDICULAR FROM A POINT P ON A LINE L :
A(,,)
LL
L
B(x1,y1,z1) P
Any point on the line L is P(r + x1, mr + y1, nr + z1)
If P is the foot of the perpendicular, from A on the line, then AP is to the line, so
(r + x1 – ) + m (mr + y1 – ) + n(nr + z1 – ) = 0
i.e. r = ( – x1) + ( – y1) m + ( – z1) n [since 2 + m2 + n2 = 1]
Putting this value of r, we get the foot of perpendicular P
A
6.2 LENGTH OF PERPENDICULAR FROM A ON L :
Method I : Since foot of perpendicular P is known, length of perpendicular,
AP [( r x1 )2 (mr y1 )2 (nr z1 )2 ]
Method II : Clearly line L passes through B
AP = Projection of AB in direction perpendicular to L.
[Link]
AB ˆi mjˆ nkˆ
ˆi mjˆ nkˆ
Method III :
Find BP i.e. projection of AB on the line L and then use AP AB2 BP2
6.3 EQUATION OF PERPENDICULAR AP :
x y z
r x1 mr y1 nr z1
84 E
Three Dimensional Geometry
6.4 IMAGE OF A in L :
Let A' a ' be the image of point A a in line L, then P p is mid-point AA' i.e.
a a'
p a ' 2p a
2
Illustration 21 : Find the co-ordinates of the foot of the perpendicular from (1, 1, 1) on the line joining
(5, 4, 4) and (1, 4, 6).
Solution : Method 1:
x -1 y - 4 z - 6
Equation of BC is = = =l
4 0 -2
Let M(4 + 1, 4, 6 – 2) as M lies on BC
1
AM BC [Link] 0 M 3, 4,5
Method 2 :
EN 2
Let A (1, 1, 1), B (5, 4, 4) and C (1, 4, 6) be the given points. Let M be the foot of the
perpendicular from A on BC.
If M divides BC in the ratio : 1, then
5 4 4 6 4
LL
co-ordinates of M are , ,
1 1 1
Direction ratios of BC are 1 – 5, 4 – 4, 6 – 4 i.e. –4, 0, 2
A(1,1,1)
A
90°
B M C
(5,4,4) (1,4,6)
5 4 4 6 4
D.R.'s of AM are 1, 1, 1
1 1 1
4 3 3 5 3
, , 4, 3 + 3, 5 + 3
1 1 1
Since AM BC
2(4) + 0(3 + 3) – 1 (5 + 3) = 0 8 – 5 – 3 = 0 = 1
Hence the co-ordinates of M are (3, 4, 5)
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JEE-Mathematics
x 1 y 3 z 2
Illustration 22 : Find the length of perpendicular drawn from P(2, – 3,1) to the line
2 3 1
Solution : Method 1 :
AP 3iˆ 6ˆj 3kˆ and AB 2iˆ 3jˆ kˆ
6 18 3 15
AQ = (Projection of AP on AB )
4 9 1 14
225 531
PQ AP 2 AQ 2 54 .
14 14
Method 2 :
x 1 y 3 z 2
Given line is .......(i)
2 3 1
and P(2, – 3,1)
EN
Co-ordinates of any point on (i) may be taken as
(2r – 1,3r + 3, – r – 2)
Let Q = (2r –1, 3r + 3,–r – 2)
P(2,–3,1)
LL
90°
A B
Q
(–1,3,–2)
A
Direction ratio's of PQ are : (2r –3, 3r +6, –r –3)
Direction ratio's of AB are : (2, 3, –1)
Since, PQ AB
15
2 (2r – 3) +3 (3r + 6) – 1 (–r – 3) = 0 r = –
14
22 3 13
Q = , ,
7 14 14
2 2 2
22 3 13 531 531
PQ2 = 2 3 1 PQ = units
7 14 14 14 14
86 E
Three Dimensional Geometry
x y 1 z 2
Illustration 23 : Find image of the point (1,6,3) in the line .
1 2 3
Solution : Let A = (1,6,3)
Let P be the foot of the perpendicular from A(1,6,3) to the given line
A
B
x y 1 z 2
t
1 2 3
EN
then P = (t, 2t + 1, 3t + 2)
D.r's of AP is perpendicular to the given line
1(t – 1) + 2(t – 5) + 3(3t – 1) = 0 t = 1, P = (1,3,5)
Let B be the image of A. Then P is mid-point of AB. B = (1,0,7)
Gyanoday - 4 :
LL
1. A line passes through two points A(2,–3,–l) and B(8,–1,2). Find the coordinates of a
point on this line at a distance of 14 units from A given that its coordinates are positive.
x 1 y 1 z 10
2. Find the reflection of the point A(1,0,0) in the line .
2 3 8
3. Find the foot of the perpendicular from (a,b,c) on the line x = y = z.
4. Find the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point A(1,0,3) to the join of the points
A
B (4,7,1) and C(3,5,3)
5. Find the equation of the line passing through (3,–1,11) and perpendicular to the line
x y 2 z 3
2 3 4
x 1 y 1
6. Find the coordinates of a point on the line z at a distance of 4 14 from
2 3
the point (1,–1,0) nearer to the origin.
x 2 y 1 z
7. The vertices B and C of a ABC lie on the line, such that
3 0 4
BC = 5 units. Then the area (in sq. units) of this triangle, given that the point A(1,–1,2),
is
(A) 2 34 (B) 34 (C) 6 (D) 5 17
E 87
JEE-Mathematics
7. LINE AND LINE :
7.1 SKEW LINES :
Two lines are called skew, if they are neither parallel nor intersecting. These are also called
non-coplanar lines.
7.2 SHORTEST DISTANCE BETWEEN SKEW THE LINES :
x x1 y y1 z z1 x x2 y y2 z z2
Let lines and are skew. Then shortest distance
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2
x 2 x1 y 2 y1 z 2 z1
a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2
between them is given by .
b c b2 c1
2
Solution :
EN 1 2
Illustration 24 : Find the shortest distance between the lines whose vector equations are
r i j 2 i j k and r 2 i j k 3i 5 j 2k .
Compare the given equations with r a1 b1 , r a 2 b2
a1 i j, b1 2 i j k , a 2 2 i j k, b2 3i 5 j 2k
LL
a1 a 2 i k
i j k
b1 b2 2 1 1 3i j 7k b1 b2 9 1 49 59
3 5 2
A
1 0 1
a1 a 2 b1 b2 2 1 1 10
3 5 2
a1 a 2 b1 b2 10
Shortest distance between the skew lines
b1 b2 59
7.3 DISTANCE BETWEEN PARALLEL LINES :
b a1 a 2
The distance between the parallel lines r a1 b, r a 2 b is .
b
88 E
Three Dimensional Geometry
Illustration 25 : Find the distance between the parallel lines given by r i 2 j 4k 2 i 3 j 6k
and r 3i 3 j 5k 2 i 3 j 6k .
Solution : Compare the given lines with r a1 b and r a 2 b , we get
a1 i 2 j 4k , a 2 = 3i + 3 j - 5k, b = 2 i + 3 j + 6k
b a1 a 2
Distance between the lines
b
i j k
a1 a 2 2 i j k and b a1 a 2 2 3 6 9i 14 j 4k
2 1 1
b a1 a 2 81 196 16 293 b 4 9 36 7
293
Distance between the lines
7
Gyanoday - 5 :
1.
2.
Find p, if lines
If the lines
3
x 2 y 3 z 4
1
1
k
EN
1 x 7y 14 z 3
2p
and
2
and
7 7x y 5 6 z
3p
x 1 y 4 z 5
k
2
1
1
5
are perpendicular.
are coplanar, then k can have :
(A) any value (B) exactly one value
LL
(C) exactly two values (D) exactly three values.
x 1 y 1 z x 1 y 1 z
3. If the straight lines and are coplanar, then the plane(s)
2 k 2 5 2 k
containing these two lines is(are)
(A) y + 2z = –1 (B) y + z = –1 (C) y – z = –1 (D) y – 2z = –1
4. A line with d.r.'s 2,1,2 meets each of the lines x = y + a = z and x + a = 2y = 2z at A and
A
B respectively. Then find the coordiantes of A and B.
x 2 y 3 z 4 x 1 y 2 z 3
5. Find the shortest distance between the lines ; .
3 4 5 2 3 4
x5 y 7 z2
6. A line with d.r's (2,7,–5) is draawn to intersect the lines and
3 1 1
x 3 y 3 z 6
at P and Q respectively. Find PQ
3 2 4
x 3 y 5 z 7
7. Find the equation of lines of shortest distance between the lines ;
1 2 1
x 1 y 1 z 1
.
7 6 1
E 89
JEE-Mathematics
8. EQUATION OF PLANES
8.1 DEFINITION :
A plane is a surface such that a line segment joining any two points on the surface lies
completely on it.
8.2 GENERAL EQUATION OF A PLANE :
The equation of any plane is linear equation of first degree in three variables i.e. of the form
ax + by + cz + d = 0, in which a, b, c are constants, not all zero simultaneously.
8.3 EQUATION OF PLANE PASSING THROUGH A FIXED POINT AND NORMAL TO A
GIVEN VECTOR :
Vector form : If is the position vector of a point on the plane and is a vector normal to the
plane then its vectorial equation is given by
r a .n 0 r.n d , where d a . n constant.
EN r
O
n
If n is a unit vector, then r.n d is called normal form of the plane and in this case d will be
perpendicular distance of origin from plane.
LL
Cartesian form : If a (x1 , y1 ,z1 ) and n aiˆ bjˆ ckˆ , then cartesian equation of plane will be
a(x – x1) + b(y – y1) + c(z – z1) = 0 or ax + by + cz + d = 0 where d = constant.
8.4 PLANE PARALLEL TO THE COORDINATE PLANES :
(i) Equation of yz plane is x = 0.
(ii) Equation of zx plane is y = 0.
A
(iii) Equation of xy plane is z = 0.
(iv) Equation of the plane parallel to xy plane at a distance c is z = c or z = –c.
(v) Equation of the plane parallel to yz plane at a distance c is x = c or x = –c
(vi) Equation of the plane parallel to zx plane at a distance c is y = c or y = –c.
8.5 EQUATIONS OF PLANES PARALLEL TO THE AXES :
If a = 0, the plane is parallel to x-axis i.e. equation of the plane parallel to x-axis is of form
by + cz + d = 0.
Similarly, equations of planes parallel to y-axis and parallel to z-axis are of form ax + cz + d = 0
and ax + by + d = 0 respectively.
90 E
Three Dimensional Geometry
8.6 EQUATION OF A PLANE IN INTERCEPT FORM :
Equation of the plane which cuts off intercepts a, b, c from the axes x, y, z respectively is
x y z
+ + = 1.
a b c
8.7 EQUATION OF A PLANE THROUGH THREE POINTS :
Vector form : Let A ( a ) , B ( a ) , C ( a ) be vertices of ABC. Then vector equation of the plane
passing through A,B,C is éë r - a b - a c - a ùû = 0 i.e. [r a b] +[r b c] +[r c a] = [a b c] .
Cartesian form : The equation of the plane through three non-collinear points (x1, y1, z1),
x – x1 y – y1 z – z1
(x2, y2, z2) and (x3, y3, z3) is x 2 – x1 y 2 – y1 z 2 – z1 = 0
x 3 – x1 y 3 – y1 z 3 – z1
Illustration 26 : Find the equation of the plane through the points A(2, 2, –1), B(3, 4, 2) and
Solution :
C(7, 0, 6).
Required equation is
5x + 2y – 3z = 17
EN
x - 2 y - 2 z +1
1
5
2
-2
3
7
=0
Illustration 27 : A plane meets the co-ordinates axes in A,B,C such that the centroid of the ABC is
x y z
LL
the point (p,q,r). Show that the equation of the plane is + + = 3.
p q r
Solution : Let the required equation of plane be.
x y z
+ + =1 ......(i)
a b c
Then, the co-ordinates of A, B and C are A(a, 0, 0), B(0, b, 0), C(0, 0, c) respectively
æ a b cö
So the centroid of the triangle ABC is ç , , ÷
A
è 3 3 3ø
But the co-ordinate of the centroid are given as (p,q,r)
a b c
= p, = q, = r
3 3 3
Putting the values of a, b and c in (i), we get the required plane as
x y z x y z
+ + =1 + + =3
3p 3q 3r p q r
Illustration 28 : Find the equation to the plane passing through the point (2,–1,3) which is the foot of
the perpendicular drawn from the origin to the plane.
Solution : The direction ratios of the normal to the plane are 2,–1,3.
The equation of required plane is 2(x – 2) –1(y + 1) + 3(z – 3) = 0
2x – y + 3z – 14 = 0
E 91
JEE-Mathematics
Illustration 29 : Find the equation of the plane passing through (2,3,–4), (1,–1,3) and parallel to
x-axis.
x -2 y -3 z +4
Solution : The equation of the plane is -1 -4 7 =0
1 0 0
7y + 4z = 5
Gyanoday - 6 :
1. Equation of a plane is 3x + 4y + 5z = 7. Find
(a) The direction cosines of its normal
(b) The points where it intersects the axes.
(c) Its intercept form.
(d) Its equation in normal form (in cartesian as well as in vector form)
2.
plane is:
(A) 2x–y–z=2
EN
A vector n is inclined to x-axis at 45º, to y –axis at 60º and at an acute angle to z-axis. If
n is a normal to a plane passing through the point ( 2 , –1, 1), then the equation of the
(B) 2x+y+z=2
(C) 3 2 x – 4y – 3z = 7 (D) 4 2 x + 7y + z = 2
LL
3. Find the vector equation of the plane whose Cartesian equation is 5x – 7y + 3z = 12.
Also find the Cartesian equation of the plane whose vector equation is
æ ˆi ˆj kˆ ö
( )
r - 2 ˆj . ç + - ÷ = 0 .
è 4 2 3ø
4. A variable plane passes through a fixed point (1, 2, 3). Show that the locus of the foot of
A
the perpendicular drawn from origin to this plane is given by the equation
x2 + y2 + z2 – x – 2y – 3z = 0.
5. Find the equation of plane passing through (1,1,1) and parallel to the lines L 1, L2 having
direction ratios (1,0, 1), (1, 1,0). Find the volume of tetrahedron formed by origin and
the points where these planes intersect the coordinate axes.
6. Feet of the perpendicular drawn from the point P(2,3,–5) on the axes of coordinates are
A,B and C. Find the equation of the plane passing through their feet and the area of
ABC.
7. Find equation of plane passing through (0,0,0), parallel to x = 2y = 3z and 2x = 3y = 4z.
8. Find equation of plane containing x = 2y – 2 = 3z + 6 and perpendicular to
x + 2y + 3z = 6.
92 E
Three Dimensional Geometry
9. POINT AND PLANE
9.1. POSITION OF TWO POINTS W.R.T. A PLANE :
Two points P(x1, y1, z1) & Q(x2, y2, z2) are on the same or opposite sides of a plane
ax + by + cz + d = 0 according as ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d & ax2 + by2 + cz2 + d are of same or opposite
signs.
Note :
(i) The plane divides the line joining the points P & Q externally or internally according to
P and Q lying on same or opposite sides of the plane.
(ii) Plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 divides the join of P(x1,y1,z1) and Q(x2,y2,z2) in ratio
ax1 by1 cz1 d
–
ax 2 by 2 cz 2 d
Illustration 30 : Find the ratio in which the plane x – 2y + 3z = 17 divides the line joining the points
(–2, 4, 7) and (3, –5, 8).
Solution : Let the required ratio be k : 1
ratio k : 1 are
k 1
2
EN
The co-ordinates of the point which divides the join of (–2, 4, 7) and (3, –5, 8) in the
3k 2 5k 4 8k 7
,
k 1 k 1 k 1
k 1
3
,
8k 7
k 1
Since this point lies on the plane x – 2y + 3z – 17 = 0
3k 2 5k 4
17 0
(3k – 2) –2 (–5k + 4) +3 (8k + 7) = 17 k + 17
3k + 10k + 24k – 17k = 17 + 2 + 8 – 21
6 3
LL
37k – 17k = 6 20k = 6 ; k =
20 10
3
Hence the required ratio = k : 1 = : 1 = 3 : 10
10
9.2 PERPENDICULAR DISTANCE OF A POINT FROM THE PLANE :
Vector form : If r . n d be the plane, then perpendicular distance p, of the point
| a.n d |
A( a ) p
A
|n|
d1 d 2
Distance between two parallel planes r .n d1 & r .n d 2 is .
|n|
Cartesian form : Perpendicular distance p, of the point A(x1, y1, z1) from the plane
| ax1 by1 cz1 d |
ax + by + cz + d = 0 is given by p
(a 2 b2 c 2 )
9.3 DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL PLANES :
d1 d 2
Vector form : Distance between parallel planes r .n d1 & r .n d 2 is .
|n|
Cartesian form : Distance between parallel planes ax + by + cz + d1 = 0 & ax + by + cz + d2 = 0
d1 d 2
is .
a 2 b2 c 2
E 93
JEE-Mathematics
Illustration 31 : Find the perpendicular distance of the point (2, 1, 0) from the plane 2x + y +2z + 5 = 0.
Solution : We know that the perpendicular distance of the point (x1, y1, z1) from the plane.
ax1 by1 cz1 d
ax + by + cz + d = 0 is
a 2 b2 c 2
2 2 11 2 0 5 10
So, required distance =
2 1 2
2 2 2 3
Illustration 32 : Show that the points ˆi ˆj 3kˆ and 3iˆ 3jˆ 3kˆ are equi-distant from the plane
r. 5iˆ 2ˆj 7kˆ 9 0 and are on the opposite sides of it.
Solution :
The given plane is r. 5iˆ 2ˆj 7kˆ 9
Length of the perpendicular from ˆi ˆj 3kˆ to it is
25 4 49 EN
9 ˆi ˆj 3kˆ . 5iˆ 2ˆj 7kˆ 9 5 2 21
Length of the perpendicular from 3iˆ 3jˆ 3kˆ
78
9
78
9 3iˆ 3jˆ 3kˆ . 5iˆ 2ˆj 7kˆ 9 15 6 21 9
LL
78 78 78
Thus the length of the two perpendiculars are equal.
Also 9 ˆi ˆj 3kˆ . 5iˆ 2ˆj kˆ 9 3iˆ 3jˆ 3kˆ . 5iˆ 2 ˆj 7kˆ 0
Hence they are located on opposite sides of the plane.
A
Illustration 33 : Find the locus of a point, the sum of squares of whose distances from the planes :
x – z = 0, x – 2y + z = 0 and x + y + z = 0 is 36.
Solution : Given planes are x – z = 0, x – 2y + z = 0 and, x + y + z = 0
Let the point whose locus is required be P(,,). According to question
| |2 | 2 |2 | |2
= 36
2 6 3
or 3(2+ 2 – 2) + 2 + 42 + 2 – 4 – 4 + 2 +2(2 + 2 + 2 + 2+2+2)=36 × 6
or 62 + 62 + 62 = 36 × 6 or 2 + 2 + 2 = 36
2 2 2
Hence, the required equation of locus is x + y + z = 36
94 E
Three Dimensional Geometry
9.4 FOOT OF PERPENDICULAR AND IMAGE OF A POINT IN A PLANE :
Let the plane Pºax + by + cz + d = 0 acts a mirror, A(x1,y1,z) is any point not lying on P, B is the
mirror image of A about plane P and M is the foot of perpendicular from A to plane P.
A(x1,y1,z1)
M
///////////////////////////
P:(ax + by + cz + d = 0)
If the coordinates of foot or perpendicular M are (x, y, z), then
x x1 y y1 z z1 ax by cz d
1 2 1 2 12
a
a
b
b
c
c
EN
a b c
If the coordinates of image B are (x, y, z), then :
x x1 y y1 z z1
2 1 2 1 2 12
a b c
ax by cz d
Illustration 34 : Find the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from origin to the plane
LL
3x + 4y – 6z + 1 = 0.
x0 y0 z0 1
Solution : Foot of perpendicular is given by
3 4 6 9 16 36
3 4 6
x ,y ,z
61 61 61
A
Illustration 35 : Find the point in which the plane r a b m a b c n a c b is cut by the
line through the point 2a 3b and parallel to c .
Solution : The equation of the line is r 2a 3b tc . This also gives any point on the line. If
the point lies in the given plane, then 2a 3b tc a b m a b c n a c b
Equating the coefficients, of a, b, c on both sides, we get m + n = 1, m – n = 4,
m = 5/2, n = –3/2 and t = –4.
Hence the p.v. of the required point is 2a 3b 4c
E 95
JEE-Mathematics
Illustration 36 : If a variable plane cuts the coordinate axes in A, B and C and is at a constant
distance p from the origin, find the locus of the centre of the tetrahedron OABC.
Solution : Let A (a, 0, 0), B (0, b, 0) and C (0, 0, c)
x y z
Equation of plane ABC is = 1
a b c
z
C(0,0,c)
O B(0,b,0)
y
A(a,0,0)
x
Now p = length of perpendicular from O to this plane
1 1
= or p2 = 2 2 2
...(i)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= ,= ,=
4
a 2 b2 c 2
4 4
EN
or, a = 4, b = 4, c = 4
a b c
Let G(, , ) be the centre of the tetrahedron OABC, then
a b c
Putting these values of a, b, c in equation (i), we get
a000 a
4
4
16 1 1 1 16
p2 = or 2 2 2 2
LL
1 1 1 p
2 2 2
Locus of (, , ) is x–2 + y–2 + z–2 = 16 p–2
Illustration 37 : Through a point P(h, k, ) a plane is drawn at right angles to OP to meet the
p5
coordinate axes in A, B and C. If OP = p, show that the area of ABC is, .
2 | hk |
A
Solution : OP = h 2 k2 2
=p
h k
Direction cosines of OP are , ,
h2 k2 2 h2 k2 2 h2 k2 2
Since OP is normal to the plane, therefore, equation of the plane will be
h k
x y z h2 k2 2
h k
2 2 2
h k
2 2 2
h k
2 2 2
or, hx + ky + z = h2 + k2 + 2 = p2
p2 p2 p2
A , 0, 0 , B 0, , 0, C 0, 0,
h k
Now area of ABC, 2 = A2xy + A2yz + A2zx
Now Axy = area of projection of ABC on xy-plane = area of AOB
96 E
Three Dimensional Geometry
p2
0 1
h
1 p2 1 p4
= Mod of 0 1=
2 k 2 hk
0 0 1
1 p4 1 p4
Similarly, Ayz = and Azx=
2 k 2 h
8 8 8
1 p 1 p 1 p p10
=
2
4 h 2 k 2 4 k 2 2 4 h 2 2 4h 2 k 2 2
p5
or =
2 | hk |
Gyanoday - 7 :
1. Find the perpendicular distance of the point P(1, 2, 3) from the plane 2x + y + z + 1 = 0.
2.
3.
4.
2x – 3y + 4z – 7 = 0.
EN
Find the equation of a plane passing through the line of intersection of the planes
x + 2y + 3z = 2 and x – y + z = 3 and at a distance
2
3
from the point (3, 1, –1).
Find the position of the point P(2, –2, 1), Q(3, 0, 1) and R(–12, 1, 8) w.r.t. the plane
Prove that if a plane has the intercepts a, b, c and is at a distance of p units from the
1 1 1 1
origin, then 2 2 2 2 .
LL
a b c p
5. Find the image of the point with position vector 3iˆ ˆj 2kˆ in the plane
r. 2iˆ ˆj kˆ 4
6. Find the distance of the point (1, –2, 3) from the plane x – y + z = 5 measured parallel to
x y z
A
the line .
2 3 6
7. If the distance of the point P(1,–2,1) from the plane x + 2y – 2z = , where > 0, is 5,
then find the foot of the perpendicular from P to the plane.
1 1 1
8. Find the distance of the point P(3,8,2) from the line x 1 y 3 z 2
2 4 3
measured parallel to the plane 3x + 2y – 2z + 15 = 0.
x 1 y 1 z
9. A perpendicular is drawn from a point on the line to the plane
2 1 1
x + y + z = 3 such that the foot of the perpendicular Q also lies on the plane
x – y + z = 3. Then the co-ordinates of Q are :
(A) (2,0,1) (B) (4,0,–1) (C) (–1,0,4) (D) (1,0,2)
E 97
JEE-Mathematics
10. PLANE AND PLANE
10.1. ANGLE BETWEEN TWO PLANES :
Vector form : If r .n1 d1 and r .n 2 d 2 be two planes, then acute angle between these planes
n1 . n 2
is the angle between their normals is given by cos
| n1 | | n 2 |
Planes are perpendicular if n 1 . n 2 0 and they are parallel if n 1 n 2 .
Cartesian form : Consider two planes ax + by + cz + d = 0 and a' x + b' y + c' z + d' = 0. Acute
angle between these planes is the angle between their normals is given by
aa ' bb ' cc '
cos
a 2 b 2 c 2 a '2 b '2 c ' 2
a b c
Planes are perpendicular if aa' + bb' + cc' = 0 and they are parallel if .
a ' b' c'
Solution :
by cos
3
.
EN
Illustration 38 : In a regular tetradedron, prove that the acute angle between any two faces is given
1
To find angle between two planes, find the angle
between cooresponding normals
OA OB OC AB BC CA
For plane OBC, normal n1 c b ;
......(i)
LL
For plane OBC, normal n 2 b a
n1 .n 2
c b . b a
cb . ba
c.b c.a
b.b b.a
A
cb . ab
1/ 4 1
3/ 4 3
98 E
Three Dimensional Geometry
Illustration 39 : Find the direction ratios of normal to the plane which passes through the points
(1, 0, 0) and (0, 1, 0) and makes angle with plane x + y = 3
4
x y z
Solution : The plane by intercept form is 1
1 1 c
1
direction ratios of normal of this plane are 1, 1, and that of given plane are 1, 1, 0.
c
1
1 .11 .1 0
c
cos
4 1
11 2 11 0
c
1 2 1 1
2 2
4 c
2 1 c 2
2 2
c2
d.r.’s are 1, 1,
10.2 PLANES PARALLEL TO A GIVEN PLANE :
EN 2
Equation of a plane parallel to the plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 is ax + by + cz + d' = 0. The value
of d' is to be found by other given condition.
LL
Illustration 40 : Find the angle between the planes x + y + 2z = 9 and 2x – y + z = 15.
Solution : We know that the angle between the planes a1x + b1y + c1z + d1 = 0 and
a1 a 2 b1 b2 c1 c 2
a2x + b2y + c2z + d2 = 0 is given by cos =
a b12 c12 a 22 b22 c 22
2
1
Therefore, angle between x + y + 2z = 9 and 2x – y + z = 15 is given by
A
(1)(2) (1)( 1) (2)(1) 1
cos = =
12 12 22 22 (1)2 12 2 3
Illustration 41 : Find the equation of the plane through the point (1, 4, –2) and parallel to the plane
–2x + y – 3z = 7.
Solution : Let the equation of a plane parallel to the plane –2x + y – 3z = 7 be –2x + y – 3z + k = 0
This passes through (1, 4, –2), therefore (–2) (1) + 4 – 3 (–2) + k = 0
–2 + 4 + 6 + k = 0 k = –8
Putting k = –8 in (i), we obtain –2x + y – 3z – 8 = 0 or –2x + y – 3z = 8
This is the equation of the required plane.
E 99
JEE-Mathematics
Illustration 42 : Find the distance between the parallel planes 2x – y + 2z + 3 = 0 and
4x – 2y + 4z + 5 = 0.
Solution : Let P(x1, y1, z1) be any point on 2x – y + 2z + 3 = 0, then 2x1 – y1 + 2z1 + 3 = 0
The length of the perpendicular from P(x1, y1, z1) to 4x – 2y + 4z + 5 = 0 is
4x1 2y1 4z1 5 2(2x1 y1 2z1 ) 5 2( 3) 5 1
[using (i)]
4 2 ( 2) 2 4 2 36 6 6
1
Therefore, the distance between the two given parallel planes is
6
10.3 UNSYMMETRICAL FORM OF LINE (LINE OF INTERSECTION OF TWO PLANES) :
The equations a1x + b1y + c1z + d1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2z + d2 = 0 together represents a line in
unsymmetrial form.
Note : Vector along the line of intersection of planes r.n1 q1 and r.n 2 = q 2 is n1 n 2 .
Procedure to convert Unsymmetrical Form of straight line to Symmetrical Form
Let the direction ratios of the line of intersection (AB) of two planes
a1x + b1y + c1z + d1 = 0
and a2x + b2y + c2z + d2 = 0
are a, b, c. EN
...........(i)
...........(ii)
Direction ratios of normal to plane (i) are a1,b1,c1 and
Direction ratios of normal to plane (ii) are a2,b2,c2
Line AB lies in both the plane (i) and (ii)
Hence normals to (i) and (ii) are both perpendicular to AB.
LL
A
ˆi ˆj kˆ
Hence AB is parallel to a1 b1 c1 i.e. cross product of normals.
B
a2 b2 c2
Let the line AB cuts the xy plane at (x1, y1, 0).
Hence a1x1 + b1y1 = –d1 and a2x1 + b2y1 = –d2. Solving these, we will get a point on the line AB.
Let AB = aiˆ + bjˆ + ckˆ
A
x x1 y y1 z 0
Equation of AB is .
a b c
Illustration 43 : Find the equation of the line 3x + 2y – z – 4 = 0 = 4x + y – 2z + 3 in symmetrical form.
ˆi ˆj kˆ
Solution : Cross product of normals 3 2 1 3iˆ 2ˆj 5kˆ
4 1 2
d.r's of the line are (–3,2, –5)
Since c 0, the line not parallel to xy-plane.
Let (x1, y1, 0) be a point on the line 3x1 + 2y1 – 4 = 0, 4x1 + y1 + 3 = 0
By solving these equations we get x1 = –2, y1 = 5
Hence point on the line is (–2,5,0)
x2 y5 z0
Hence the equation of the line in symmetrical form is
3 2 5
100 E
Three Dimensional Geometry
10.4 FAMILY OF PLANES :
Consider two planes u ax + by + cz + d = 0 and v a' x + b' y + c' z + d' = 0.
The equation u + v = 0, a real parameter, represents the plane passing through the line of
intersection of given planes and if planes are parallel, this represents a plane parallel to them.
Illustration 44 : Find the equation of plane containing the line of intersection of the plane
x + y + z – 6 = 0 and 2x + 3y + 4z + 5 = 0 and passing through (1, 1, 1).
Solution : The equation of the plane through the line of intersection of the given planes is,
(x + y + z – 6) + (2x + 3y + 4z + 5) = 0 ......(i)
If it is passes through (1, 1, 1)
3
(1 + 1 + 1 – 6) + (2 + 3 + 4 + 5) = 0 =
14
3
Putting =3/14 in (i); we get (x + y + z – 6) + (2x + 3y + 4z + 5) = 0
14
20x + 23y + 26z – 69 = 0
EN
Illustration 45 : Find the equation of the plane through the line of intersection of the planes
Solution :
ax + by + cz + d = 0 and x + y + z + = 0 and also perpendicular to the xy-plane.
Let the equation of any plane through the line of intersection of the given planes is
(ax + by + cz + d) + (x + y + z + ) = 0
or x(a + ) + y(b + ) + z(c + ) + (d + ) = 0
...(1)
...(2)
Now the equation of the xy-plane i.e, z = 0 ...(3)
LL
If the planes (2) and (3) are , we have 0(a + ) + 0(b + ) + 1(c + ) = 0, or
= –c/
Putting this value of in (1), the equation of the required plane is
c
ax by cz d x y z 0
or a c x b c y dy c 0
A
10.5 BISECTORS OF ANGLES BETWEEN TWO PLANES :
Let the equations of the two planes be ax + by + cz + d = 0 and a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d1 = 0.
Then equations of bisectors of angles between them are given by
ax by cz d a1 x b1 y c1 z d1
(a 2 b 2 c 2 ) (a12 b12 c12 )
(a) Equation of bisector of the angle containing origin : First make both constant terms
positive. Then positive sign give the bisector of the angle which contains the origin.
(b) Bisector of acute/obtuse angle : First making both constant terms positive,
aa1 + bb1 + cc1 > 0 origin lies in obtuse angle
aa1 + bb1 + cc1 < 0 origin lies in acute angle
E 101
JEE-Mathematics
Illustration 46 : Find the equation of the bisector planes of the angles between the planes
2x – y + 2z + 3 = 0 and 3x – 2y + 6z + 8 = 0 and specify the plane which bisects the
acute angle and the plane which bisects the obtuse angle.
Solution : The two given planes are 2x – y + 2z + 3 = 0 and 3x – 2y + 6z + 8 = 0
where d1, d2 > 0
and a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 6 + 2 + 12 > 0
a 1 x b1 y c1 z d1 a 2 x b2 y c 2 z d 2
=– (acute angle bisector)
a12 b12 c12 a 22 b 22 c 22
a1 x b1 y c1 z d a 2 x b2 y c 2 z d 2
and = (obtuse angle bisector)
a12 b12 c12 a 22 b 22 c 22
2x y 2z 3 3x 2y 6z 8
i.e., =±
4 1 4 9 4 36
(14x – 7y + 14z + 21) = ± (9x –6y + 18z + 24)
Taking positive sign on the right hand side,
we get
Gyanoday - 8 :
1.
2.
5x – y – 4z – 3 = 0
EN
23x – 13y + 32z + 45 = 0
(obtuse angle bisector)
and taking negative sign on the right hand side,
we get (acute angle bisector)
Find the angle between the planes 3x + 4y + z + 7 = 0 and –x + y – 2z = 5
Two given planes are –2x + y – 2z + 5 = 0 and 6x – 2y + 3z – 7 = 0. Find
LL
(a) equation of planes bisecting the angle between the planes.
(b) equation of a planes parallel to the plane bisecting the angle between both the two
planes and passing through the point (3, 2, 0).
(c) which plane is acute angle bisector and which one is obtuse angle bisector.
3. Find the equation of the plane passing through the line of intersection of the planes
r. ˆi ˆj kˆ 1 and r. 2iˆ 3jˆ kˆ 4 0 and parallel to x-axis.
A
4. Find the symmetrical form of the line x – y + 2z = 5, 3x + y + z = 6.
5. Find volume of tetrahedron formed by planes x + y + z = 3, x + 2y + 3z = 6,
x + 2y + z = 4 and x = 0.
6. The plane through the intersection of the planes x + y + z = 1 and 2x + 3y – z + 4 = 0
and parallel to y-axis also passes through the point :
(A) (–3,0,–1) (B) (3,3,–1) (C) (3,2,1) (D) (–3,1,1)
x 3 y 2 z 1
7. The plane containing the line and also containing its projection on
2 1 3
the plane 2x + 3y – z = 5, contains which one of the following points ?
(A) (2,0,–2) (B) (–2,2,2) (C) (0,–2,2) (D) (2,2,0)
102 E
Three Dimensional Geometry
8. A tetrahedron has vertices P(1,2,1), Q(2,1,3), R(–1,1,2) and O(0,0,0). The angle between
theces OPQ and PQR is :
9 19 17 7
(A) cos 1 (B) cos 1 (C) cos 1 (D) cos 1
35 35 31 31
9. A plane passing through the points (0,–1,0) and (0,0,1) and making an angle with the
4
plane y – z + 5 = 0, also passes through the point
(A) 2,1, 4 (B) 2,1, 4 (C) 2, 1, 4
(D) 2, 1, 4
11. LINE AND PLANE
x x1 y y1 z z1
Let equations of the line L and plane P be and ax + by + cz + d = 0
m n
respectively.
11.1 ANGLE BETWEEN A LINE AND A PLANE :
EN
between the line and the normal to the plane.
^n
2
If is the angle which line L makes with the plane P, then is the angle
–
2
LL
a bm cn
So, sin
a b c2
2 2 2
m 2 n2
Line is parallel to plane if = 0 i.e. if a + bm + cn = 0.
a b c
Line is perpendicular to the plane if line is parallel to the normal of the plane i.e. if .
A
m n
x 2 y 1 z 3
Illustration 47 : Find the angle between the line and the plane
3 1 2
3x + 4y + z + 5 = 0.
x 2 y 1 z 3
Solution : The given line is ....... (i)
3 1 2
and the given plane is 3x + 4y + z + 5 = 0 ....... (ii)
If the line (i) makes angle with the plane (ii), then the line (i) will make angle
(90° – ) with the normal to the plane (i). Now direction-ratios of line (i) are 3, –1, –2
and direction-ratios of normal to plane (ii) are 3, 4, 1
(3)(3) (1)(4) (2)(1) 942 3
cos(90 ) sin
9 1 4 9 16 1 14 26 14 26
3
Hence sin 1
14 26
E 103
JEE-Mathematics
11.2 CONDITION THAT A LINE LIES ON THE GIVEN PLANE :
x x1 y y1 z z1
The line will lie on the plane Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 if
m n
(a) A + Bm + Cn = 0 and (b) Ax1 + By1 + Cz1 + D = 0
11.3 COPLANAR LINES :
Two lines are said to be coplanar if they are either parallel or intersecting.
11.4 CONDITION FOR TWO LINES TO BE COPLANAR :
x x1 y y1 z z1
(i) The line lies in the plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 if ax1 + by1 = cz + d = 0,
m n
a + bm + cn = 0.
(ii) If the lines
coplanar then
x x1
m EN
y y1 z z1
a1 b1 m c1 n
n
, a1x + b1y + c1z + d1 = 0 = a2x + b2y + c2z + d2 are
a1 x1 b1 y1 c1 z1 d1 a 2 x1 b 2 y1 c 2 z1 d 2
a 2 b2 m c 2 n
x x1 y y1 z z1 x x 2 y y 2 z z 2
(iii) The lines , are coplanar.
LL
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2
x1 x 2 y1 y 2 z1 z 2
a1 b1 c1 0
a2 b2 c2
x 3 y 1 z k x 1 y 2 z 5
A
Illustration 48 : The value of K, if the lines and are
3 1 5 1 2 5
coplanar
Solution : Points on the given lines (x1, y1, z1) = (–3,,k)
(x2, y2, z2) = (–1,2,5)
D.r's of given lines (a1,b1,c1) = (–3,1,5) (a2,b2,c2) = (–1,2,5)
2 1 k 5
3 1 5 0 K=5
1 2 5
104 E
Three Dimensional Geometry
xad ya zad xbc yb zbc
Illustration 49 : Prove that lines and are
coplanar
(x1,y1,z1) = (a – d, a,a + d)
(x2,y2,z2) = (b – c, b,b + c)
(a1,b1,c1) = ( – , , + )
(a2,b2,c2) = ( – , , + )
x1 x 2 y1 y 2 z1 z 2 adbc ab adbc
Now, a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2
c1 c1 + c2 + c3
3a b a b a d b c
3
3
0
EN
Hence given lines are coplanar
LL
11.5 EQUATION OF PLANE CONTAINING TWO INTERSECTING LINES :
x 1 y 1 z 1 x 2 y 2 z 2
Let the two lines and be intersecting.
1 m1 n1 2 m2 n2
x - a1 y - b1 z - g1
A
Then the equation of planes containing the two lines is 1 m1 n1 = 0
2 m2 n2
x 1 y 6 z 1
Illustration 50 : Find the equation of the plane containing the line and parallel to
3 4 2
x 4 y 1 z 3
the line .
2 3 5
x 1 y 6 z 1
Solution : Required equation is 3 4 2 0
2 3 5
26x – 11y – 17z = 109, which is the required equation of the plane.
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JEE-Mathematics
11.6 LINE OF GREATEST SLOPE :
Let H and G are two planes. Then line of greatest slope is that line that lies in G-plane and makes
angle with H-plane, such that tanis maximum.
G-plane
A P
Q
H-plane
B
It is a line in the G-plane and perpendicular to the line of intersection of the G-plane with the
H- plane. PQ is the line of greatest slope. Its direction cosines can be determined by the facts that
(i) It lies in G-plane
(ii)
Solution :
EN
It is perpendicular to AB, the line of intersection of G and H plane.
Illustration 51 : Assuming the plane 4x–3y +7z =0 to be horizontal, find the equation of the line of
greatest slope on the plane 2x +y – 5z = 0, passing through the point (2,1,1).
The required line passing through the point P (2,1,1) in the plane 2x + y – 5z = 0 and
is having greatest slope, so it must be perpendicular to the line of intersection of the
plane.
LL
2x + y – 5z = 0 ......(i)
and 4x – 3y + 7z = 0 ......(ii)
Let the d.r'.s of the line of intersection of (i) and (ii) be a, b, c
2a + b – 5c = 0 and 4a – 3b + 7c = 0
A
{as dr'.s of straight line (a, b,c) is perpendicular to d.r'.s of normal to both the planes}
a b c
4 17 5
Now let the direction ratio of required line be proportional to , m, n then its equation
x2 y 1 z 1
be
m n
m n
where 2 + m – 5n = 0 and 4 + 17m + 5n = 0 so,
3 1 1
x 2 y 1 z 1
Thus the required line is
3 1 1
106 E
Three Dimensional Geometry
Gyanoday - 9 :
x 2 y 3 z 4
1. The line is perpendicular to which of the following planes?
3 4 5
(A) 2x + y – 2z = 0 (B) 3x + 4y + 5z = 7
(C) x + y + z = 2 (D) 2x + 3y + 4z = 0
x 1 y z 5
2. If the line lies in the plane x + 2y – z = 0, then find and .
2 3
x 1 y 2 z 2
3. For the line , which one of the following is incorrect ?
3 5 2
4.
5.
EN
(A) it lies in the plane x – 2y + z = 0
(C) it passes through (2,3,5)
parallel to the plane 2x – y + mz – 2 = 0.
If is the angle between line
(B) it is same as line
x 1 y 1 z 2
1
2
2
x y z
1 2 3
(D) it is parallel to the plane x – 2y + z = 6
Find the absolute value of m for which the line 3x – 2y + z + 3 = 4x – 3y + 4z + 1 is
and the plane 2x y z 4 0 is
1
LL
such that sin , then find .
3
x 1 y 1 z 3
6. Find the equation of the plane containing the line and perpendicular
2 1 4
to the plane x + 2y + z = 12.
7. The point P is the intersection of the straight line joining the points Q(2,3,5) and
R(1,–1,4) with the plane 5x – 4y – z = 1. If S is the foot of the perpendicular drawn
A
from the point T(2,1,4) to QR, then find the length of the line segment PS.
8. Find the equation to the line of greatest slope through the point (7, 2, –1) in the plane
x–2y + 3z = 0 assuming that the axes are so placed that the plane 2x + 3y – 4z = 0 is
horizontal.
x 3 y 4 z 5
9. (a) Find the projection of line an the plane 4x +4y – 5z + 54 = 0.
2 3 4
x 1 y z 1
(b) The projection of the line in the plane x – 2y + z = 6 is the line
1 2 3
of intersection of this plane with which of the following planes?
(A) 2x + y + 2 = 0 (B) 3x + y – z = 2
(C) 2x – 3y + 8z = 3 (D) x + y – z = l
x 1 y 3 z 4
10. Find the image of the line in the plane 2x – y + z + 3 = 0.
3 1 5
E 107
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