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Polynomials

The document provides an introduction to polynomials, defining them as mathematical expressions with variables, coefficients, and specific operations. It categorizes polynomials based on the number of terms (monomial, binomial, trinomial, quadrinomial) and their degree (linear, quadratic, cubic), and discusses concepts like zero polynomials and the geometrical meaning of polynomial zeros. Additionally, it covers polynomial division, factorization methods, and synthetic division techniques.

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4 views28 pages

Polynomials

The document provides an introduction to polynomials, defining them as mathematical expressions with variables, coefficients, and specific operations. It categorizes polynomials based on the number of terms (monomial, binomial, trinomial, quadrinomial) and their degree (linear, quadratic, cubic), and discusses concepts like zero polynomials and the geometrical meaning of polynomial zeros. Additionally, it covers polynomial division, factorization methods, and synthetic division techniques.

Uploaded by

reaper.notidotmemes
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

-6

0 5
4
-1 -2
3
2
1
8
Polynomials
Introduction to Polynomials

Polynomials Non-Polynomials
A polynomial is a mathematical expression
consisting of variables, coefficients, and the If an algebraic expression has a radical
operations of addition, subtraction, in it, then it is a non-polynomial.
multiplication, and non-negative integer
exponents. Examples:

Examples:
Types of Polynomial – Based on Number of Terms

Number of Terms Polynomial Example

One Monomial

Two Binomial

Three Trinomial

Four Quadrinomial
Degree of Polynomials
Types of Polynomial – Based on Degree

Degree Polynomial

One Linear

Two Quadratic

Three Cubic
Zero Polynomial

0 is known as zero polynomial.

Degree of zero polynomial is not defined.

Since we can make polynomial of any degree as zero


polynomial by taking coefficients of its variable as zero.
Value of a Polynomial
Zero of a Polynomial
Geometrical Meaning of Zeroes of a Polynomial

Wherever a graph touches x-axis or cuts x-axis, the x-coordinate of that


point is the zero of the polynomial. e.g.

0
X
1 2

Y’

Here, as we can see, graph of the polynomial cuts x-axis at x = 2.


x = 2 is the zero of the polynomial.
Geometrical Meaning of Zeroes of a Polynomial

Consider more figures,

Y Y

X 0
X
0

Y’ Y’

Here, as we can observe that the graphs of the polynomials do not cut or
touch the x-axis. Polynomial has no zeroes.
Facts
Division of Polynomials

Divisor Quotient

= × +

Dividend Remainder
Division of Polynomials

Step 1: Write down the problem in the division format.

Step 2: Find the quotient of the first term of the dividend by dividing the first
term of the divisor.

Step 3: Subtract the product of the divisor and the quotient from the
dividend

Step 4: Consider the remainder obtained as the new dividend and repeat
steps 1 to 3 until the degree of the remainder is less than the degree of the
divisor
Consider the remainder obtained as the new dividend and repeat steps 1
to 3 until the degree of the remainder is less than the degree of the divisor
Factorisation By taking out common factor
Factorisation by grouping the terms
Middle Term Factorisation
Factorizing a Polynomial by Factor Theorem
Factorizing a Polynomial by Factor Theorem
Factorising a Polynomial by Factor Theorem (Alternate Method)

• This method can be used, if it is easier to obtain one factor by


factor theorem and then the given polynomial is divided by the
factor obtained to get a quotient.

• It can be very helpful if the quotient is a quadratic polynomial,


which can be factorised by splitting the middle term.
Results of Factor Theorem

Factor Theorem Example


Results of Factor Theorem

Factor Theorem Example


Results of Factor Theorem
Algebraic Identities

4
Cubic Identities

4
Synthetic Division of Polynomials

Let’s understand this method with an example:

[Remainder]

[coefficient of quotient]
Synthetic Division of Polynomials

Step 1 :

Step 2 :

Step 3 : Bring down the leading coefficient of the dividend, multiply it by 2 and add
the second coefficient to get -27.

Step 4 : Now, multiply -27 by 2 and add this to the third coefficient to get -9.

Step 5 : This process is continued until the final sum.

Step 6 :
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