HUMANITIES- QUESTION BANK

24. Spreading of city due to migration from populated city to suburban/rural land.

Ans- Spreading of city due to migration from populated city to suburban/rural land is
known as Urban sprawl.

It refers to the migration of a population from populated towns and cities to low
density residential development over more and more rural land.

25. Urban spread constituting a town and adjoining urban outgrowths.

Ans- Urban Agglomeration is a continuous urban spread constituting a town and its
adjoining urban outgrowths.

26. Population per unit.

Ans- Population density is the number of people per unit of area, usually quoted per
square kilometre or square mile, and which may include or exclude for example
areas of water or glaciers. Commonly this may be calculated for a county, city,
country, another territory or the entire world.

For example, a population of 100 people that live in an area of 100 square meters
has a density of 1 person per square meter.

27. Smaller metro area located somewhere near to but are mostly independent of
larger metro.

Ans. Smaller metro area located somewhere near to but are mostly independent of
larger metro is known as satellite city.

Conceptually, satellite cities could be self-sufficient communities outside of their

larger metropolitan areas.

28. Towns that are located close to cities where people live but go to another town
or mother city for their livelihood.

Ans. Satellite city

29. Full grown city with a large population and high potentialities like water routes,
more defensible site, public services like transport, water supply, drainage,
electricity etc.

Ans- Full grown city with a large population and high potentialities like water routes,
more defensible site, public services like transport, water supply, drainage, electricity
etc. is known as metropolitan city.

30. Area which share characteristics of urban at the same time rural land in the
countryside on the edge of a town or city, on which new housing ,economy etc. are
being built.
Ans- Area which share characteristics of urban at the same time rural land in the
countryside on the edge of a town or city, on which new housing, economy etc. are
being built is known as Urban fringe.

Urban fringe of the modern city is a significant area because it signifies both urban
as well as rural characteristics. This should not be treated as two distinct zones as the
city merges perceptibly into rural countryside by way of mixed land uses.

31. The Outcome of growth of a town or city which usually serve as dormitories and
depend on parent city for certain services, amenities, or special requirements.

Ans- Satellite city.

32. Explain how urbanization happened in India.

Ans.

 Though the growth and development of city were started from ancient and
medieval age but mostly developed in Colonial period.
 In the late 19th century, Britian had become the most highly urbanized nation
of the world.
 European migrants were dominant as for example in the U.S.A., Australia,
Asia, Africa there was tendency for cities to develop the Britisher had newly
come in India, established the new empire as they new man so they had new
demand in India.
 Therefore they accepted an extraordinary manoeuver to build up the city.
 There were many type city would be buildup by the patronage of Britisher in
the colonial period like Hill Town, Railway Station Town, Court Town, Industrial
Commercial Town, Cantonment Town, Port Town and Administrative or
Presidency Town etc.
1. CANTONMENT TOWN:
 We know that the Britisher occupied the Indian Territory and political
power by their military force and gave the permanency of their rule in
India.
 After that they also occupied the political power and business marked
of Africa, Burma, Singapore, China and approximately all over South-
East Asia by the Indian Money, Indian Army and from the Indian
Territory.
 So they needed strong military campaign and established the
cantonment.
 The needful thing of army to supply the people began to live these
places and gradually there were grown up a city.
 For example- Yashohar Cantonment Town, Darbhanga Cantonment
Town, Kanpur Cantonment Town, Lahore Cantonment Town etc.
2. THE METROPOLITAN CITIES:
 By the start of the 20th century, Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras had
become the leading cities of India.
 Calcutta, Madras and Bombay were leading administrative,
commercial and industrial cities.
 The city’s focal point was the central commercial area, with tall
European-styled buildings, representing the banks and headquarters of
commercial and industrial houses. In 1911, the capital of the British
India Empire was shifted to Delhi and an entirely new city- New Delhi
was built.
 This new city was completed by about 1935. New Delhi had a modern
commercial, a magnificent administrative area.
3. INDUSTRIAL AND PORT CITY:
 The British had come to India for trading interest and they occupied
the political power for the weakness of Indian unity to grown up the
business interest.
 During the American Civil War (1862-64) lost cotton industry, the
Britisher established the cotton industry at Ahmedabad in Gujrat and
then which was made a big city.
 They founded the Jute Industry in the two bank of the Hoogly River, the
raw material had come from the different part of India into the
different Industry by the ships, railway etc. and many raw material had
to send to England from the Calcutta.
 Bombay, Madras, Karachi port etc. The worker of industry, port etc.
had come in the industry, tea garden from the different part of India
and they began to live there.
 So the capitalist group, working class and different professional man
started to live in the industry, port area.
4. RAILWAY STATION- CUM-COURT TOWN:
 The introduction of railways in India in the latter half of the 19th century
contributed to the emergence of a national network of urban places,
in which the metropolitan cities formed the primary foci, supported by
the one lakh cities, which acted as satellite centers.
 The railway station, soon become a focal point of the city, rivaled only
by the main market center.
 The cities began to grow in the direction of the railway station and
even the main market began to shift towards this area.

URBANIZATION IN INDIA AFTER INDEPENDENCE URBANIZATION during Post

Independence period

 The major changes that have occured in India’s urban scene in the post
independence period are:
1. the building of new administrative cities such as chandigarh,bhubaneshwar
and gandhinagar
2. the construction of new industrial cities and new industrial townships near
major cities.
3. the rapid growth of one lakh and million cities.•
4. Increase in slums in major cities,and emergence of rural urban fringe.
5. the introduction of city planning and general improvement in the civic
amenities

33. What is globalization. Explain how globalization changed the life and face of
cities.
Ans-

Globalization has been defined as the process of rapid integration of countries and
happenings through greater foreign trade and foreign investment. It is the process of
international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas
and other aspects of culture.

Economic Impact:

1. Greater Number of Jobs: The advent of foreign companies and growth in

economy has led to job creation. However, these jobs are concentrated
more in the services sector and this has led to rapid growth of service sector
creating problems for individuals with low level of education. The last decade
came to be known for its jobless growth as job creation was not
proportionate to the level of economic growth.

2. More choice to consumers: Globalisation has led to a boom in consumer

products market. We have a range of choice in selecting goods unlike the
times where there were just a couple of manufacturers.

3. Higher Disposable Incomes: People in cities working in high paying jobs have
greater income to spend on lifestyle goods. There has been an increase in the
demand of products like meat, egg, pulses, organic food as a result. It has
also led to protein inflation.

Socio-Cultural Impact on Indian Society

1 Access to education: On one hand globalisation has aided in the

explosion of information on the web that has helped in greater
awareness among people. It has also led to greater need for
specialisation and promotion of higher education in the country.
2 Growth of cities: It has been estimated that by 2050 more than 50% of
India’s population will live in cities. The boom of services sector and city
centric job creation has led to increasing rural to urban migration.
3 Indian Performing Arts: The music of India includes multiples varieties of
religious, folk, popular, pop, and classical music. India’s classical music
includes two distinct styles: Carnatic and Hindustani music. It remains
instrumental to the religious inspiration, cultural expression and pure
entertainment. Indian dance too has diverse folk and classical forms.
4 Nuclear Families: The increasing migration coupled with financial
independence has led to the breaking of joint families into nuclear
ones. The western influence of individualism has led to an aspirational
generation of youth. Concepts of national identity, family, job and
tradition are changing rapidly and significantly.
34. How can the design of a city help in reducing crime against
women? Give few examples.
UNSAFE PUBLIC SPACES

• One in three women have experienced some kind of physical or sexual violence, according to the
World Health Organization
• To drive gender balance for economic progress, it is important that our ‘engines of growth’ – our
cities – become safer, more secure and comfortable for women
• In 2012, the gruesome ‘Nirbhaya’ gang rape in the nation’s capital city Delhi, triggered outrage not
only in India but across the world, compelling the government to overhaul anti-rape laws.
Unfortunately, these legal amendments have not put an end to or diluted the harassment faced by
women in public spaces so far.
• Violence against women and girls continues to plague our roads, public transport facilities and even
places of recreation. An array of acts constitute gender-based violence in public places – ranging from
non-physical intimidation like passing of lewd comments, aggressive staring or gesturing to physical
intimidation like molestation, physical assaults (acid attacks, etc.) and rape.

HOW DESIGN OF A CITY HELP IN REDUCING CRIME AGAINST WOMEN

• In India, urban planning – a design and infrastructure prerogative – has traditionally never been
associated with ‘safety’, which is largely a law-and-order issue.
• Proper lighting
It is well-documented that areas with no or inadequate streetlights are prone to crime in cities. Well-
lit streets provide a safer environment to the users, especially pedestrians. ‘Dimly lit roads’ have
habitually been cited as a major cause of concern for women’s safety in Indian cities, with periodic
reports about incidents from metropolitan areas like Bengaluru, Mumbai, Chennai and cities
like Trichy and Bhopal. Clearly, increasing visibility is important to reduce gender-related and other
crimes in public spaces.

• Avoid negative spaces in public areas (avoid dark corners, design positive spaces with
interesting design elements). Neat and clean streets
A thriving urban area is one where people feel safe in public spaces despite being with complete
strangers.
• CCTV and other modes of surveillance.
Our cities need to encourage activities and porosity on the streets to build natural surveillance.
Distributing land-use so that streets are populated with a healthy number of cafes, restaurants and
recreational places – like libraries and sitting areas – will ensure that people use them. Cities should
also offer legitimate space and conveniences to the informal sector like hawkers, auto-rickshaw
stands and so on, to facilitate the public. Porosity can be created by restricting heights of boundary
walls, having houses and building gates face the roads, among other such measures.
• Safe Public Transportation
Public transport is crucial for economic development and can be made safer too. The 2011 census
states that 45% women do not use bicycles, buses, trains or private vehicles for work – in other
words, they walk. Mobility in Indian cities is increasingly being transformed by technology-enabled
shared mobility companies operating in the taxis, auto-rickshaws, ride-shares, car pools, and
employee transport spaces. Providing safe, equitable, and comfortable public transport and para-
transit services, which are also cost-effective, will go a long way in improving women’s participation in
the workforce even as it would encourage use of sustainable mass-transit among Indian societies.
SHE taxi service
• Mixed-Use Design
There are many reasons planners favour mixed-use design, including smaller carbon footprints and
increased access to economic opportunity. Easy and efficient access to work, leisure, home, and
 childcare makes juggling responsibilities much easier, particularly for women. But one of the most
important benefits of mixed-use planning is what the urbanist Jane Jacobs famously called “eyes on
the street.” If an area is used for multiple purposes, there will always be somebody—a homemaker,
shopkeeper, pedestrian, peddler, or office worker—keeping a passive watch, inadvertently but
effectively policing it 24 hours a day. Street vendors, for example, may be the most perennial pairs of
eyes that monitor any streets, and even police have tapped this human resource.
• Provision of training on achieving skills in different types of works, financial literacy and economic
development — SHG.
• Access to public phones, charging points, police control rooms, NGOs
• Improved sanitation — proper clean toilet facilities
• Proper resting and seating areas in public spaces

35. Explain how urbanization and infrastructure development is linked?

Mention the advantages and disadvantages of the infrastructure of Mumbai
with the help of examples
• Urban growth primarily happens when there is infrastructural development in terms of
manufacturing, invention, housing, and new transport systems or routes that encourage the
immigration of people into new urban spaces.
• Urbanization, on the other hand, is mainly influenced by increased commercial or economic activities
within an area. The meaning of this is that the economic hub an area defines urbanization.
• The more the economic, capital investments, and trade activities within an area, the more urbanized
it becomes.
Advantages of the infrastructure of Mumbai:

• Mumbai has urbanized over the past century and urbanized rapidly from its origins as a fishing village.
The site of the fishing village soon became a port region as the site favored development. Protected
from the Arabian Sea by a peninsular land at the southern end of Salsette Island, it had access to sea
on two sides and the British colonial administration in India developed the sheltered inlet into a major
port.
• The British viewed the port and surroundings as the “Gateway to India”. The city grew during British
rule as variety of services grew up around the port and continued to grow after British left in 1947.
More and more people started migrating from other parts of the country as development in some parts
had become stagnant.
• Mumbai soon became a center of trade and commerce not only because of the geographical context
but also because of increase in manpower. This was followed by the development of educational
institutions and businesses. The way for globalization was paved. The city soon became the financial
capital of the country and migration from different parts led to a diversity of cultures as well as classes.
• There were filthy rich businessmen, the middle-class group that worked for them and the poor that
worked under them. This in turn led to distinct social characteristics. While some parts witnessed sky
scrapers, clusters of slums started developing in many parts. Due to increase in cost of land, housing
and every other amenity after globalization, the migrants had to agglomerate in slums that had filthy
conditions
• 20th CENTURY: Today, Mumbai is the commercial capital of India and has evolved into a global financial
hub. For several decades it has been the home of India's main financial services, and a focus for both
infrastructure development and private investment. From being an ancient fishing community and
colonial center of trade, Mumbai has become South Asia's largest city and home of the world's most
prolific film industry.

Disadvantages of the infrastructure of Mumbai:

 • A problem of rapid rural to urban migration is the development of squatter settlements.
• In Mumbai the squatter settlement of Dharavi is now home to more than 1 million people. Dharavi lies
between two railway lines and is one of the biggest squatter settlements in the world. The squatter
settlement is unplanned and has these characteristics:
• overcrowded, noisy and smelly
• houses are made from cardboard, wood, corrugated iron, plastic sheeting and metal from oil drums
• lack of sanitation and clean drinking water
• open sewers
• pollution and disease are common
• thousands of workshops and people employed in the informal job sector.

36. Floating population is NOT a part of official census count explain

• Floating population is a terminology used to describe a group of people who reside in a given
population for a certain amount of time and for various reasons, but are not generally considered part
of the official census count.
• A population is usually broken down into two categories—the residents, who permanently stay in an
area for a considerable amount of time and are part of the official population count, and the floating
types, who are in the area but do not live there permanently and are not considered part of the
official census count.
• The residing population of a city can be sub-classified into two groups, one who permanently resides
in a city for a considerably long duration of time like ten to fifteen years, and the others are those, like
hostel students and transferable government servants, who might live for two to three years in a
given area, as per their requirements, but are replaced by an equal number of new population for the
same purpose after their departure. Thus, at any given time the number of people under this category
remains more or less the same.
• The floating population, on the other hand, of a city consists of two types. The first category is those
who visit a place regularly but do not stay in that area permanently or long enough to be considered
official, like any person working in a city for a short time job.
• The second type consists of visitors or guests who might live for a small span of time, but their time of
stay and their next visit are not predictable, like tourists and seasonal visitors

37. What is statutory town and Census town?

Statutory town: A Statutory Town is one with a municipality, corporation, cantonment board or notified town
area committee. As per 2011 Census, there are 4,041 such towns as against 3,799 in 2001. Benefits for states:
Conversion of Census towns into statutory ULBs entitle states to Central assistance as per the guidelines of
14th Finance Commission. Under Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT), 50%
weightage is given to the number of statutory towns in any State/UT in allocation of funds among States/UTs.

Census Town: It is an area with urban characteristics like a minimum population of 5,000, at least 75% of the
male main working force engaged in non-agricultural activities and population density of at least 400 persons
per [Link]. As per 2011 Census, there are 3,784 Census Towns as against 1,362 in 2001. Examples of Indian
census towns include Greater Noida and Chakeri in Uttar
Pradesh; Indranagar in Tripura, Begampur, Chandpara, Nandigram and Chittaranjan in West
Bengal, Chevella in Telangana, Amini in Lakshadweep, Deolali in Maharashtra, Ghatshila in Purbi Singhbhum
District of Jharkhand; and BGR Township (Bongaigaon Refinery Township) in Bongaigaon Urban
Agglomeration in Assam; Pileru in Andhra Pradesh, Chikhli in Gujarat, Ichgam in Jammu and Kashmir.
38. Explain how the Covid 19 outbreak affected the socio, cultural and
economic conditions of urban area – (NAHI MILLA)

39. Role of urban transport in reducing traffic congestion

• Urban transportation not only leads to traffic congestion but also to air pollution. ... The first
potential role for government is to provide transportation infrastructure in the form of roads
and public transit systems and also to operate public transit services.
• Urban space is the property of the entire population of the city and public transportation uses it much
more efficiently than the private car. Moving on roads public transport not only carries its passengers
– it frees the road space to be able to use it all the inhabitants of the city.
• In addition, it reduces traffic congestion, which make the city unattractive place to live and work.
Given the ongoing urbanization and increasing demand for mobility in big cities, traffic congestion in
all the cities of the world will continue to grow, unless we change the approach to mobility.
• Traffic jams seize cities: trip from home to work by car takes 90 times more urban space and
infrastructure financed by the citizens than the same trip, implemented by bus or tram.
• If all went to work on the machines, the total space required for parking cars would be the same as
the space required for the implementation of all economic activity of the same number of people.
Indeed, the office space per employee is about the same, that it is necessary to park his car – about
20 square meters per person.
• Measures to improve the mobility and accessibility of transport in urban areas require much lower
level of investment than those costs that are a direct consequence of traffic congestion, and taking
into account the social impact of price and the external costs of such investments will be even more
justified.

40. Define informal settlement. Explain about the conditions of Mumbai slums
• Informal settlements are: 1. areas where groups of housing units have been constructed on
land that the occupants have no legal claim to, or occupy illegally;
[Link] settlements and areas where housing is not in compliance with current
planning and building regulations (unauthorized housing)
• A slum is usually a highly populated urban residential area consisting mostly of closely
packed, decrepit housing units in a situation of deteriorated or incomplete infrastructure,
inhabited primarily by impoverished persons. Although slums, especially in America, are
usually located in urban areas, in other countries they can be located in suburban areas
where housing quality is low and living conditions are poor. While slums differ in size and
other characteristics, most lack reliable sanitation services, supply of clean water, reliable
electricity, law enforcement, and other basic services. Slum residences vary from shanty
houses to professionally built dwellings which, because of poor-quality construction and/or
lack of basic maintenance, have deteriorated.

Conditions Of Mumbai Slums

• Late in the 17th century, Gerald Aungier tried to attract traders and artisans to Bombay.
As a result, the population grew sixfold in the fourteen years between 1661 and 1675.
Some of the more prosperous traders built houses inside the British fort. The rest lived
in crowded "native-towns" around the walls.
 • These were probably the first slums to grow in Bombay. The problem of overcrowding
certainly remained through the 18th century. A count made in 1794 found 1000 houses
inside the fort walls and 6500 immediately outside.
• All over the world, the 19th century saw the growth of slums give the lie to the idea of
progress brought on by large-scale industrialisation and the understanding and control
of diseases. Bombay was no exception.
• The cotton boom, followed by the rapid growth of mills and shipping drew a large
population from the rest of the country into a city ill-equipped to deal with them. In the
middle of the 19th century slums grew around the mills and other places of
employment.
• Historically, slums have grown in Bombay as a response to a growth of population far
beyond the capacity of existing housing. Migrants are normally drawn to the city by the
huge disparity between urban and rural income levels.
• Usually the residents of these densely populated enclaves live close to their place of
work. The residential area itself does not provide employment. Bombay knows another
reason for the formation of slums.
• As the city grew, it took over land that was traditionally used for other purposes. The
Koli fishermen were displaced during the development of the harbour and port. Those
driven out of the fishing villages improvised living space that was often far shabbier than
before.
• This process continues even now, at the end of the 20th century. On the other hand,
some villages were encysted by the city growing around them. Dharavi, originally a
village with a small tanning industry, has become a slum in this fashion. Many of the
older slums in Byculla and Khar were initially separate villages, with their own traditional
industries.

41. Explain the living and working conditions of migrant workers.

•

42. Explain the reasons for migration of people with any example in India.
• Safety Factors: Safety factors can cause danger to individuals, prompting them to
migrate. Persecution and discrimination based on nationality, race, religion, political beliefs, or
membership status in a particular social group will prompt people to move large distances in search of
a safer living location where they can have freedom over their lives. Danger can be imposed upon
individuals by something formal, like war , or informal, such as widespread gang activity. In 2016, the
Northern Triangle, composed of Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador, was named one of the most
violent regions in the world. All three Northern Triangle countries record thousands of crimes by local
and international gangs and armed criminal groups, and most crimes are met with impunity. It is
estimated that 10% of the Northern Triangle’s population has already left, and it is likely that many
more will flee in part due to extreme violence.
• Economic Factors: Economic migration, whether permanent or seasonal, is a commonly cited reason
for migration. In general, it is believed that in economic migration people move from poorer
developing areas into richer areas where wages are higher and more jobs are available. It is also
common for people from rural areas to move to more competitive urban areas in order to find more
opportunities.
• Environmental Factors: Migration caused by environmental factors is increasingly involuntary.
Environmental factors cause displacement, or the forced movement of people by social or
environmental factors. Crop failure for example, often results in both food scarcity and a drop in
agricultural jobs, prompting people to move to a place with better job opportunities and climate
 Pollution of water, air and soil in both urban and rural settings can also create a serious health risk to
locals, forcing them to look for a better life for themselves and their children.
• Social Factors: Social factors motivating migration grow from the human needs and desires to achieve
a better quality of life. Migrants often move to ensure better opportunities for themselves or their
family, like sending their child to a better, safer school or finding a job that would have not only a
sufficient salary, but also important benefits and career growth prospects. In terms of education, the
United States graduate programs have been a particularly strong attraction for young, talented
individuals around the world. Individuals can also migrate in search of services, such as life-saving
surgery and medical treatment that are inaccessible in their home area.

43. What are the problems arising out of rapid urbanization?

• Although India is one of the less urbanized countries of the world with only 27.78 per cent of her
population living in urban agglomerations/towns, this country is facing a serious crisis of urban
growth at the present time. Whereas urbanisation has been an instrument of economic, social and
political progress, it has led to serious socio-economic problems.
• Some of the major problems of urbanisation in India are 1. Urban Sprawl 2. Overcrowding 3. Housing
4. Unemployment 5. Slums and Squatter Settlements 6. Transport 7. Water 8. Sewerage Problems 9.
Trash Disposal 10. Urban Crimes 11. Problem of Urban Pollution
1. Urban Sprawl: Urban sprawl or real expansion of the cities, both in population and
geographical area, of rapidly growing cities is the root cause of urban problems. In most
cities the economic base is incapable of dealing with the problems created by their excessive
size. Massive immigration from rural areas as well as from small towns into big cities has
taken place almost consistently; thereby adding to the size of cities
2. Overcrowding: Overcrowding is a situation in which too many people live in too little space.
Overcrowding is a logical consequence of over-population in urban areas. It is naturally
expected that cities having a large size of population squeezed in a small space must suffer
from overcrowding. This is well exhibited by almost all the big cities of India. For example,
Mumbai has one-sixth of an acre open space per thousand populations though four acre is
suggested standard by the Master Plan of Greater Mumbai. Metropolitan cities of India are
overcrowded both in ‘absolute’ and ‘relative’ terms. Absolute in the sense that these cities
have a real high density of population; relative in the sense that even if the densities are not
very high the problem of providing services and other facilities to the city dwellers makes it
so.
3. Housing: Overcrowding leads to a chronic problem of shortage of houses in urban areas. This
problem is specifically more acute in those urban areas where there is large influx of
unemployed or underemployed immigrants who have no place to live in when they enter
cities/towns from the surrounding areas.
4. Unemployment: The problem of unemployment is no less serious than the problem of
housing mentioned above. Urban unemployment in India is estimated at 15 to 25 per cent of
the labour force. This percentage is even higher among the educated people.
5. Slums and Squatter Settlements: The natural sequel of unchecked, unplanned and
haphazard growth of urban areas is the growth and spread of slums and squatter
settlements which present a striking feature in the ecological structure of Indian cities,
especially of metropolitan centres.
6. Transport: With traffic bottleneck and traffic congestion, almost all cities and towns of India
are suffering from acute form of transport problem. Transport problems increase and
become more complex as the town grows in size. With its growth, the town performs varied
and complex functions and more people travel to work or shop .
7. Water: Today we have reached a stage where practically no city in India/ gets sufficient
water to meet the needs of city dwellers. In many cities people get water from the municipal
 sources for less than half an hour every alternate day. In dry summer season, taps remain dry
for days together and people are denied water supply at a time when they need it the most.
8. Sewerage Problems: Urban areas in India are almost invariably plagued with insufficient and
inefficient sewage facilities. Not a single city in India is fully sewered. Resource crunch faced
by the municipalities and unauthorised growth of the cities are two major causes of this
pathetic state of affairs.
9. Trash Disposal; As Indian cities grow in number and size the problem of trash disposal is
assuming alarming proportions. Huge quantities of garbage produced by our cities pose a
serious health problem. Most cites do not have proper arrangements for garbage disposal
and the existing landfills are full to the brim. These landfills are hotbeds of disease and
innumerable poisons leaking into their surroundings.
44. What is natural heritage? Is it necessary to preserve it?

-Heritage is a legacy of group or society which is inherited from past generations, maintained in the present,
and bestowed to future generations.

-The term "natural heritage", derived from "natural inheritance." Natural heritage refers to natural features,
geological and physiographical formations and delineated areas that constitute the habitat of threatened
species of animals and plants and natural sites of value from the point of view of science, conservation or
natural beauty.

- Natural heritage refers to the sum total of the elements of biodiversity, including flora and fauna,
ecosystems and geological structures.

-Yes, it is necessary to preserve natural heritage because:

1. Natural Heritage basically represent the past history and culture of a nation. They constitute
together the architectural heritage of an area.
2. Heritage conservation is important for identifying, recording, analyzing and protecting heritage and
cultural resources.
3. Culture and its heritage reflect and shape values, beliefs, and aspirations, thereby defining a people's
national identity.
4. It is important to preserve our natural heritage, because it keeps our integrity as a people.
5. Natural heritage assets refer to the great biodiversity of ecosystems and species on our planet,
hence it is necessary to preserve it.

45. Explain in your own words how could the public transport in big cities be improved? Explain using an
example of any big city in India.

INDORE IS ONE OF THE CITIES WHICH HAS GOOD PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION IN INDIA. IT HAS FOLLOWING
THINGS WHICH MAKES THE TRANSPORTATION COMFORTABLE FOR PEOPLE THERE:

BUS FREQUENCY:
-When looking at ways to improve public transport, first and foremost, riders want frequency.
-Interestingly, speed isn’t as much of an issue. If they are waiting downtown in the rain, or on some
suburban backstreet, riders want to know that a bus will arrive soon, preferably in less than 15 minutes.
REDUCE GREENHOUSE GASES:
-One of the significant factors that commuters consider when deciding to take public transit is the
environmental impact of their alternative transportation method.
-And although a diesel bus packed with 40 people may be less environmentally damaging than 40
separate diesel cars, it will still has negative impacts on both local air quality and the overall climate
situation.
PASSENGER COMFORT:
-Comfort also extends beyond the buses seating arrangements.
-A smooth riding, quiet bus plays a significant role in reducing the overall stress of a public transit
experience.
CHEAP PRICE:
-Indore has probably the best public transportation system in India.
-Fare isn’t as cheap as Kolkata but endure me every one penny is worth it.
46. Why is it important for architecture students to learn urban history?

-Urban history is a field of history that examines the historical nature of cities and towns, and the process of
urbanization.

-The approach is often multidisciplinary, crossing boundaries into fields like social history, architectural
history, urban sociology, urban geography, business history, and archaeology.

- We can build on the urban history of reinvention and renewal and think more universally about how past,
present and future define urban development.

47. How would you compare informal market streets and malls in terms of creating social spaces in your
city?

INFORMAL MARKET STREETS:

1. An informal market street is open-air, i.e., open to the sky. As they say, the sky’s the limit. The shops
in high street retail are typically very diverse, selling a range of daily and weekly necessities.
2. Informal market streets have an incredibly low maintenance cost of Rs. 5-10 per sq. ft, making them
desirable for investors who do not have the kind of maintenance money a mall demands.
3. Since the informal market street is an open-air property exposed to all, you can see every shop from
the main road itself. If you drive or walk through the street, you do not typically need to buy
anything but can see everything being sold regardless.
4. You can generally park for free on the side of the road and go to the informal market streetinformal
mark.
5. You control every aspect of the informal market street since there is no common space that
demands extra electricity or other charges.

MALLS:

1. A mall is a covered property, which is meant for brand establishment. Therefore, it has a more
considerable niche of the population that it attracts.
2. A mall’s maintenance cost is between Rs. 18-35 per. sq. ft. However, this maintenance cost is also
covered by the fact that malls include big brands, which attract high-paying customers, therefore
raking in higher returns.
3. You usually enter a mall intending to buy something. As a closed property, it requires you to make an
effort to see what it offers. Therefore, if visibility is what you desire, high street retail is more up your
alley.
4. All malls have paid parking depending on how long you spend in the mall.
5. A mall rakes up higher charges due to the shared space it encloses within its walls and ceiling.
48. What is built and unbuilt heritage? Explain the importance of preservation of built and unbuilt
heritage.

BUILT HERITAGE:

- Built Heritage also known as Tangible heritage refers to physical artifacts produced, maintained and
transmitted intergenerationally in a society.

-Built Heritage has physical presence and is touchable.

-Built Heritage includes artistic creation, buildings and monuments, and other physical or tangible products of
human creativity that are invested with cultural significance in a society.

-Importance of preserving built heritage:

1. Built heritage and natural history of a nation has a very high value and is unique.
2. Built heritage reflect and shape values, beliefs, and aspirations, thereby defining a people's national
identity.
3. It is important to preserve our built heritage, because it keeps our integrity as a people .
4. Old buildings are witnesses to the aesthetic and cultural history of a city, helping to give people a
sense of place and connection to the past. Historic buildings often represent something famous or
important to people who live in a city or those visiting.

UNBUILT HERITAGE:

-Unbuilt Heritage also known as Intangible Heritage indicates the practices, representations, expressions,
knowledge, skills as well as the instruments, objects, artifacts and cultural spaces associated therewith that
communities, groups and in some cases individuals recognize as part of their Cultural Heritage.

-Intangible Cultural Heritage defines the intangible cultural heritage as the practices, representations,
expressions, as well as the knowledge and skills, that communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals
recognize as part of their cultural heritage. It is sometimes called living cultural heritage.

-Importance of preserving unbuilt heritage:

1. To Promote tolerance, peace and reconciliation

2. To Foster community and individual well-being
3. To Promote human rights and sustainable development
4. It is necessary to preserve unbuilt heritage to know the importance of intangible cultural heritage so
that the wealth of knowledge and skills is transmitted from one generation to the next ones.
5. Spread through generations and constantly recreated, it ensures humanity with a sense of identity
and continuity.
49. How do you think the transport of Mumbai can be augmented so that it caters to the citizens in a
better way?

Mumbai is one of the few cities in India with an established public transport system. The suburban rail ferries
about 7.5 million passengers daily across its 450-kilometer network. The bus network is also fairly extensive,
running 3,600 buses and ferrying 5 million passengers over 443 routes.

TRANSPORT OF MUMBAI CAN BE AUGMENTED IN THE FOLLOWING WAYS:

1. Smart bus network, and increased Air-conditioned buses.

2. Change in Train timetables for faster turnaround.
3. Bicycle Parking to be secured.
4. Increasing Bus routes, and Buses,
5. Painted lanes for bicycles.
6. Bicycle Parking to be secured.
7. Congestion charges in congested localities.
8. Integrate E-ticketing system for BEST Buses, Rail System, Metro and Monorail.
9. Traffic management system that provides priority to buses
10. CCTV system at intersections and bus stops

50. Suggest a few ways through which living conditions of slums can be improved.

1. Organized urbanization – Planning & Modifying urban areas to accommodate newcomers.

2. Legitimizing slums instead of driving them out of their homes.
3. Improving job opportunities in rural as well as urban areas.
4. Planning rural development along with urban development.
5. Affordable housing in urban areas.
6. Remove or fix homes in immediate danger of natural risks.
7. lessen density.
8. construct new program for the residents.
9. connect different sections of the area with each other and rest of the city.
10. Develop an economy for the area and make use of natural resources available.
51. Write a brief essay on evolution of cities and urban area. Mention the origin and evolution of cities as
per their function.

-Although cities have their roots in the villages, they are not merely enlarged villages.

-The earlier cities, which grew along fertile river valleys in the Middle East and Asia, were an entirely new kind
of society.

-Domestication of plants and animals in course of time provided material surplus, a third pre-condition for the
growth of urban centers, i.e., cities developed when certain categories of work were no longer carried out by
the people who worked the land, but by others who were freed from this obligation and who were supported
by the surplus produced by the cultivators. This distinction created a stratified society of the ruling elite and
subordinates.

-According to historians, Jericho, which lies to the north of the Dead Sea, is the first ever developed city. About
8000 BCE, Jericho contained some 600 people, and by 4000 BCE, it was one of the numerous cities flourishing in
the Fertile Crescent between the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers in the present-day Iraq and by 3000 BCE, along
the Nile River in Egypt and the Indus River in India-Pakistan.

- In course of time, some cities with a population of 50,000 became the centers of urban empires.

- These early cities were theocratic, where the rulers had divine authority and were in essence, ‘god kings.’ The
ancient city expanded from the southwest Asia through Greece to Europe.

PRE-INDUSTRIAL CITIES:
-In 1800BCE, urbanization in Europe was centered in the Mediterranean island of Civic.
-However, within few years, more than 100 cities developed in Greece, Athens being the 12 most
famous among them.
-As Greek civilization faded, the city of Rome grew to almost 1 million inhabitants and became the
center of a vast empire, which not only established some of the major cities like Vienna, Paris and
London, but also spread its language, arts and technology to the whole of Europe, northern Africa and
Asia, including India.
INDUSTRIAL CITIES:
- By about 1750, industrialization was underway in Europe, which led to the second urban revolution,
first in Europe and then in North America.
-Factories unleashed a tremendous productive power by making cities to grow to an unprecedented
size.
-During this time, cities not only grew but also changed their shape from being planned ones in the
broad, straight boulevards, etc. shapes to unplanned irregular shapes.
-Rapid growth brought urban problems, and industrial-era cities were rife with dangers to health and
safety.
-Rapidly expanding industrial cities could be quite deadly, and were often full of contaminated water
and air, and communicable diseases.
-Living conditions during the Industrial Revolution varied from the splendor of the homes of the wealthy
to the squalor of the workers.
-Poor people lived in very small houses in cramped streets.
52. What are the issues of urbanization?

• HOUSING PROBLEMS- Housing problems tend to develop when people move to cities and overcrowd in
them.

• SLUM- Urban areas tend to have a high cost of living. This leads to the advent and growth of slums as safe
havens for those who cannot afford the high costs of rent

• UNEMPLOYMENT- The job opportunities might be more in urban areas and also pay more, but as the
number of people continues to grow, the jobs become even harder to find and retain.

• WATER QUALITY AND AVAILABILTY- The rampant growth of the population in urban areas makes the water
very scarce as the normal supply becomes strained and inadequate to properly meet the demands of the
large population.

• SANITATION- The fast increase in people’s population sometimes overwhelms the local government’s
resource capacity to construct the required sanitation and sewage systems.

• HEALTH ISSUES- People in urban areas often do not have proper access to health care services, which
makes the disease much harder to cure, and at times, they even lead to death.

• DISPOSAL OF TRASH: Urbanization has led to many factors that have made the trash disposal very difficult.
The urban cities produce a lot of waste on a daily basis that they cannot properly dispose of, this subjects the
people living in these areas to multiple health risks.

• POVERTY- As the rates of unemployment increases, more and more people continue to sink beneath the
poverty line. Also, as the population increases and the urban areas become more and more congested. It
ultimately leads to extreme forms of poverty where people have to live on the streets with only a little or
nothing to eat or to drink.

• URBAN CRIME: Lack of employment also increases poverty, which, as a result, makes it even harder for
people to get the essential things they need to survive. People then turn to poverty-related crimes such as
theft, conning, and organized crime as a way of earning a living.

• TRANSPORTATION PROBLEMS: The number of cars increases, and as a result of this, the traffic problems
continue to worsen. This does not only lead to blockages in traffics but increases the chances of people
getting involved in traffic accidents and urban air pollution.
53. What is the significance of open space in city? What are the types of open space in our city? Give
examples.

-Open spaces are lands that are not intensively developed for residential, commercial or institutional use.

-Open spaces may also be thought of as the undeveloped land which results from our efforts to conserve
natural resources and scenic areas, to avoid development In hazard areas and to provide recreational areas.

SIGNIFICANCE OF OPEN SPACE IN CITY:

1. Open spaces have important environmental benefits

• Conserving nature/ecosystem
• Creating ecological awareness
• Maintaining biodiversity and natural habitat
• Controlling air and noise pollution
2. Open spaces have important social and psychological functions
• Creating better livability-leisure and walkability
• Recreation-escape and relaxation from busy life
• Space for sports and play- maintenance of physical health as well as place for spiritual revitalization
• Aesthetically pleasing- community identification-strong sense of community
3. Open spaces are spaces to celebrate cultural diversity
• Offer a platform for interaction between diverse groups
• Paving way for greater intermingling of different community

TYPES OF OPEN SPACES AND EXAMPLES:

THE OPEN SPACE CAN BE CATEGORIZED INTO TWO TYPES:

A. TRADITIONAL OPEN SPACE

B. INNOVATIVE OPEN SPACE
TRADITIONAL OPEN SPACE

INNOVATIVE OPEN SPACE

 -
t-P_AG_E_No_
.: _ _----J •

DATE:
- - - - - - - _ _ , UNIVERSAL

''r

• T L-u.. i
r

.
,

• s .a.L,,(_
 \
c,s t \. 0 1.'" c") i s V\,""-(;J il-1" . P- L,,lr,1..-'~(9-'\,-~ u ~ · t\A.,,fj '-..0<-h. (C. " '

t"<: l ·~( 1(--/ t ¼ll.,,cc. L"\ 1' -;,,i ("' \ ~, ( ~-'\..-- .

•
8i -a ,/ o i . ~ ~ ~ ,~ -k , ~,-~ ·-
\~ •~ )~ .i_L.o-t )o,(j , ooua), G
~ ) l . . ! ~_G, -~ •peJj-n•W ,

• M : ; i ~,~ M ~<cJ.., ) ~ b~J' o0 .u ·~;. '~

p-eM>~ .·.e-t ·~ -- . ~l:;-: ~ . ~{)-
- ~ .~ ~tk
A,<.,bA-iN . ;Lo ,x_h.(, ·eti 64,1fr>"' /J'\. tw~ · ·
_,I •

I I

' • . )

~w ., Ji,,t < l&tftt&.Q t !li§QWQ

_ p~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~.:......::..._,.2.,____~_.:.__--~--
- 1- j ~ ' , J )

I , •

T . J •
l ., , 1 I

-·- -. .,;

.s

-1

No ~·lol ~O«A

,I .

/'

I . • j
 7 II
C I
') I l,(- c,c> k:, [Link] i,vV ~C<.6 ci-'J ,Ct c.J olA,U'l .l-t,vv w l_ r., V .

}' I C' '• h ' ·,L j C V ,,I ;{,I\ ) J"- ,;.' vc/\./.-,,v\ 'C. / cC • U '
-
_J

-:ro <[Link] .o~. ot P'>'9'.v1

f i Vj ' aUo icr, Ill{ ,& p«..ti.. ·.
. .
_, Tllu.M b~ k ~j t i -~ ~
L e ~' (O/Y\.

---' ~ocl ,R_,i~"'j so .-\-~ - ,M,,l· ·=&. I-,.<.. r.

~k,1- civvJJ) - - .-
• ' , •·· _) I / '
.J • 1.M ' - I . , .

-' 'Uv.) j 1:.o ,({. j '(j"'-"' J- 't,o 'i a l.A/',(,)l Jf,1 ·iW-
\P~ . s~ ~ro~<!lVI
' I J J I ,. ' _! f - ,· .;.__, _J -· ,.J ! I -\~ 'l '.) -·

--- .¥ , r Jh.s ,-,. Wl,U\ .. <-<LIA

,wu:ii½J A-U ~ . ·,
• , " 1J -' J ' ' ,I ''· ' ," o• , -: I · , ..J,,, - • ; . J

i:» -- ~ ·1 •. & ~ ,,, ~ I ~ ""~11..-tA . ...

~a. c.i Li
I ,
h'w
.J" ~ ' r ' •
v>i
( ,., ' .,; I 'I , ,_/~
z,~ ·
. , I •• ' . ; ) ,' I- - ;
'4 _
' --
I ·•

s pCLL,(., ,e, Lu,,u_ ....ul UJKA . '

p [Link] PJ >_,IJA2)eJk'/ ' , \V)LU\, ,Jci.,. <--h.,'

. /:,,,~ -- ', ,d . J i ~· ~ .·,

p€l-i vU/) . . . . .

Cv,V VVv0CU su.J\~~ .

 ~PA_G_EN_o._: - - - - ;

LD_AT_E:_ I _ I_ ___, UNIVERSAL I

\ .
) :

• f •J
, / '

.,S . I

"

J ~',.) ._. J • I • ,I •'

Tw.

to
 I PA~t:. NU .. ____l l

// 11

Tw_.. {~b'OL:fi'L.,(..(.I) ~ - ~tl,lA..J~~

jy-. 0 t,' ,U) OV'\..-( I . J , ,1 • I J '

• V N lr-'.l 9 ~•:5 8Ge-1,od_ •~ u.i p i,.4 ocJi vL,( J

r s "ir- t!, i ri l,l) ..'!.~ pv..b Li C, .!5 rocd'. . '

• S "'1Y- c...i • <S~H 1"" . r

a, Pn~[Link] fr9-t s+ ~U-J [Link]-t..k .
~) s ;ft"'-f' oo n"'::? : ovu. I j
,:2) \A\Sl bi LltJJ : .>-t..l. lx_, .
3> ) TW." p-yt.,.~U.. . -~ ht-- -~ .
.., ) $ W\. V V U.0...""--l-'- : M,.,u ti) .u, '9-\ r-1' Bulf .
c;) 6-u' ~i yet\_~ .

G) A-c.,t- ~, ~4 pC<[Link]..i p"'-h&v. .

• p p v\M..i C I ~ I-vu. cJ,v.,\_,(. !

,) I ~ _ sOJ'\A ri .
0 p~ ucrtJi~
~) p ~ 91.-eAh'~ ~"j OCA,(_q_ -
~) f~a: \AoJ-V' .
. S") ~cMA-i~ .

J-
 II
i--PAG_EN_o.:_ __J •

DATE: / / ...,
'-----___J UNIVERSAL

"
I ' I ·', I

0 ik.t
• tq' \
0 'iV\.t rv\.oJ½fu
,' \,11

0
1~ , ./
I ).

C 1

0
 - Ii '"

/ I
v '

5 ovvJ.. Po-Li d .ui hj -t-""'--'- .,.'.)

ouvo'- e,k.i u:( ::i:,.JJ "'- <VU '.

· B~ B~c:J,..D S6K P~ -

r-

• w e--t.U "'j w ~ . tt-J,__ J .

. ~ . t~ (v ,Nc:x.-ti~ .C,Ju..L £ ~ ij}' -tW

l)0 °o ~ -
i 1

r
• l I . , ,

• "'-ff • I ,
'1 .e(, , .
yrt>J
'
"j
I · . ' I ,
L-0
· '
'a~

c_
• J I ,. -" , .,J

• ~Y"\ ~.--,,;tV-o.. s ~ '1oj~

l,LJ)c,_,w~' (p~0--vt ~-J_j ~)
 tLu..o 0--M (,uJ.. :to -t-M.. [Link]._,<
t-v\.bo.-lA f' (p,. "'---"'-1 "j .»'\ ~ · c,.,i/0-j auu.. .. ''

r •t!,/\6 L,(../\j , '.. : , ). ' 1

j -
i I

I ; I

• ·~ .,.-UA. . .&./i' '.· , .

. P:,---vv.'. ic..-<.A-l -~ ' s "'PP~' 0(, : l,O ~ , . , ,,:(,A..A] 1
7
J-t...,(_b~(....(/) • , , / ., . ·• I ·' ,·

F.
.) - I :

Prou~ -~ •~ ··, ... ,

,I .I- - I

_J 0
.J I

' j,,.J.-' , J • , :. •• !_, • •, , ~,; J I I

• , . , D ~,i Vj .
I

, 4"" : : .. . . · ,'. .• . , · . .
,

-, F-eu \,<.(.JlA 0-6 .· I t\,U.J<-": l,,f-~ ~ ½ .0.U..,U.. , t-o

_. s; s [Link]:I,_ V\ACI L.e-J ' • I
-fl ,, l<'l..c..$- , .C9f:i : Ol.A1,A.'.l f'<4,,ll<I....LA4 , ) -~ ..

-' -~{M}cuUfo i_U Dj ~\A.I.,-~

)
·,
,
II
' i - . I
-: I ,,

0 p~ . ,/'-.,(I)~ l -~ i1-Y.1~c...h',LA.l ,

' .·pLA,,bl-i(:. J. .. r
, J , ,

. o

b . J J

) ;

' , ,I

I t >f ~• }

'
l I

i I ! t I ' I • I -

·.J
J .

II r
 .: - - - 1 , ~
L-PA_G_EN_o_
DATE:
L - -I - I- - - UNIVERSAL

e>

__,
-\

-1

. --1 $
-\

__.,.\

-< 0

•
HUMANITIES -QUESTION BANK
~64-75

Q64. Relationship between migration and urban sprawl.

 Uncontrolled migration and rapid urban growth are associated with

increasing urban poverty and inequality and rises in slum and squatter
populations.
 These people usually have inadequate water supply and sanitation services.
 Urban Sprawl refers to the migration of a population from populated towns
and cities to low density residential development over more and more rural
land.
 The end result is the spreading of a city and its suburbs over more and more
rural areas.
 This also helps the migrant people to purchase a land of their own to live in
urban sprawl region as the land prices are very high in urban centers.
 For eg : people living in ambernath ,badlapur region and travelling for their
jobs in Mumbai fort region.

Q65. What is tangible heritage. Explain about movable and non-movable heritage
with the help of examples.

 The term tangible heritage refers in general to all the material traces such as
archaeological sites, historical monuments, artifacts, and objects that are
significant to a community, a nation, or/and humanity.
 Tangible cultural heritage is divided into immovable heritage and movable
heritage.
 Movable heritage is a term used to define any natural or manufactured
object of heritage significance. Movable heritage may be an integral part of
the significance of heritage places.
 Movable heritage includes paintings, sculptures, furniture, wall paintings.
 Immovable heritage consists of buildings, land and other historically-valuable
items that are connected by fixed foundations to the ground.
 Immovable heritage includes historical building, monument, archaeological
sites.
Q66. What is intangible heritage. Explain with the help of examples.

The intangible cultural heritage means the practices, representations, expressions,

knowledge, skills – as well as the instruments, objects, artifacts and cultural spaces
associated therewith – that communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals
recognize as part of their cultural heritage. This intangible cultural heritage,
transmitted from generation to generation, is constantly recreated by communities
and groups in response to their environment, their interaction with nature and their
history, and provides them with a sense of identity and continuity, thus promoting
respect for cultural diversity and human creativity.

 Oral traditions and expressions, including language as a vehicle of the

intangible cultural heritage;
 Performing arts;
 Social practices, rituals and festive events;
 Knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe;
 Traditional craftsmanship

Q67. How would you differentiate between built and socio cultural heritage?

Sociocultural heritage is passed from generation to generation by parents, religion,

education, friends, books, radio, television and movies, among others. Cultural
heritage implies a shared bond, our belonging to a community. It represents our
history and our identity; our bond to the past, to our present and the future.

Tangible(Built) Cultural Heritage refers to physical artifacts produced, maintained

and transmitted intergenerationally in a society.

It includes artistic creations, built heritage such as buildings and monuments, and
other physical or tangible products of human creative that are invested with cultural
significance in a society

Q68. Identify public health problems in your city and what measures are being taken
by the concerned authorities in dealing with them.

A public health problem is a medical issue that affects a significant portion of a

specific population. Some examples include chronic illnesses like Type 2 diabetes,
infectious diseases such as HIV and tuberculosis, mental health challenges, and
even motor vehicle accidents.

THERE IS NO SPECIFIC ANSWER FOR THIS QUESTION. THINK AND WRITE

Q69. Suggest a few ideas which would improve the condition of housing in Mumbai.

Solutions-

 Remove/fix homes in immediate danger of natural risks

 Lessen density
 Bring clean water into the area
 Construct new programs for the residents
 Develop an economy for the area
 Make use of the natural resources available
 Connect the different sections of the area with each other and the rest of the
city

Q70. Explain about the following pointing examples.

A) Migration-

 Human migration involves the movement of people from one place to

another with intentions of settling, permanently or temporarily, at a new
location.
 The movement often occurs over long distances and from one country to
another, but internal migration is also possible; indeed, this is the dominant
form of human migration globally.
 Migration is often associated with better human capital at both individual
and household level, and with better access to migration networks
 Age is very also important for both work and non-work migration.
 People may migrate as individuals, in family units or in large groups.
 Following are the Types of Migrations
o Intercontinental Migration
o Intra continental Migration
o Rural-Urban Migration
o Seasonal Migration
o Chain Migration
o Impelled Migration
o Return Migration
o Forced Migration

B) Immigration-

Immigration, process through which individuals become permanent residents or

citizens of another country. Historically, the process of immigration has been of great
social, economic, and cultural benefit to states. The immigration experience is long
and varied and has in many cases resulted in the development of multicultural
societies; many modern states are characterized by a wide variety
of cultures and ethnicities that have derived from previous periods of immigration.
C) Urban sprawl –

 Urban Sprawl describes patterns of low density development outward from

the city, transforming rural Greenfield land into new sub urban areas.
 As a consequence of the movement of households and business out of the
city centres, low density peripheral urban areas grow.
 Urban Sprawl is a form of urban development which is generally
characterized by haphazard, uncontrolled, uncoordinated, unplanned, or
poorly planned expansion of low density urban land use into agricultural lands
adjacent to the city.

D) Satellite towns –

 Satellite cities or satellite towns are smaller municipalities that are adjacent to
a major city which is the core of a metropolitan area.
 They differ from mere suburbs, subdivisions and especially bedroom
communities in that they have municipal governments distinct from that of
the core metropolis and employment bases sufficient to support their
residential populations.
 Conceptually, satellite cities could be self-sufficient communities outside of
their larger metropolitan areas.

Q71. Describe the urbanization of Bombay from 1800 onwards. Draw relevant
sketches wherever necessary.

18th CENTURY Bombay -

 In 1769 Fort George was built on the site of the Dongri Fort.
 In the next year the Mazagaon docks were built.
 In 1772 an order was promulgated to segregate Indian and English
houses, both within and outside the Fort.
 A more important development came five years later, in 1777, when
the first newspaper in Bombay was published.
 Following the First Maratha War, between 1772 and 1775, Nana
Fadnawis managed to cobble together a coalition of all the Maratha
kingdoms along with Hyder Ali and the Nizam into a force against the
British.
 Although the British, through diplomacy and bribery, broke this
coalition, they were defeated in a series of battles.
 Through the treaty of Salbai, in 1782, they were forced to cede all the
land they had won to the Marathas in exchange for Salsette,
Elephanta, Karanja and Hog Island.
 The first major work of reclamation was the Hornby vellard at Breach
Candy Completed in 1784 during the Governorship of William Hornby,
 it joined the main island of Bombay to Worli, and prevented the flat
lands to the north of Bombay from being flooded at every high-tide.
 Reclamations at Worli and Mahalaxmi followed immediately. In the
beginning, the civil administration of Bombay was directly under the
President of the East India Company and his Council.
 Beginning at the end of the 18th century, a regular civil administration
was put in place.
 Apparently, this was thought to be necessary, since, in a count made
in 1794, it was found that there were 1000 houses inside the fort walls
and 6500 outside.

19th CENTURY Bombay

 This process accelerated with the completion of the Colaba

Causeway in 1838.
 Even before the island was joined to Bombay, it was a cantonment
area; it remains so even now.
 The Cotton Exchange was established in Colaba in 1844, establishing
this newly opened up section as an important commercial area.
 The Mahim Causeway was not built by the government.
 Avabai, Lady Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy donated the entire sum of money
required to join Mahim to Sion by a causeway.
 This work was completed in 1845, but the development of Mahim and
Bandra had to wait another half a century.
 In the meanwhile, Sir Bartle Frere became the Governor of Bombay,
and in 1864 had the walls of the fort removed.
 The old wall can now only be seen as part of the boundary wall of St.
 George Hospital, near the VictoriaTerminus.
 This act allowed a rebuilding of the core area of the city with the
money that the cotton boom was bringing in.

20th CENTURY Mumbai

 The early stalwarts of the Indian National Congress were mainly Parsis
from Bombay.
 Even after the congress became a truly national movement, Bombay
retained an important place in the struggle for independence from
Britain.
 The very notion that the Congress was not merely fighting for rights but
for independence, swaraj, was first enunciated from this city.
 Gandhi, already famous for his non-violent struggle for rights in South
Africa, returned to India through the port of Bombay.
 The merchants of Bombay financed the independence [Link]
famous August 1942 call for the British to Quit India was issued from the
GowaliaTank Maidan at the base of the Malabar Hills.
 India gained independence at midnight, becoming a free country
from August 15, 1947.
  In the first years of the century, the inner city was already as congested
as the rest of Bombay became in the 1980's.
 The CIT sought to open up these areas by building wide roads through
them to channel the westerly breezes from the sea.
 The decreasing mortality over the years was probably not due to this,
but to other health schemes which were slowly put into place.


Q72. Write short notes on urban development of these towns (any 2):

a) Bhiwandi

b) Malegaon

c) Ulhasnagar

CAN’T FIND 

Q73. Describe the development of public housing in Maharashtra from 1960

onwards.

 In the 1960s and 1970s, the state-operated Maharashtra Housing Board and its
successor organization Maharashtra Housing and Area Development
Authority (MHADA) responded to Mumbai's exponential growth with what at
the time was internationally considered to be the most effective measure to
fight the housing shortage: large estates of standardized apartment blocks.
 In Mumbai's northern suburbs, housing compounds were built for designated
income levels, such as Kannamwar Nagar and Sahyadri Nagar for the ‘low-
income group’ and DN Nagar or Sahakar Nagar for the ‘middle-income
group’.
 The designers took up influences from both local Maharashtrian and
European housing typologies of the mid-twentieth century, including upper-
class art deco apartments, socialist housing compounds and serially built
working-class chawls.
 In contrast to mass housing developments in Chicago, Moscow or Paris,
Mumbai's tower blocks were built individually rather than from prefabricated
parts, offered rather high standards of living compared to that of the majority
and, as a result, became increasingly inhabited by comparably wealthy
groups.
 Since the beginning of economic liberalization in the 1990s, many have been
converted into private co-operatives.
 Once designed to house the masses, they are now visible symbols for a
growing minority that constitutes Mumbai's new middle class.
 At the same time, they are an example for the local evolution of the
modernist housing block type that is only apparently similar all over the world.
Q74. Write in brief about migration of people due to textile mills

 A significant portion of the workforce in the garment industry is composed of

migrant workers.
 Most of these migrants come from poor, impoverished families in rural areas
and often belong to lower castes, tribal and minority groups.
 They are usually first generation migrants and belong to the age group of 18-
35.
 The reasons most often cited for migration are lack of employment
opportunities in the agricultural sector, higher wages offered by the garment
sector (especially when compared to agricultural wages) and the need to
pay off dowries.
 Reasons for migration are usually different for female migrants who often
migrate for associational reasons, to be with their husbands or family
members.
 This is especially true of the Northern clusters which retain strong patriarchal
values. Things may be slightly different in the Southern centres like Bengaluru
where a large number of young unmarried women migrate every year to
work in the garment factories.
 Moreover, migration decisions for women are usually family based, while
male workers are more likely to have taken the decision of their own accord
and often move without their families.
Q75. Explain the importance of preservation of built heritage. Explain using any
example from Maharashtra.

 Historic significance and educational interest

o Perhaps the most significant (but certainly not the only) reason behind
heritage preservation is to acknowledge a buildings’ historic
importance and to keep it alive for future generations - especially for
future students, who without it wouldn’t have the tangible artefacts to
‘bring alive’ their studies.
 Cultural benefit
o A building’s cultural significance leads on from the historic interest, and
preservation serves to keep communities together, to see them remain
true to their past and safeguard their future.
o In cases where historic preservation has been ignored, a community’s
connection to the past is lost. Their foundation is removed and with it
goes pride and a sense of belonging.
 Economic gain
o Occasionally, heritage preservation is portrayed as being opposed to
economic growth. But this is misleading. Conservation isn’t a waste of
money. In fact, heritage preservation makes very sound economic
sense.
o That’s because, unlike the new builds which may have replaced them,
the preserved site increases the opportunities for tourism. It also creates
jobs (far more than new construction), with conservation efforts
requiring skilled labour
 Environmental reasons
o To demolish a site and construct a new building isn’t as
environmentally responsible as historic preservation.
o When a structure is removed, the old materials are discarded and new
ones need to be sourced and transported to the site – which is a huge
waste of resources, energy and time.