Unit 6
Education
▪ Comparing and contrasting multiple topics
▪ Listening for contrasting ideas
▪ Ranking options
▪ Using the dictionary: formal and informal word
▪ Simple, compound, and complex sentences
▪ Highlighted words
▪ Changing the topic
Comparing and contrasting multiple topics
When you hear information about related topics, it can be helpful to build
a chart so you can easily compare and contrast the main ideas about each
topic.
▪ Label the columns of your chart with the topics, and label the rows with
the examples. Then write notes about each topic in the appropriate
box.
Ranking options
Ranking helps you make decisions when you have to choose between
several options.
▪ When you rank thinks in a group, you first need to decide which
characteristics are positive and which are negative. Then you make a
judgment about each option- whether it has enough advantages and not
too many disadvantages.
Enough advantages Too many disadvantages
▪ An internship at a large tech company 1. An internship at a museum
▪ An internship at a small, grassroots 2. An internship with a large,
Non profit organization well-known nonprofit
organization
Contrasting ideas
When speakers contrast things or ideas, they use special words and
phrases to point out different characteristics of the things being discussed.
e.g. Quiz is easy, whereas test is difficult.
Although we were not informed about the test, the teacher took it.
Event though she deceived me, I still love her.
I am penniless I would like to eat in Mr. cook, though.
Albeit she was mentally ill, U. Nazar got married with her.
While she was fast asleep, the thieves took her precious stuff.
Afghanistan is a backward country whereas the people gets education.
Using the dictionary: formal and informal words
English does not have strong rules of formality like some languages to do.
However, in some situations, it may be more appropriate to use certain words
than others.
informal formal
Maybe perhaps
Good positive
Childish immature
Free release
Buy purchase
Give provide
Ask enquire
So therefore
Start commence
Check verify
Get by survive
informal formal
Climb ascend
Check verify
Get receive/ obtain
Go leave/ depart
Help assist
Keep retain
Live reside
See observe
Show demonstrate
Stop cease
Tell inform
Informal Formal
I think In my opinion
To sum up In conclusion
In the end finally
But however
Point out indicate
Go up increase
Stand for represent
Leave out omit
Think about consider
Seem appear
Rich wealthy
Informal Formal
Choose select
Look for seek
First of all to start with
Whole entire
Blow up explode
Anyway nevertheless
Sorry apologies
Simple, Compound, and complex Sentence
❖ There are two types of clauses that make up sentences.
1. Independent clause: An independent clause has subject +
verb and complete thought.
It can be short:
e.g. Ali runs. (complete sentence)
It can be longer:
e.g. Ali runs every morning at 5 am.
I cook breakfast every morning.
Laila’s dog chased a rabbit yesterday.
It’s important to get enough sleep each night.
Dependent clause: A dependent clause has a subject and a verb, but it
doesn’t express a complete thought. Therefore, it can not be a complete a
sentence.
These dependent clauses typically start with special words or they are
known as subordinating conjunctions or subordinators.
And these special words that begin a dependent clause signal to the
reader that this cannot stand alone. It needs to be attached to
something in order to become a complete sentence and these special
words that signal this Subordinating conjunctions or subordinators.
Some of the subordinators ( although, after, as before, if, if that,
because, though, when)
e.g. After Ahmad ate dinner ( Dependent clause)
Note: So, this dependent clause needs to hook onto an independent
clause in order to be a complete sentence.
Examples:
Because they were tired.
While Ahmad works.
Types of sentence
1. Simple sentences:
A simple sentence is made up of one independent clause and no dependent
clauses.
Examples:
swimming is my favorite thing to do in the summer.
Laila and Ahmad work at the hardware store.
My car has a flat tire.
Note: All the above sentences have subject, verb and a complete thought.
Compound Sentence
Basically, a compound sentence is made up two independent clauses,
and they are put together.
We need to use a special word known as a conjunction. And an easy way
to remember what these are is what’s known as : FANBOYS.
Conjunction
F: for
A: and
N: nor
B: but
O: or
Y: yet
S: so
Note: Those are the conjunctions that we use in compound
sentences to join two independent clauses. So, it’s basically, you
are two simple sentences together with the help of a FANBOYS.
Examples:
Laila loves candy.
She knows it’s bad for her teeth.
Laila loves candy, but she knows it’s bad for her teeth.
Structure
Independent clause + , + FANBOYS + independent clause
e.g. Her dentist told her that.
She had three cavities last appointment.
Her dentist told her that, she had three cavities last appointment.
Complex sentence
So, in a complex sentence that’s made up of an independent
clause and at least one dependent clause, they give the listener
or the reader much more information. These sentences are
complex because they contain a lot of detail.
Examples:
1. Before Ali went to school, he brushed his teeth.
2. Although the movie was long, it was excellent.
3. Laila is tired this morning because she stayed up too late.
4. we are going to clean up basement while you fix dinner.