Aravind S

Dept of Civil Engineering

NSSCE, Palakkad
Module 2 Syllabus

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Friction
• Whenever the surfaces of two bodies are in
contact, there is some resistance to sliding
between them.
• Frictional force is the opposing force to the
movement of one body over the surface of
another body.
• It is due to interlocking of surfaces as a
result of the presence of some roughness and
irregularities at the contact surfaces.

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Friction
• The resisting force acts in the direction opposite
to the movement or opposite direction to the
applied force.

• A force of friction comes into play whenever

there is a relative motion between two parts.

• Some energy is wasted in order to overcome the

resistance due to force of friction.

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Application of Friction

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 Friction

Kinetic/
Static
Dynamic

Rolling Sliding

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Friction

 Since the weight has no horizontal

component, the reaction of the surface also
has no horizontal component; the reaction is
therefore normal to the surface and is
represented by N (Sometimes denoted by
RN).
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Friction

 Now suppose that you apply a horizontal

force P to the block. If P is small, the block
does not move; some other horizontal force
must therefore exist, which balances P.
 This other force is the static-friction force
F
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Static Friction

 Static Friction: Friction experienced by a body at

rest or those which are at the verge of motion.

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• If you increase the force P,
the friction force F also increases,
continuing to oppose P, until its
magnitude reaches a certain
maximum value Fm.

• If P is further increased, the friction force cannot

balance it anymore, and the block starts sliding. As
soon as the block has started in motion, the
magnitude of F drops from Fm to a lower value Fk.
• This happens because less interpenetration occurs
between the irregularities of the surfaces in contact
when these surfaces move with respect to each
other.
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Kinetic Friction/ Dynamic
friction
 Friction acting on bodies in motion is called kinetic
friction (or dynamic friction).
 (a) Rolling Friction: Friction acting on the body
when it rolls over another body.
 (b) Sliding Friction: Friction acting on a body when
it slides over another body.

 Static Friction >> Dynamic Friction

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Static and Kinetic Friction

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Limiting Friction (Fm or Flim)
• Frictional force increases with increase in the
applied force or force tending the motion.
• However, there is a limit beyond which the
frictional force cannot be increased.
• The maximum value of frictional force
experienced by a body before it begins to
move is known as limiting friction.
• Limiting friction is that frictional force when
motion of the body is about to start (motion
impending).
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 Coefficient of Friction (μ)
 Limiting friction α Normal Reaction
 i.e. Flim α N
 Flim = μN
 where μ is the constant of proportionality
called coefficient of friction.
 Angle of static friction (ϕs): Angle
between resultant of limiting friction
and normal reaction with normal to
the surface.
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Angle of static friction
Flim
tan s =
N
But we know Flim = μN

Therefore μ =tan ϕs

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• If we keep increasing the angle of inclination,
motion soon becomes impending.

• At that time, the angle between R and the normal

reaches its maximum value  (= s).

• The value of the angle of inclination corresponding

to impending motion is called the angle of repose.

• Angle of repose is the maximum inclination of the

plane on which a body can remain at rest without
applying any external force.
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• If the board is given a small angle
of inclination , force R deviates
from the perpendicular to the board
by angle  and continues to balance W.

• The reaction R now has a normal component N (or

RN) with a magnitude of

N = W cos 

and a tangential component F with a magnitude of

F = W sin 
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• angle of repose = angle of static friction  s 19
Cone of Friction
 When the direction of external force is
changed the direction of resultant changes
but the angle between the normal reaction and
the resultant force will be same.

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 Cone of Friction
• Thus, when the direction of external force is
gradually changed through 360o, the resultant R
generates a right circular cone with semi angle
equal to .
• This cone is called as friction cone or cone of
friction.
• The axis of this cone will be the normal reaction.
Generators are the resultant force; Base radius
is equal to the limiting frictional force.
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Angle of kinetic friction

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Coulomb’s Laws of Friction
or Laws of Dry Friction
1. The force of friction always acts in a
direction opposite to the direction in which
the body moves or tends to move.

2. Till the limiting value is reached, the

magnitude of friction is equal to the external
force which tends to move the body.

3. The force of friction depends on the

roughness of the surfaces in contact.
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Coulomb’s Laws of Friction or
Laws of Dry Friction
4. The force of friction independent of the
area of contact between the surfaces.

5. The magnitude of limiting friction bears a

constant ratio to the normal reaction between
the two contact surfaces.

6. Kinetic frictional force is independent of

the relative velocities of the bodies in
contact.
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Problem

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Problem- Try it Yourself

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Problem

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Wedge Friction
Generally used to lift
heavy weights or for
slight adjustments in the
position of a body.

Weight of the wedges is

considered as very small
when compared to the
weight lifted. So, weight
of the wedge will be
neglected.
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Problem
Q. Find the horizontal force P on the 10o wedge
shown in figure to raise the 1500 N load. The
coefficient of friction is 0.3 at all contact
surfaces.

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Try this problem
 Two identical wedges A and B are used to raise
another block C weighing 1000 N as shown in the
figure. Assuming coefficient of friction as 0.25
for all the surfaces, determine the value of P for
impending upwards motion of block C.
Ans. P= 608.46N

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Try this problem
Q. Two blocks A and B are resting against a wall and a
floor as shown in the figure. Find the range of value
of force P applied to the lower block for which the
system remains in equilibrium. Coefficient of
friction is 0.25 at the floor, 0.3 at the wall, and 0.2
between the block.
Ans. P= 537.05 N

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Ladder Friction

μwRw

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 Problem
Q. A ladder AB 3 m long weighs 180 N is placed
against a wall with A at the floor level and B on
the wall. The ladder is inclined at 60o with the
floor. The coefficient of friction between the
wall and the ladder is 0.25 and that between the
floor and the ladder is 0.35. In addition to the
self weight of the ladder, it must support a man
weighing 900 N, at the top B. To prevent slipping,
a force is applied horizontally at the level of the
floor. Find the maximum horizontal force in this
condition.

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 Try it yourself
Q. A uniform ladder of 4 m length rests against a
wall which it makes an angle 45o as shown in the
figure. The coefficient of friction between the
ladder and the wall is 0.4 and that between the
ladder and the floor is 0.5. If a man whose weight
is on half of that of ladder ascends it, how high
will he when the ladder slips?

Ans: Length between floor and man along the

ladder when ladder slips = 3m

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Parallel Coplanar Forces
Q. Resolve the force of 300 N shown in the figure
into two parallel components (i) at B and C and (ii)
at C and D.

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Q. ABCD is a square whose side length is 2 m.
Forces of magnitude 10, 20, 80, and 50 N act
along AB, BC, CD, and DA respectively. Forces of
magnitude 50 2 N and 20  2 N act along the
diagonal AC and DB respectively. Show that they
are equivalent to a couple and calculate the
moment of this couple.

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Q. A rigid bar AB is acted upon by forces shown in
the figure. Reduce the force system to (i) a single
force (ii) force moment system at A, and (iii)
force moment system at D.

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• Resultant: Since all the forces are parallel, resultant will be the algebraic
sum of the forces. Consider the force system shown in the figure. Resultant
= F 1 + F 2 – F 3 + F 4.
• Center: The point of application of the resultant of parallel forces is the
Center of the parallel forces. Principle of moments which says, sum of
moments of all the forces in a plane about any point in the plane is equal to
the moment of their resultant about the same point.
• Equilibrium: The necessary and sufficient conditions for the equilibrium of
parallel forces are the resultant of forces and resultant of moment of the
forces should be zero.
 F = 0 and  M = 0

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• A couple consists of two parallel forces
that are equal in magnitude, opposite in
sense and do not share same line of action.
• Resultant of two unlike parallel forces of
same magnitude is zero. These forces
cannot be replaced by a resultant or
another single force. So it forms a couple.
• Plane in which forces act is called as plane
of the couple.
• The distance between the line of action of
forces is called arm of couple.
• Clockwise and Counter clockwise couples are
shown.

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1. A couple produces rotation without translation.

2. The two forces constituting a couple are equal in magnitud

direction. Therefore, algebraic sum of forces of a couple is zero.

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3. Moment of couple is product of magnitude of Forces and the
distance between them. Moment of couple is independent of the
origin of the forces or reference point. Or moment of a couple
about any point in the plane of couple is a constant and is
independent of the position of moment center.

M = F d + x − Fx

M = Fd + Fx − Fx

M = Fd
Moment of a couple is independent of x, however, depends on d which
is a constant.

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4. Action of a couple on a rigid body
will not be changed if its arm is
turned in the plane of couple
through any angle about one of its
ends.

• We can transpose a couple in its

plane without changing its action on
a body.

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5. The action of a couple on a body does not change if both the
magnitude of the forces and the arm of the couple are changed in
such a way that the moment of the couple remains unchanged.

• The couple consisting of magnitude of forces F and arm of couple d

can be replaced by the couple of magnitude of forces Q and arm of
couple d1, if F d = Q d1.

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6. Several couples in one plane can be replaced by a single couple
acting in the same plane such that the moment of this single
couple is equal to the algebraic sum of the moments of the given
couples.
F d + Q d1 = F d + Q1 d = (F + Q1) d
Where Q1 d = Q d1
i.e Q1 = (Q d1)/d
7. A given couple can be resolved into several component couples by
choosing the component couples in such a manner that the
algebraic sum of their moments is equal to the moment of the
given couple.

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• A given force F applied to a point A can be moved along its line of action but cannot be
moved to any point away from the line of action without modifying the action of F on
the rigid body (Figure 1).
• Consider a point B which is at a distance ‘d’ from the line of action of force F. Two
oppositely directed collinear forces each of magnitude F and line of action parallel to
the line of action of the given force F at A are introduced at B (Figure 2).
• The force F at A and oppositely directed force F at B constitute a couple of moment
M = F d. Thus, a force F acting at A can be resolved into a force acting at B together
with a couple of magnitude F d (Figure 3).

Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3 57

• It is a component that is
designed to support transverse
loads, that is, loads that act
perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis of the beam.

• It is a structural element which

has one dimension
considerably larger than the
other two dimensions.

• It generally offers resistance to

bending and shear due to
applied vertical loads.
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• Cantilever Beam: Fixed at one
end and free at the other.
• Simply Supported Beam
(SSB): Pined support at one end
and roller support at the other.
• Fixed Beam: Both ends fixed
• Overhanging Beam: One or
both end portions are extending
beyond the support. Pinned or
fixed support can be used.
• Continuous Beam: Will have
(f) propped
more than two supports. cantilever

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• The three common types of connections
which join a built structure to its
foundation are; roller, pinned and fixed.
• All of these supports can be located
anywhere along a structural element. They
are found at the ends, at midpoints, or at
any other intermediate points.
• The type of support connection determines
the type of load that the support can
resist.
• The support type has a great effect on the
load bearing capacity of each element, and
therefore the system.

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• Roller supports are free to rotate and
translate along the surface upon which
the roller rests. The resulting reaction
force is always a single force that is
perpendicular to the surface.

• A pinned support can resist both

vertical and horizontal forces but not a
moment. They will allow the structural
member to rotate, but not to translate
in any direction. It is also true that a
pinned connection could allow rotation in
only one direction; providing resistance
to rotation in any other direction.

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• Fixed supports can resist vertical and
horizontal forces as well as a moment.
Since they restrain both rotation and
translation, they are also known as rigid
supports. This means that a structure
only needs one fixed support in order to
be stable. All three equations of
equilibrium can be satisfied.

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