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Shambhuraje Patil
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BE PROJECT

JSPM's Jayawantrao Sawant College of Engineering, Pune

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A
Seminar Report
on
11
“IOT Based Smart Energy Meter Monitoring With Theft
Detection”

Academic Year of 2025-2026

(Savitribai Phule Pune University)

Submitted By:

SATYAM SUBHASH MULE(4124)

SHAMBHURAJE SATAPPA PATIL (4125)

SATWIK DATTATRAY PAWALE (4165)

Guided By:

Prof [Link]

1 Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering,

Jayawantrao Sawant College of Engineering, Hadapsar, Pune 28

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1 Jayawantrao Sawant College of Engineering, Hadapsar.

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering.

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. Satyam Subhash Mule, Mr. Shambhuraje Satappa
1 Patil, Mr. Satwik Dattatray Pawale, the students of BE Electronics &
Telecommunication Engineering, JSCOE, Hadapsar have submitted their project entitled
“IOT Based Smart Energy Meter Monitoring With Theft Detection” under the
1 supervision and guidance of Prof. [Link] for the partial fulfillment of the requirement
for the award of the degree of “Bachelor of Engineering” during the academic year
2025-26 of Savitribai Phule Pune University.

Date: / /2026

Place: Pune.

Project Guide H. O. D

1 (Prof. [Link]) (Dr. S. M. Hambarde)

Principal External Examiner

(Dr. [Link])

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1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We take this opportunity to present our project on “IOT Based Smart Energy
2 Meter Monitoring With Theft Detection”. We express our sincere thanks to our project
guide [Link] or his valuable help, guidance and the confidence, which he gave us
at all stages of the project work.
We also express our gratitude to Dr. S. M. Hambarde , Head of the E&TC Dept.
for providing us the necessary facilities in the laboratory as well as her kind support.

Finally, we are grateful to all faculty members of our department for their co-
operation and valuable help.

[Link] MULE

[Link] PATIL

[Link] PAWALE

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ABSTRACT
The efficient management of electrical energy has become one of the most significant challenges of the
modern era, especially in developing countries like India, where energy theft and distribution losses are a
persistent problem. The conventional energy metering systems still rely heavily on manual readings and
human intervention, which often lead to inaccurate billing, delayed data collection, and a lack of
transparency between consumers and utilities. Moreover, the inability of traditional systems to detect
unauthorized consumption or tampering contributes to major financial and energy losses every year. In
16 this context, the integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) into energy management systems offers a
smart, secure, and automated solution.

37 The proposed system, titled “IoT Based Smart Energy Meter Monitoring with Theft Detection”, is
designed to modernize conventional metering by introducing a real-time, intelligent, and automated
architecture that can accurately measure, record, and transmit power usage data. The system leverages IoT
technology to connect physical electrical meters with cloud-based servers for continuous data exchange
and analysis. The microcontroller-based design, utilizing components such as the ESP32 or Node-MCU,
16 collects real-time data from voltage and current sensors (ZMPT101B and ACS712 respectively) to
16 compute instantaneous power consumption. This data is transmitted to a cloud database through Wi-Fi or
GSM communication modules, where it can be accessed remotely by both consumers and electricity
providers.

The IoT-enabled system not only automates meter reading but also integrates theft detection mechanisms
using intelligent algorithms. The controller continuously monitors variations in power flow and detects
anomalies that indicate potential tampering or bypassing of the meter. Upon detection, the system
immediately triggers alerts via SMS or email notifications to the concerned authorities. These theft alerts
allow utility providers to take instant action, reducing losses and ensuring reliable service distribution. The
combination of sensing, computing, and communication forms the backbone of this intelligent metering
infrastructure.

In addition to theft detection, the proposed meter provides a user-friendly web or mobile dashboard that
enables consumers to track their daily, weekly, and monthly energy usage. Through platforms such as

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Thing-speak, Blynk, or Firebase, the system visualizes consumption graphs and generates real-time
47 reports Technically, the system architecture is designed to be modular and scalable. The hardware section
includes voltage and current sensors, a microcontroller (ESP32/ Node-MCU), and an IoT communication
module.

The software stack comprises Arduino IDE for programming, IoT cloud APIs for data transmission, and
dashboard interfaces for data visualization. The sensors measure analog parameters which are converted to
29 digital signals by the microcontroller’s ADC channels. The collected data undergoes processing to
calculate parameters such as voltage, current, power, and energy units. These are then uploaded at fixed
intervals to the cloud server through MQTT or HTTP protocols.

The project’s real-time theft detection feature is based on threshold comparison and anomaly analysis. When

there is a significant mismatch between the expected and actual energy flow, the system assumes possible
tampering. The microcontroller logic immediately activates an alert mechanism, including a local buzzer
and cloud-based notification. The implementation of this concept minimizes unauthorized usage and
strengthens the accountability of both users and distributors. By leveraging cloud computing and IoT
technologies, this design transforms a conventional power meter into an intelligent, connected, and secure
device.
The smart energy meter is also designed with cost efficiency and low maintenance in mind. Since it uses
widely available microcontrollers and open-source software, the overall cost remains affordable for
residential and industrial deployment. Furthermore, its modular design allows future scalability, such as
integrating machine learning algorithms for predictive energy consumption or connecting with renewable
sources like solar power systems. The same infrastructure can also support demand response operations
and\smart grid automation in future developments.

4 In conclusion, the IoT Based Smart Energy Meter Monitoring with Theft Detection system addresses three
critical challenges in power management: theft prevention, real-time monitoring, and automated billing.
Its integration of sensor-based measurements, microcontroller-based processing, and IoT-enabled
20 communication provides a reliable and scalable solution. The system not only enhances energy
accountability but also empowers both consumers and providers to manage power usage intelligently.
With further development, it can serve as a foundational component in future smart grid technologies and
sustainable energy systems.

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24 INDEX

SR NO. CONTENT PAGE NO

1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. LITERATURE SURVEY 5
3. OVERVIEW RELEVANCE OF 8

PROJECT
4. SPECIFICATIONS 11
5. BLOCK DIAGRAM AND 13

DESCRIPTION
6. SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND 18

SPECIFICATION
7. SYSTEM DESIGN 20

8. COMPLETE SYSTEM 27

DIAGRAM WITH VALUES AND

LAYOUTS
9. DETAILED OPERATION 30

10. FLOWCHART 34

11. SOURCE CODE 35

12. TEST RESULTS 39
13. CONCLUSION 40
14. FUTURE SCOPE 41
15. REFERENCES 42
16. DATA SHEET 43
17. MISCELLANEOUS 45

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1 CHAPTER 1

[Link]

1.1) SCOPE OF PROJECT

The scope of the project “IoT Smart Energy Meter with Theft Detection” is focused on developing an
intelligent and automated system for monitoring electrical energy consumption, detecting unauthorized
usage, and improving the efficiency of electricity distribution. Traditional energy meters require manual
reading and are unable to provide real-time information or identify theft activities. This project overcomes
these limitations by integrating IoT technology with smart sensing devices and cloud-based monitoring
systems.
6 The proposed system can continuously measure important electrical parameters such as voltage, current,
power, and total energy consumption. The measured data is processed by the microcontroller and
transmitted to the cloud platform through Wi-Fi or GSM communication. This enables consumers as well
as electricity providers to monitor energy usage remotely through a web dashboard or mobile application.
A major scope of this project is the detection of electricity theft or meter tampering. The system can
identify abnormal changes in current flow, bypass connections, or unusual consumption patterns and
immediately generate alerts. This helps utility companies reduce revenue losses and improve transparency
in billing.
The project also supports automatic billing by calculating consumed units accurately and storing usage
history in the cloud database. It eliminates manual meter reading errors and reduces human effort. The
stored data can further be used for monthly billing reports, energy analysis, and demand forecasting.
This system has wide applications in residential buildings, commercial complexes, industries, and smart
city infrastructures. It can also be integrated with renewable energy sources such as solar power systems
50 for better energy management. In future, the project can be expanded by adding artificial intelligence for
predictive theft detection, three-phase monitoring, prepaid billing systems, and load control features.
Thus, the scope of this project is broad and highly relevant in modern power systems, as it promotes smart
monitoring, secure electricity distribution, efficient billing, and digital transformation of the energy sector.

1
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1.2) OPERATING ENVIRONMENT-

A)Hardware Environment

The hardware setup of the project is implemented using a custom-designed Printed Circuit Board (PCB)
to ensure reliable, efficient, and long-term operation. The PCB integrates the ESP32 microcontroller,
current and voltage sensing modules, communication units, and supporting circuitry into a compact and
robust layout.
The design includes essential components such as:
• Properly rated resistors and capacitors for signal conditioning, voltage smoothing, and noise filtering.
• Voltage regulation circuitry to provide stable 5V and 3.3V DC supply for ESP32, sensors, GSM
module, and display units.
• Decoupling capacitors placed near the ESP32 and ICs to maintain voltage stability and reduce
fluctuations.
• Connectors and header pins for secure interfacing of sensors like ACS712 current sensor, ZMPT101B
voltage sensor, GSM module, LCD display, buzzer, and relay module.
• Screw terminals or DC jack for safe and reliable external power connection.
• PCB traces designed with proper grounding and routing techniques to reduce noise and maintain
signal integrity.
• Protection components such as fuse, diode, and isolation circuits for safe operation with mains
electricity supply.

Power is supplied through a regulated DC adapter or SMPS source, where 230V AC mains supply is
stepped down, rectified, filtered, and regulated on the PCB to meet the operating requirements of all
components.
This PCB-based implementation improves durability, compactness, electrical reliability, and overall
system performance, making the smart energy meter with theft detection suitable for practical real-world
deployment compared to temporary breadboard-based setups.

2
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b) Software Environment

The software environment of the project includes programming, cloud communication, and data
25 monitoring tools. Arduino IDE is used for writing, compiling, and uploading code to the ESP32
microcontroller using Embedded C/C++ language.

The ESP32 reads sensor and energy meter data, calculates power consumption, detects theft conditions,
and sends data to the cloud through Wi-Fi. Cloud platforms such as ThingSpeak, Blynk, or MQTT
dashboard are used for storing and displaying real-time data like voltage, current, power, units consumed,
and theft alerts.

The dashboard can be accessed through a mobile phone or computer for remote monitoring. Serial
Monitor is used during testing for debugging and checking sensor values.
This software environment makes the system intelligent, user-friendly, and suitable for real-time smart
energy monitoring applications.

1.3) BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF TECNOLOGY & TOOLS USED

The project “IoT Smart Energy Meter with Theft Detection” is developed using modern embedded
systems, wireless communication, and cloud computing technologies to create an intelligent and
34 automated energy monitoring system. The main technology used in this project is the Internet of Things
(IoT), which allows physical devices to collect, exchange, and monitor data through the internet in real
time.

23 The core hardware controller used in the system is the ESP32 microcontroller, which is a powerful and
low-cost microcontroller with built-in Wi-Fi and Bluetooth features. It is used for reading sensor values,
processing energy data, detecting theft conditions, and sending information to the cloud server. Due to its
high speed, low power consumption, and wireless connectivity, ESP32 is suitable for smart monitoring
applications.

3
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26 The project uses a digital energy meter along with current and voltage sensing techniques to measure
electrical parameters such as voltage, current, power, and total energy consumption. The system
continuously monitors these readings and calculates units consumed by the connected load.

For theft detection, the system compares current flow, meter readings, and load conditions. If any
abnormal activity such as meter bypassing, sudden current drop, or unauthorized tapping is detected, the
controller generates an alert and can disconnect the load using a relay module.

44 The software development is carried out using Arduino IDE, which is used for writing, compiling, and
uploading programs to the ESP32. The programming language used is Embedded C/C++, which helps in
sensor interfacing, logic implementation, communication handling, and real-time monitoring.

For cloud connectivity and remote monitoring, platforms such as ThingSpeak, Blynk, Firebase, or MQTT-
based dashboards are used. These platforms receive data from the ESP32 through Wi-Fi and display it in
the form of live graphs, gauges, and status messages. Users can access this dashboard using a mobile
phone or computer from anywhere.

The project also uses a 16x2 LCD display for local display of voltage, current, units consumed, and theft
alerts. A relay module is used for automatic switching of loads during theft or overload conditions. Buzzer
and LED indicators are used for warning signals.

During development and testing, tools such as Serial Monitor, multimeter, and debugging interfaces are
used to verify sensor readings, communication status, and system performance.

Thus, the combination of IoT technology, ESP32 controller, cloud dashboard, sensing modules, and
48 embedded programming makes the system smart, efficient, reliable, and suitable for modern energy
management applications.

4
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CHAPTER 1

[Link] SURVEY

Serial Number Research Paper Summary

11 H. S. Chong, “IoT-Based Smart Presents an IoT-based smart
Energy Meter Monitoring with energy meter system for real-time
Theft Control,” Journal of monitoring of electricity usage
Engineering and Technological with automatic theft detection and
Advances, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 45– cloud-based data access.
4 1. 52, 2025.

L. Anbarasu, R. Kumar, and P. Developed a smart meter that

4 Singh, “Smart IoT Energy detects bypass connections and
Metering System with Real-Time unauthorized power usage using
Theft Detection and Prevention,” sensor-based monitoring and
2.
International Journal of Electrical GSM alerts.
Engineering, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 22–
30, 2025.

N. Khan, A. Rehman, and S. Ali, Proposed a deep learning model

“Deep Learning Based Electricity to detect electricity theft patterns
Theft Detection in Smart Grid with improved accuracy using
Systems,” IEEE Access, vol. 12, smart meter consumption data.
3. pp. 11234–11245, 2024.

K. Zheng, Y. Li, and M. Chen, “A Introduces data analytics

22 Combined Data-Driven Approach techniques for detecting abnormal
for Smart Meter Theft Detection,” power consumption and illegal
IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, meter tampering in smart grids.
4. vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 2101–2110,
2024.

5
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R. Wadhwani and P. Sharma, “IoT Highlights the importance of IoT

Applications in Smart Energy in remote energy monitoring,
Management Systems,” billing automation, and intelligent
2 International Journal of Smart power management systems.
5. Technology, vol. 10, no. 4, pp.
55–63, 2023.

11 S. Patel and V. Mehta, “Design of Designed an ESP32-based smart

ESP32 Based Smart Meter with meter capable of measuring
45 Cloud Monitoring,” International electrical parameters and
Journal of Electronics and uploading data to cloud
Communication, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. dashboards in real time.
6.
78–85, 2023.

A. Gupta and T. Verma, Developed a GSM-based system

46 “Automatic Energy Meter for automatic meter reading and
Reading and Theft Detection SMS alerts during theft or
Using GSM Technology,” Journal abnormal usage.
7. of Embedded Systems, vol. 7, no.
1, pp. 15–22, 2022.

P. Rao and S. Joshi, “Smart Proposed an IoT-enabled

Metering for Residential Energy residential smart meter for
Monitoring Using IoT,” monitoring power consumption
International Conference on IoT and improving user awareness of
8. Applications, pp. 101–106, 2022. electricity usage.

6
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M. Sharma and D. Kulkarni, Introduced a cloud-connected

“Cloud Based Energy Meter Data energy meter system for storing
Logging and Analysis System,” consumption data and generating
36 International Journal of Computer reports for users and utilities.
9. Applications, vol. 11, no. 3, pp.
60–68, 2021.

T. Singh and R. Patil, “Wireless Developed a wireless smart meter

Smart Meter with Theft Alert and that detects theft conditions and
14 Load Control,” International automatically disconnects the load
Journal of Advanced Engineering using a relay system.
10. Research, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 34–40,
2021.

7
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CHAPTER 1

3) OVERVIEW & RELEVANCE OF PROJECT

The project “IoT Smart Energy Meter with Theft Detection” is a modern electricity monitoring and
management system designed to improve the efficiency, security, and reliability of power distribution. In
conventional energy metering systems, meter readings are collected manually, which is time-consuming,
less accurate, and requires human effort. Traditional meters also have limited capability to detect
electricity theft, unauthorized tapping, or abnormal power usage. This project overcomes these limitations
13 by combining Internet of Things (IoT) technology, embedded systems, and cloud computing.

13 The system uses an ESP32 microcontroller as the main control unit along with a digital energy meter,
12 current sensing, and voltage sensing methods to measure electrical parameters such as voltage, current,
power, and energy consumption. The collected data is processed in real time and transmitted to a cloud
platform through Wi-Fi or GSM communication. This allows users and electricity authorities to monitor
electricity usage remotely through a mobile phone or web dashboard.

One of the most important features of the project is theft detection. The system continuously monitors
power flow and identifies suspicious conditions such as meter bypassing, illegal tapping, sudden current
drop, or abnormal load patterns. Whenever theft is detected, the system generates alerts through buzzer,
SMS, or cloud notification. It can also disconnect the load using a relay module to prevent further
unauthorized usage.

The relevance of this project is very high in the present scenario where electricity demand is increasing
rapidly and utilities are facing large financial losses due to power theft. Smart energy meters help in
49 reducing these losses, improving billing transparency, and minimizing manual work. Real-time monitoring
also helps consumers understand their energy usage and reduce wastage.

This project is highly useful in residential homes, industries, commercial buildings, and smart city
applications. It supports modern smart grid infrastructure and future digital energy management systems.
With further enhancements such as prepaid billing, three-phase monitoring, and AI-based analytics, the
system can become even more efficient and intelligent.

8
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Thus, the project provides an innovative solution for secure, automated, and smart electricity monitoring,
making it relevant for present and future power management needs.

Relevance to the present Industrial Scenario

In today’s industrial environment, efficient energy management, real-time monitoring, and reduction of
power losses have become critical factors for productivity, cost control, and sustainable operations.
Industries such as manufacturing, power distribution, commercial facilities, logistics, and infrastructure
depend heavily on electricity for daily operations. Even minor energy wastage, inaccurate billing, or
electricity theft can lead to significant financial losses and reduced efficiency. The proposed IoT Smart
2 Energy Meter with Theft Detection is highly relevant to the current industrial scenario for several reasons.

Agriculture and Rural Industries:

Modern agriculture uses pumps, irrigation systems, cold storage units, and processing machines that
consume large amounts of electricity. Smart energy meters help monitor consumption, prevent
unauthorized usage, and optimize energy utilization. Real-time monitoring also helps reduce losses in
rural power distribution systems.

Manufacturing Industries:

Factories and production plants operate motors, machines, conveyors, compressors, and lighting systems
continuously. IoT-based smart meters allow industries to monitor machine-wise energy usage, identify
high consumption areas, and reduce wastage. Theft detection also prevents internal misuse and
unauthorized load connections.

Commercial Buildings and Offices:

Shopping malls, IT parks, hotels, hospitals, and office complexes require continuous electricity for
lighting, air conditioning, elevators, and equipment. Smart meters provide accurate billing, remote
monitoring, and energy analysis to improve operational efficiency and reduce unnecessary consumption.

9
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Power Distribution Companies:

Electricity boards and utility providers face major revenue losses due to meter tampering, illegal tapping,
and inaccurate manual meter reading. The proposed system enables automatic meter reading, cloud-based
monitoring, and instant theft alerts, improving transparency and reducing losses.

Renewable Energy Sector:

Solar plants, battery storage systems, and hybrid power systems require accurate monitoring of energy
generation and consumption. Smart meters can be integrated with renewable systems to track power flow,
manage loads, and improve energy efficiency.

Industrial Automation and Smart Factories:

With the rise of Industry 4.0, industries are adopting IoT-based automation systems. Smart energy meters
can be integrated with SCADA, ERP, and automation platforms to optimize energy consumption, schedule
loads intelligently, and improve overall plant performance.

10
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CHAPTER 2
4) SPECIFICATIONS

4.1 Functional Specifications

6 • The system continuously monitors electrical parameters such as:

Voltage
Current
Power Consumption
Energy Units (kWh)
Theft / Tamper Status

33 • Sensor and meter data is collected at regular intervals and processed by the ESP32 microcontroller.
• The processed data is transmitted wirelessly to a cloud platform using Wi-Fi or GSM communication.
• Real-time data visualization is provided through dashboards or web interfaces.
• The system detects electricity theft conditions such as meter bypassing, illegal tapping, or abnormal
current flow.
• Alerts are generated through buzzer, SMS, or cloud notification when theft is detected.
• Automatic load control can be implemented using relay switching.

4.2) Hardware Specifications

• Microcontroller: ESP32 with inbuilt Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and sufficient GPIO support.
• Energy Meter: Digital single-phase energy meter for practical measurement.
• Sensors:
Current Sensor (ACS712 / CT Sensor)
Voltage Sensor (ZMPT101B)
• Display Unit: 16x2 LCD Display
• Communication Module: GSM Module (SIM800L / SIM900A) for SMS alerts
• Relay Module: For automatic ON/OFF load control
• Power Supply: 230V AC to regulated 5V DC supply
• Connectivity Components: PCB, resistors, capacitors, jumper wires, connector

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4.3) Software Specifications

• Programming Platform: Arduino IDE

• Programming Language: Embedded C / C++
• Communication Protocols: MQTT / HTTP

• Cloud Platform: ThingSpeak / Blynk / Firebase / other IoT dashboards

• Monitoring Interface: Mobile App / Web Dashboard
• Debugging Tools: Serial Monitor, ESP32 libraries, sensor interfacing libraries
• Functions Implemented: Data logging, theft detection logic, alert generation, remote monitoring,
automatic billing support

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CHAPTER 2

5.1) BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig 5.1

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5.2) DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED WORK:

12 The proposed system aims to design and implement an IoT-based Smart Energy Meter with Theft
Detection that can monitor electrical energy consumption in real time, detect unauthorized usage, and
38 provide remote access to meter data through cloud technology. The motivation behind this work is the
increasing demand for efficient energy management, accurate billing systems, and prevention of electricity
19 theft, which causes major financial losses to utility providers. The system is intended to be smart, cost-
effective, reliable, and suitable for domestic as well as industrial applications.

The hardware framework of the system mainly consists of a digital energy meter, current sensor, voltage
sensor, ESP32 microcontroller, relay module, LCD display, and GSM/Wi-Fi communication unit. The
20 current sensor is used to measure load current, while the voltage sensor measures supply voltage. These
8 parameters are continuously monitored and sent to the ESP32 controller, which acts as the central
41 processing and communication unit. The LCD display shows real-time readings such as voltage, current,
power, units consumed, and theft status.

27 The software component of the system is responsible for data acquisition, processing, theft detection logic,
cloud communication, and user monitoring. The ESP32 reads sensor values at regular intervals, calculates
power consumption using voltage and current values, and computes total energy usage in kilowatt-hours
(kWh). The system continuously compares actual load conditions with expected meter readings to identify
abnormal behavior such as illegal tapping, meter bypassing, sudden current drop, or tampering attempts.

When theft or suspicious activity is detected, the system immediately activates alert mechanisms such as
buzzer warning, relay cutoff, SMS notification, or cloud-based alert messages. The GSM module is used
to send messages when Wi-Fi is unavailable, ensuring continuous communication reliability.

For remote monitoring and visualization, the system uses cloud platforms such as ThingSpeak, Blynk,
Firebase, or MQTT dashboards. These platforms display live energy parameters, historical consumption
data, graphs, and theft alerts through a web-based or mobile dashboard. Users, consumers, and electricity
authorities can access this dashboard remotely from anywhere.

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The proposed system also includes data logging features for storing energy usage records, monthly
reports, and load patterns. This data can be used for billing automation, consumption analysis, and future
energy planning. The relay module can be used for automatic load control in overload or theft conditions.

The proposed work effectively combines the domains of Internet of Things (IoT), embedded systems,
wireless communication, and smart monitoring to create an intelligent energy management solution. The
IoT component enables continuous real-time monitoring, while the embedded controller ensures fast
processing and theft detection.

The proposed system is also scalable and can be expanded for future smart grid applications. It can be
integrated with prepaid billing systems, renewable energy sources such as solar panels, and advanced load
management techniques. By connecting multiple smart meters to a centralized cloud server, electricity
providers can monitor large numbers of consumers simultaneously, detect distribution losses, and improve
power management efficiency. This makes the system suitable for modern digital power networks and
smart city infrastructure.

In addition, the project supports user awareness and energy conservation by providing detailed
consumption statistics and real-time notifications. Consumers can track their electricity usage patterns
through the dashboard and take corrective actions to reduce unnecessary consumption. This not only helps
in lowering electricity bills but also contributes to energy saving and environmental sustainability.
Therefore, the proposed system offers both economic and social benefits in the present power sector.

In conclusion, the proposed system focuses on developing a modern smart energy meter that overcomes
the limitations of traditional meters by providing real-time monitoring, automatic billing support, theft
prevention, and remote accessibility. Such a system can significantly benefit electricity boards, industries,
commercial users, and residential consumers by improving transparency, reducing losses, and promoting
efficient energy utilization.

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5.3) DETAILS OF INDIVIDUAL BLOCKS:

1. Sensing Unit

Voltage Sensor (ZMPT101B) – Measures AC supply voltage and provides scaled analog output to the
controller for voltage monitoring.
Current Sensor (ACS712 / CT Sensor) – Measures load current flowing through the circuit and helps
calculate power consumption.
Digital Energy Meter – Measures total energy consumption in kilowatt-hours (kWh) and provides meter
pulse or reading output.
These sensing devices are connected to the ESP32 analog/digital input pins for continuous monitoring.

8 2. ESP32 Microcontroller Unit

• Acts as the main control and processing unit of the system.

• Collects voltage, current, and energy meter data.
• Calculates power and energy consumption.
• Executes theft detection logic based on abnormal readings.
• Transmits data to cloud/server using Wi-Fi through MQTT or HTTP protocol.
• Controls relay, buzzer, and LCD display.

3. Communication Unit

Wi-Fi Module (Inbuilt ESP32) – Used for sending data to cloud platforms and remote monitoring
dashboards.
GSM Module (SIM800L / SIM900A) – Used for SMS alerts and communication when Wi-Fi is
unavailable.
This block ensures reliable real-time communication between hardware and cloud platform.

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4. Cloud Server / Monitoring Block

• Stores real-time and historical energy data in cloud database.
• Platforms such as ThingSpeak, Blynk, Firebase, or MQTT server are used.
• Displays voltage, current, power, units consumed, and theft alerts.
• Provides remote access through mobile or web dashboard.
• Maintains monthly usage records for billing and analysis.

5. Theft Detection & Protection Block

• Continuously compares sensor readings and meter behavior.

• Detects abnormal conditions such as meter bypassing, illegal tapping, sudden current drop, or tampering.
• Activates buzzer alert when theft is detected.
• Sends SMS / cloud notification to user or electricity authority.
• Can disconnect supply using relay module for protection.

6. Display & Alert Block

16x2 LCD Display is used to show:
• Voltage reading
•. Current reading
•. Power consumption
•. Units consumed
•. Wi-Fi connection status
•. Theft detection message

Alert system uses buzzer, GSM SMS, or cloud notifications for warning messages.

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CHAPTER 2
6) SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND SPECIFICATION

30 3.1) Functional Requirements

The system must be capable of performing the following core functions:

8 •It should accurately measure electrical parameters such as voltage, current, power, and energy
consumption using appropriate sensors and energy meter.
•The system must process collected data using the ESP32 microcontroller in real time.
39 •It should establish a stable wireless connection to transmit data to a cloud-based platform.
•The system must provide real-time data visualization through graphs or dashboards accessible via web or
mobile devices.
•It should detect electricity theft conditions such as meter bypassing, illegal tapping, tampering, or
abnormal current flow.
•The system should generate alerts through buzzer, SMS, or cloud notifications when theft is detected.
•It should allow continuous monitoring without requiring frequent manual intervention.
•The system must handle sensor and meter data efficiently and ensure proper formatting before
transmission.

28
3.2) Non-Functional Requirements

These requirements define the quality and performance characteristics of the system:
•Reliability: The system should operate continuously with minimal failures and stable data transmission.
•Accuracy: Voltage, current, and energy readings should be reasonably precise for practical use.
•Scalability: The system should allow future integration of prepaid billing, three-phase monitoring, or
additional sensors.
•Efficiency: It should consume low power and optimize hardware resources.
•Usability: The dashboard interface should be simple and easy to understand.
•Maintainability: The design should allow easy troubleshooting, repair, and upgrades.
•Security: Cloud data and communication should be protected from unauthorized access.

3.3) Hardware Requirements

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The following hardware components are required for system implementation:

• ESP32 microcontroller
• Digital Energy Meter
• Current Sensor (ACS712 / CT Sensor)
• Voltage Sensor (ZMPT101B)
• GSM Module (SIM800L / SIM900A)
• 16x2 LCD Display
• Relay Module
• Buzzer / LED indicators
• Breadboard and jumper wires for circuit connections
• Power supply (230V AC to regulated 5V DC)
• Printed Circuit Board (PCB) for permanent design

3.4) Software Requirements

The software tools and platforms required include:

14 • Arduino IDE for coding and firmware uploading
• Embedded C / C++ for programming
• ESP32 and sensor interfacing libraries
• Cloud platform (such as ThingSpeak, Blynk, Firebase, or MQTT-based services) for data
storage and visualization
• MQTT / HTTP communication protocols
• Serial Monitor for debugging and testing
• Dashboard interface for remote monitoring

3.5) Operational Requirements

• The system requires a stable Wi-Fi or GSM network connection for cloud communication.

• It should be installed safely near the electricity meter with proper wiring connections.
• The system should be able to run continuously for long duration

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CHAPTER 3
7) SYSTEM DESIGN

7.1) Selection of Components

40 The choice of components plays a critical role in determining the accuracy, reliability, and performance of
the smart energy meter system. The following components have been selected based on their
specifications, cost-effectiveness, and compatibility with the ESP32 microcontroller.

a) Current Sensor (ACS712 / CT Sensor)

Current measurement is essential for calculating power consumption and detecting theft conditions. The
ACS712 Hall Effect current sensor or Current Transformer (CT sensor) is selected because of its reliable
performance and easy interfacing.

Reason for Selecting Current Sensor

• Provides accurate current measurement for load monitoring
• Suitable for AC current sensing applications
• Easy interfacing with ESP32 analog input pins
• Useful for power calculation and theft detection
• Low cost and widely available

Specifications of ACS712 Sensor

• Current Measurement Range: 5A / 20A / 30A variants
• Operating Voltage: 5V DC
• Output Signal: Analog voltage output
• Isolation: Hall Effect based electrical isolation
• Fast response time for real-time monitoring

b) Voltage Sensor (ZMPT101B)

Voltage monitoring is important for measuring supply conditions and calculating power consumption. The
ZMPT101B voltage sensor is selected because it is compact, accurate, and designed for AC voltage
measurement.

Reason for Selecting ZMPT101B

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• Measures AC mains voltage safely

• Provides isolated analog output
• Compact size and low cost
• Easy calibration and interfacing with ESP32
• Suitable for real-time monitoring systems

Specifications of ZMPT101B Sensor

• Voltage Measurement Range: Up to 250V AC
• Output Signal: Analog output
• Operating Voltage: 5V DC
• High sensitivity and adjustable gain
• Suitable for 50Hz AC systems

42 c) Digital Energy Meter

A digital energy meter is used to measure total electrical energy consumption in kilowatt-hours (kWh). It
provides practical demonstration and accurate unit measurement.

Reason for Selecting Digital Energy Meter

• Accurate measurement of consumed units
• Reliable and industry-standard operation
• Useful for comparison with sensor data
• Supports real-time practical implementation

Specifications
• Type: Single-phase digital energy meter
• Voltage Rating: 230V AC
• Frequency: 50Hz
• Display: LCD / LED pulse indicator
• Measures units in kWh

d) Relay Module
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A relay module is used for switching electrical loads ON/OFF during theft detection or overload
conditions.

Reason for Selecting Relay Module

• Allows automatic load disconnection
• Provides electrical isolation between controller and load
• Easy interfacing with ESP32 digital pins

Specifications
• Operating Voltage: 5V DC
• Contact Rating: 230V AC load switching
• Trigger Type: Digital control signal

e) LCD Display (16x2)

6 The LCD display is used to show real-time values and system status locally.

Displayed Parameters
• Voltage
• Current
• Power
• Units Consumed
• Theft Alert Status
• Wi-Fi Connection Status

Reason for Selection

• Low cost and simple interface
• Easy readability
• Suitable for embedded systems

19 f) GSM Module (SIM800L / SIM900A)

The GSM module is used for SMS alerts and communication when Wi-Fi is unavailable.

Reason for Selection

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• Sends theft alert messages instantly

• Useful in remote areas without Wi-Fi
• Provides backup communication system

Specifications
• Network Support: GSM/GPRS
• SIM Card Based Communication
• UART Serial Interface
• Supports SMS and mobile data

g) Microcontroller (ESP32)

15 The ESP32 acts as the central processing unit of the project.

Key Features
5 • Built-in Wi-Fi and Bluetooth
• Dual-core high-speed processor
• Multiple GPIO pins
• Analog and digital input support
• Low power consumption

Working Role in Project

• Reads voltage and current data
• Calculates power and energy units
• Detects theft conditions
• Sends data to cloud dashboard
• Controls relay, buzzer, and LCD display

Reason for Selection

• Eliminates need for external Wi-Fi module
• High performance at low cost
• Easy programming through Arduino IDE
• Best suited for IoT applications

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7.2) SELECTION OF COMPONENTS

a) Microcontroller (ESP32)

15 The microcontroller acts as the central processing unit of the system, responsible for reading sensor data,
processing it, and transmitting it to the cloud.

Key Features:
5 • Built-in Wi-Fi and Bluetooth

• High processing speed (dual-core processor)

• Multiple GPIO pins for interfacing sensors

• Supports analog and digital inputs

Working Role in Project:

• Collects data from rain and weather sensors

• Processes and formats data

• Sends data to cloud platforms via internet

Reason for Selection:

• Eliminates need for external Wi-Fi module

• High performance with low power consumption

• Widely supported with libraries and community

b) Power Source with Battery

51 The system requires a stable and continuous power supply for reliable operation.

Components Used:

• USB power supply (5V) for development

• Rechargeable battery for portable operation

Working Principle:
The battery supplies DC power to the microcontroller and sensors. A voltage regulator ensures that
components receive stable voltage levels.

Reason for Selection:

• Enables portable and remote deployment

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• Provides backup during power interruptions

• Suitable for outdoor installations

c) Breadboard and Prototyping

Breadboards are used during the initial stage for building and testing the circuit without permanent
connections.

Key Features:

• No soldering required

• Reusable and flexible

• Supports quick modifications

3 Jumper Wires Used:

• Male-to-male

• Male-to-female

Role in Project:

• Temporary circuit assembly

• Testing sensor connections and logic

Reason for Selection:

• Saves time during development

• Ideal for debugging and experimentation

d) Printed Circuit Board (PCB)

A PCB is used to create a permanent and compact version of the circuit after successful prototyping.

Key Features:

• Durable and reliable connections

• Reduced circuit size

• Professional layout and design

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Type:

• Single-layer PCB

Role in Project:

• Replaces breadboard for final implementation

• Ensures stable long-term operation

Reason for Selection:

• Eliminates loose connections

• Improves system durability

• Suitable for real-world deployment

7.3) CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig 7.3.1

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CHAPTER 4

8) COMPLETE SYSTEM DIAGRAM WITH VALUES & LAYOUT

Fig 8.1

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Microcontroller: ESP32

• Operating Voltage: 3.3 Volt

• Input Supply: 5 Volt USB / Adapter

• ADC Resolution: 12-bit

• Wi-Fi: Built-in 2.4 GHz

Voltage Sensor (ZMPT101B)

• Supply Voltage: 5 Volt

• Input Voltage Range: 0 – 250V AC

• Output: Analog

• Used For: Voltage Measurement

Current Sensor (ACS712)

• Supply Voltage: 5 Volt

• Current Range: 5A / 20A / 30A

• Output: Analog Voltage

• Used For: Current Measurement

Energy Meter

• Input Supply: 230V AC

• Frequency: 50 Hz

• Pulse Output: Digital Pulse

• Used For: Energy Unit Measurement (kWh)

Relay Module

• Supply Voltage: 5 Volt

• Control Input Pin: GPIO26

• Used For: Load ON/OFF Control

LCD Display (16x2 I2C)

• Supply Voltage: 5 Volt

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• SDA Pin: GPIO21

• SCL Pin: GPIO22

• Used For: Display Readings

GSM Module (SIM800L)

• Supply Voltage: 4V – 5V

• TX Pin: GPIO17

• RX Pin: GPIO16

• Used For: SMS Alert / Backup Communication

Power Supply Section

• Input: 230V AC

• Output: 5V DC Regulated

• Converter: SMPS / Adapter

Theft Detection Logic

• Sudden Current Drop

• Meter Bypass Detection

• Overload Detection

Cloud Dashboard

• Platform: ThingSpeak / Blynk / Firebase

• Data: Voltage, Current, Power, Energy, Alert.

PCB Layout Description:

The PCB is designed with the ESP32 positioned centrally to allow balanced and efficient routing of
connections to all sensors. The power supply section, including the voltage regulator and associated
filtering capacitors, is located close to the input source to reduce noise and ensure stable voltage delivery.

Sensors that produce analog signals, such as the UV and rain sensors, are arranged away from digital
components to minimize interference and improve signal accuracy. The DHT22 sensor is placed near the
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edge of the board so that it can better sense ambient environmental conditions. The wind sensor is
interfaced through an external connector, allowing flexible placement.

To maintain stable operation, proper grounding practices are followed, and decoupling capacitors of 0.1µF
are placed close to the ESP32. Additionally, wider traces are used for power lines to support reliable
current flow and reduce voltage drops.

9) Detailed Operation

The developed IoT Smart Energy Meter with Theft Detection system functions as an integrated platform
that continuously measures electrical parameters, processes the collected data, detects unauthorized usage,
and sends information to cloud platforms for monitoring. The overall operation is carried out in multiple
stages, starting from data acquisition to final output generation.

1. System Initialization

When power is supplied, the system begins its operation through the following steps:

• The ESP32 microcontroller is powered using a regulated 3.3V / 5V supply.

• ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter)

• Wi-Fi module

• Serial communication ports are initialized.

• All connected devices such as voltage sensor, current sensor, LCD display, relay, buzzer,
and GSM module are checked for proper operation.

2. Data Acquisition from Sensors

The system collects real-time electrical data using multiple sensing units:

Voltage Sensor (ZMPT101B)

Measures:

• AC mains voltage

• Voltage fluctuations

Current Sensor (ACS712 / CT Sensor)

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Measures:

• Load current flowing through the circuit

Outputs analog signal proportional to current, which is read by ESP32.

Digital Energy Meter

Measures:

• Total energy consumption in kilowatt-hours (kWh)

• Provides pulse output or digital reading for unit calculation.

3. Signal Processing and Conversion

After collecting raw data, the system performs signal processing:

• Analog signals from voltage and current sensors are converted into digital values using 12-
bit ADC of ESP32.

• RMS voltage and RMS current values are calculated.

• Power is calculated using:

Power = Voltage \times Current

• Energy consumption is calculated over time:

Energy = Power \times Time

This ensures accurate power monitoring.

4. Theft Detection Logic

The system continuously compares sensor readings and meter behavior to identify abnormal conditions
such as:

• Meter bypassing

• Illegal tapping

• Sudden current drop

• Pulse mismatch in meter

• Unusual load conditions

If suspicious activity is detected:

• Theft flag is activated

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• Relay can disconnect load

• Alert message is generated.

5. Output Generation and Communication

After processing, the system provides outputs through different methods:

Local Display

16x2 LCD shows:

• Voltage

• Current

• Power

• Units Consumed

• Theft Status

• Wi-Fi Status

Wireless Transmission using ESP32 Wi-Fi

Data is sent to:

• ThingSpeak

• Blynk

• Firebase

• MQTT Dashboard

Enables:

• Remote monitoring

• Real-time energy usage updates

• Theft notifications

GSM Communication

If Wi-Fi fails, GSM module sends SMS alerts to users or electricity board.

6. Continuous Monitoring Cycle

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The system operates in a continuous loop:

• Sensors collect data at regular intervals

• ESP32 updates calculations

• Theft conditions are checked repeatedly

• Cloud dashboard is updated continuously

This creates a real-time smart energy monitoring system.

7. Role of Major Components

ESP32 Microcontroller

• Central processing unit of the system

• Handles sensing, calculation, theft detection, and communication

Voltage & Current Sensors

• Provide real-time electrical parameter inputs

Energy Meter

• Measures actual unit consumption

Relay Module

• Disconnects load during theft or overload

GSM / Wi-Fi Module

• Sends alerts and uploads cloud data

Cloud Dashboard

• Displays real-time readings and reports

8. Final Working Summary

The system continuously monitors electricity usage, calculates power consumption, detects theft attempts,
and sends real-time data to cloud dashboards. It improves billing accuracy, reduces electricity theft, and
enables smart remote monitoring.
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10) FLOWCHART

Fig 10.1

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3 11) Source Code

#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
#include <ThingSpeak.h>
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
#include <Wire.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>
#include <PZEM004Tv30.h>

// ================= WiFi =================

const char* ssid = "byp";
const char* password = "Byp12345678";

// ================= ThingSpeak =================

WiFiClient client;
unsigned long channelID = 2136823;
const char* apiKey = "3NQ7LCJY5KKE0VZD";

3 // ================= LCD =================

LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27, 16, 2);

// ================= Pins =================

#define IR1 D5
#define IR2 D6
#define RELAY D7

// ================= GSM =================

SoftwareSerial gsm(D0, D8);

// ================= PZEM =================

PZEM004Tv30 pzem(D3, D4);

// ================= Variables =================

bool theftDetected = false;
String mobileNumber = "+919890992330";

float units = 0;
float rupees = 0;

// ================= SMS FUNCTION =================

void sendSMS(String msg) {
5 [Link]("AT+CMGF=1");
delay(1000);
[Link]("AT+CMGS=\"" + mobileNumber + "\"");
delay(1000);
[Link](msg);
delay(500);
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[Link](26);
delay(3000);
[Link]("SMS SENT TO: " + mobileNumber);
}

// ================= SETUP =================

31 void setup() {
[Link](9600);
[Link](9600);
pinMode(IR1, INPUT);
pinMode(IR2, INPUT);
pinMode(RELAY, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(RELAY, HIGH);
[Link]();
[Link]();
10 [Link](0,0);
[Link]("POWER SYSTEM");
[Link](0,1);
[Link]("STARTING...");
delay(2000);
[Link](ssid, password);
[Link]();
[Link]("Connecting WiFi");
while ([Link]() != WL_CONNECTED) {
delay(500);
}
[Link]();
[Link]("WiFi Connected");
[Link]("WiFi Connected");
[Link](client);
}

35 // ================= LOOP =================

void loop() {
int ir1 = digitalRead(IR1);
int ir2 = digitalRead(IR2);
18 float voltage = [Link]();
float current = [Link]();
float power = [Link]();
float frequency = [Link]();
float pf = [Link]();
bool pzemData = (voltage > 200);

// ================= UNIT CALC =================

if (power < 3 && power > 0) {
units += 1;
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}
else if (power >= 3) {
units += 2;
}
rupees = units * 10;

// ================= SERIAL =================

[Link]("------ DATA ------");
7 [Link]("IR1: "); [Link](ir1);
[Link]("IR2: "); [Link](ir2);
[Link]("Voltage: "); [Link](voltage);
[Link]("Current: "); [Link](current);
[Link]("Power: "); [Link](power);
[Link]("Freq: "); [Link](frequency);
[Link]("PF: "); [Link](pf);
[Link]("Units: "); [Link](units);
[Link]("Rupees: "); [Link](rupees);

// ================= THEFT CONDITION =================

43 if ((ir1 == 0 && ir2 == 1 && pzemData) ||
(ir1 == 1 && ir2 == 1 && pzemData) ||
(ir1 == 1 && ir2 == 0 && pzemData)) {
if (!theftDetected) {
[Link](" POWER THEFT DETECTED");
String sms = "Power Theft Detected!\n";
sms += "V:" + String(voltage);
sms += " I:" + String(current);
sms += " P:" + String(power);
sms += " PF:" + String(pf);
sms += " F:" + String(frequency);
sms += " Unit:" + String(units);
sms += " Rs:" + String(rupees)
sendSMS(sms);
digitalWrite(RELAY, LOW);
theftDetected = true;
}
}
else {
theftDetected = false;
digitalWrite(RELAY, HIGH);
}
// ================= LCD =================

// Screen 1
17 [Link]();
[Link](0,0);
[Link]("V:"); [Link](voltage);
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[Link](" I:"); [Link](current);

[Link](0,1);
[Link]("P:"); [Link](power);
delay(2000);

9 // Screen 2
[Link]();
[Link](0,0);
[Link]("F:"); [Link](frequency);
[Link](" PF:"); [Link](pf);
[Link](0,1);
[Link]("U:"); [Link](units);
[Link](" Rs:"); [Link](rupees);
delay(2000);

// Screen 3
[Link]();
[Link](0,0);
[Link](theftDetected ? "THEFT DETECTED" : "NORMAL");
21 [Link](0,1);
[Link]("IR1:");
[Link](ir1);
[Link](" IR2:");
[Link](ir2);
delay(2000);

// ================= ThingSpeak =================

3 [Link](1, voltage);
[Link](2, current);
[Link](3, power);
[Link](4, pf);
[Link](5, units);
[Link](6, rupees);
[Link](channelID, apiKey);
[Link]("Data sent to ThingSpeak");
delay(1000);
}

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CHAPTER 5

12) TEST RESULT

Fig 12.1
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13) CONCLUSION

The IoT Smart Energy Meter with Theft Detection represents a significant advancement over traditional
electricity metering systems by combining real-time sensing, wireless communication, and intelligent
monitoring technologies. The system provides accurate measurement of voltage, current, power
consumption, and energy units while also detecting unauthorized usage, meter tampering, and electricity
theft. Through the integration of sensors, ESP32 microcontroller, cloud platforms, and alert mechanisms,
the system is capable of continuous monitoring and remote accessibility.

This project is highly relevant to the modern power sector, residential users, industries, and commercial
establishments where efficient energy management, billing accuracy, and theft prevention are major
concerns. By providing real-time energy data, automatic alerts, and remote dashboard access, the system
enables better decision-making, reduced power losses, and improved transparency.

13 In conclusion, the proposed system demonstrates the practical application of IoT and embedded systems in
solving real-world energy management problems. It not only improves operational efficiency and revenue
14 protection for electricity providers but also promotes energy conservation among consumers. The project
also lays the foundation for future advancements such as smart grid integration, prepaid metering,
renewable energy monitoring, and AI-based power analytics. It highlights the potential of combining IoT
technology with smart metering systems to create intelligent, secure, and efficient solutions for the present
and future energy sector.

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CHAPTER 6
14) FUTURE SCOPE

4 The proposed IoT Smart Energy Meter with Theft Detection system successfully combines smart sensing,
wireless communication, and embedded technologies for real-time energy monitoring and theft
prevention. However, there are several areas where the system can be further improved in terms of
functionality, intelligence, and large-scale deployment. Future enhancements can make the system more
efficient, secure, and suitable for modern smart grid applications.

One major improvement can be the integration of three-phase energy monitoring, which would make the
system suitable for industries, commercial buildings, and high-power applications. Additional sensors can
also be added for monitoring parameters such as power factor, frequency, temperature of electrical panels,
and overload conditions. This would provide complete electrical health monitoring along with energy
measurement.

32 The theft detection mechanism can be made more advanced by using Artificial Intelligence (AI) and
Machine Learning (ML) algorithms. By analyzing historical usage patterns and consumer behavior,
intelligent models can identify suspicious activities, hidden theft attempts, and unusual load patterns more
accurately. Predictive analytics can also help electricity boards estimate losses and take preventive actions.

Another future scope is integration with smart grid and renewable energy systems. The meter can be
connected with solar panels, battery storage systems, and grid supply to monitor bidirectional power flow
and optimize energy usage. This will be highly useful in modern smart homes and sustainable energy
systems.

Cloud connectivity can be expanded for monitoring multiple smart meters installed at different locations
simultaneously. This would help utility providers manage entire residential areas, industries, or cities from
a centralized control center.

In conclusion, the proposed system has wide future scope for becoming more intelligent, automated, and
scalable. It can play an important role in smart cities, digital power distribution, energy conservation, theft
reduction, and next-generation electricity management systems.
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APPENDIX
15) REFERENCES:

[1] Espressif Systems, ESP32 Technical Reference Manual, Espressif Systems, Shanghai, China, 2026.
[Online]. Available: [Link]
Accessed: Apr. 2026.

[2] Allegro MicroSystems, ACS712 Fully Integrated Hall Effect-Based Linear Current Sensor IC
Datasheet, Worcester, MA, USA, 2025.

[3] ZMPT101B Voltage Sensor Module, AC Voltage Measurement Sensor Datasheet, Electronic
Components Manual, 2025.

[4] Arduino, Arduino IDE Documentation and User Guide, Arduino Official Documentation, 2026.
[Online]. Available: [Link]
Accessed: Apr. 2026.

[5] MathWorks, Internet of Things (IoT) Based Smart Metering Systems, Technical Publications, 2025.

[6] ThingSpeak, IoT Analytics Platform for Smart Monitoring, MathWorks Inc., 2026. [Online]. Available:
[Link]
Accessed: Apr. 2026.

[7] Blynk Inc., Blynk IoT Platform Documentation, 2026. [Online]. Available: [Link]
Accessed: Apr. 2026.

[8] SIMCom Wireless Solutions, SIM800L GSM/GPRS Module Hardware Design Guide, SIMCom Ltd.,
2025.

[9] IEEE Smart Grid Publications, Electricity Theft Detection Techniques in Smart Metering Systems,
IEEE Journals, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 1102–1115, 2024.

[10] H. Patel and R. Kumar, IoT Based Smart Energy Meter with Theft Detection Using ESP32,
International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 55–61, 2025.

[11] A. Sharma and P. Verma, Cloud-Based Smart Energy Monitoring and Billing System Using IoT,
International Journal of Advanced Research in Electronics, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 72–79, 2025.

[12] M. Singh and R. Patil, Wireless Smart Meter with GSM Alert and Theft Detection Mechanism,
Journal of Embedded Systems and Applications, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 34–41, 2024.

[13] N. Gupta and S. Kulkarni, Real-Time Energy Consumption Monitoring Using ESP32 and MQTT
Protocol, International Conference on Smart Technologies, pp. 115–120, 2024.

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16) DATA SHEET

ESP32 (Microcontroller)
• Operating Voltage: 3.0V – 3.6V
• CPU: Dual-core Tensilica LX6
• Wi-Fi: 802.11 b/g/n
• Bluetooth: Built-in BLE & Classic
• GPIO Pins: 34
Used for:
• Sensor interfacing
• Theft detection logic
• Wireless communication
• Cloud connectivity
ACS712 (Current Sensor)
• Operating Voltage: 5V DC
• Current Range: 5A / 20A / 30A
• Output Type: Analog Voltage
• Sensitivity: Depends on model
Used for:
• Current measurement
• Power calculation
• Load monitoring
• Theft detection

ZMPT101B (Voltage Sensor)

• Operating Voltage: 5V DC
• Input Voltage Range: 0 – 250V AC
• Output Type: Analog
Used for:
• AC voltage measurement
• Power calculation
• Voltage fluctuation monitoring

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Digital Energy Meter

• Input Voltage: 230V AC
• Frequency: 50Hz
• Output: Pulse / Display Reading
Used for:
• Energy unit measurement
• Billing data collection
• Real-time consumption monitoring
GSM Module (SIM800L / SIM900A)
• Operating Voltage: 4V – 5V
• Communication: UART Serial
• Network: GSM / GPRS
Used for:
• Theft alert SMS
• Backup communication
• Remote notifications
Relay Module
• Operating Voltage: 5V DC
• Channels: 1 Channel / 2 Channel
• Contact Rating: 230V AC
Used for:
• Load ON/OFF control
• Automatic disconnection during theft
16x2 LCD Display
• Operating Voltage: 5V DC
• Display Type: 16 Characters x 2 Lines
• Interface: Parallel / I2C
Used for:
• Voltage display
• Current display
• Power and units display
• Theft alert status
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17) MISCELLANEOUS

The project “IoT Smart Energy Meter with Theft Detection” includes several additional features and
supporting elements that enhance the overall performance, usability, and practical value of the system.
These miscellaneous aspects are important for smooth operation, maintenance, and future development of
the project.

One of the important features is the real-time monitoring capability, which allows users and electricity
authorities to access live energy data from anywhere through a mobile phone or web dashboard. This
reduces the need for manual meter reading and improves convenience.

The system also supports data logging and history tracking, where daily, weekly, or monthly electricity
usage records can be stored on the cloud platform. This helps users analyze consumption patterns and
manage energy efficiently.

The project is designed with low power consumption and compact size, making it suitable for installation
in homes, offices, shops, and industries. The use of ESP32 provides wireless communication without
requiring additional network modules.

The system is also cost-effective and scalable, meaning it can be expanded in the future by adding more
sensors, prepaid billing, mobile app support, three-phase metering, or integration with solar power
systems.

During implementation, standard tools such as multimeter, soldering kit, PCB board, jumper wires, and
regulated power supply are used for assembly and testing. Proper insulation and safe wiring practices are
followed to ensure user safety while working with electrical mains supply.

Thus, these miscellaneous features make the project more practical, user-friendly, and suitable for real-
world smart energy management applications.

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