Group Name: The Biobosses ​​ ​ ​ Date: Nov.

26, 2024
Members present during laboratory time:​ ​ Rating:
Pagarigan, Janella Ishi
Quezada, Patrice Anne
Escamilla, Mathilda
Mallillin, Flericka

Blood Typing Lab Activity 9

Experimental Question
How do you determine which blood type is suitable to be donated or received in a blood
transfusion?

Introduction and Background:

Humans can have the A, B, AB, or O blood type. The phenotypic differences are due to
proteins attached in the red blood cell (RBC) membrane and in the blood plasma. The
proteins anchored on the red blood cells act as antigens and the proteins in the plasma act
as antibodies. For example, type A blood has A antigens on the surface of the red blood
cells and B antibodies (anti-B) in the blood plasma, whereas type B blood has B antigens on
the surface of the red blood cells and A antibodies (anti-A) in the blood plasma. Type AB
blood is unique because it has both A and B proteins on the surface of the red blood cells,
but no plasma antibodies. Type O blood is equally unique because it has no antigens on the
surface of the red blood cells, but has both A and B antibodies in the blood plasma. Blood
type Antigen on Red Blood Cell (RBC) A A Antibodies in plasma B (Antibody-B), B B A
(Antibody-A) AB A, B None O None A (Antibody-A) and B (Antibody-B) Mixing blood types
has serious consequences. For example, when type A blood is mixed with type B blood, the
antigens on the type A red blood cells react with the plasma proteins of type B blood. This
antibody-antigen reaction causes severe clumping (agglutination) of the red blood cells.
Agglutination tends to block blood vessels, resulting in brain and kidney damage and,
ultimately, death. Those with type O blood are called universal donors. Although blood type
O contains plasma proteins against blood types A, B it can be used in emergency
transfusions as a donor to A, B, and AB blood types since the proteins in this blood plasma
become so diluted in the recipient’s plasma that the amount of agglutination does not reach
lethal levels. The O blood cells are not attacked by the anti-A and/or anti-B in the recipient
because the O cells do not contain any A or B antigens. Those with type AB blood are called
universal recipients since they have no plasma antibodies to react with the antigens found on
A, B, and O types of red blood cells.
Materials
Lancets 70% Alcohol
Glass slides Pencil/ Colored pencil
Anti-A serum and Anti-B Serum Anti-D Serum
Toothpicks Cotton Balls
Before the procedure
1.​ Follow safety precaution.
1.1 Wear gloves while performing blood tests.
1.2 Place blood slides and toothpicks in a biohazard container after the activity.
1.3 Clean your area at the end of the laboratory activity.
2. Prepare a clean glass slide, two new toothpicks, pencil, lancet, cotton balls, 70% alcohol
and anti-A and anti-B sera.
3.​ Divide the glass slide in half and Mark A on the left side and B on the right side. a second
​ Hand

Procedure:
1.​ Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water. Dry with clean paper towel.
2.​ Wipe the fingertip of your ring finger with a cotton ball soaked in 70% alcohol. Allow
alcohol to dry without wiping.
3.​ Open a new, sterile blood lancet exposing the sharp tip only.
4.​ Puncture the cleaned fingertip with a sterile lancet (The instructor will teach you how to
do this). Never reuse a lancet, even your own.
5.​ Deposit the used lancet in the sharp’s container for biohazard materials only.
6.​ Wipe away the first drop of blood with a cotton ball and dispose in a biohazard wastes
container.
7.​ Gently squeeze one drop of blood on each side of a clean prepared slide without the
finger touching the slide.
8.​ With each blood sample, mix a few drops with the Anti-A, Anti, B and solutions, which
contain the antibodies that bind to the respective antigen proteins.
9.​ Each blood sample should be tested with separate antibody solutions, so you will test
each blood type for the A, and B proteins independently.
10.​Mix the serum and blood cells using separate and clean toothpicks. Observe closely
what happens to the mixture. Determine presence/absence of agglutination or
clumping of cells.
11.​Check for agglutination (clumping) and record below for positive (agglutination) or
negative (no agglutination) reactions.
12.​Based on your results note the blood type of each individual.
Data:
Student 1
Testing Solution Reaction (clumping?) Blood type Possible blood type
for transfusion
Antibody-A An individual with
O-positive blood
can receive blood
from donors who
have O-positive
O+ (O-positive) and O-negative
blood.

Antibody-B

Antibody-D
Student 2
Testing Solution Reaction (clumping?) Blood type Possible blood type
for transfusion
Antibody-A A person with a
B-positive blood
type can receive
blood from
B-positive,
B-negative,
O-positive, and
O-negative donors

B+ (B-positive)
Antibody-B

Antibody-D
Documentation
Conclusions:

1. How do you determine which blood type is suitable to be donated or received in a

blood transfusion?

Determining blood type compatibility for safe blood transfusions is crucial, as incompatible
blood can trigger a life-threatening immune response. The process involves careful blood
typing and cross-matching, taking into account the ABO blood group system and the Rh
factor.

2. Explain why a blood transfusion must match a patient’s blood type.

Properly grouping blood is important and it guarantees safe blood transfusions. Intravenous
clumping can occur in a patient’s blood and it can be harmful if the blood type is incompatible
with the given blood type. Reactions and rejections can be caused by antibodies being
produced by the patient’s body that target antigens on the blood cells in the donated blood.
For instance, a patient with blood group B has blood plasma that contains naturally occurring
Anti-A antibodies. This patient with blood group B will be in a critical condition if they receive
blood group A red blood cells because the Anti-A antibodies in their plasma will cause the
blood group A red blood cells to clump in their veins

3. What blood type is the universal donor?

Individuals with -O (O-negative) blood type are considered universal donors, as their blood
can be donated to anyone regardless of the type, which is vital in times of emergency.
Furthermore, O-negative blood lacks A, B, or RH antigens on the surfaces of red blood cells,
and hence it will not cause an immune response in the recipient. This characteristic can be
useful if there is not enough time to take the necessary blood type of the patient. As a result,
the O-negative type of blood is kept in high quantity in blood banks and is provided to trauma
case patients, neonates, or other patients with some specific diseases that require blood
transfusion. Hospitals, blood donor facilities, and blood banks undertake concerted efforts to
encourage blood donations. When a blood match cannot be found, O-negative donors play a
crucial part in many life-saving missions.

4. What blood type is the universal recipient?

AB+ (AB positive) is known as the universal recipient because it can take red blood cells from
every blood type. This is due to the presence of A and B antigens, as well as the Rh factor, in
their red cells, which will not react if transferred. AB+ recipients are preferable since they can
be transfused by any blood group, and the recipient will have numerous opportunities to be
transfused, even in an emergency or during complex medical procedures. However, they can
only donate blood to another AB+ person, limiting their ability to serve as donors. This blood
type is carried by around 4% of the population. Although all recipients are universal, the
closest match possible should still be sought because the transfusion is not risk-free.

5. Assuming all blood types are equally common, people with what blood types would
have the best and worst odds of finding a donor?
If we assume that all blood types are equally common, the chances of finding a donor depend
on the compatibility of blood types. People with AB-positive blood can safely receive red
blood cells from any blood type, which means they have the best odds of finding a donor. In
comparison, people with O-negative blood have the lowest probability of finding a donor
because they can only receive it from O-negative donors; it is also vital because it can be
given to any blood type, and it is used for emergencies when a patient’s blood type is
unknown.

Lab activity references

Allen, Connie and Harper, Valerie. (2011) Laboratory Manual for Anatomy and Physiology. 4th Edition. Jon Wiley & Sons. Inc.
Marieb, Elaine.(2002). Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook 6th Edition. Pearson Education Asia [Link]
Paguio,JT, Valera, MJT Valera, Abad, PJ. (2011) Laboratory Manual for Anatomy and Physiology (some contents are adapted from this
manual)

Your references:
●​ Cleveland Clinic Website. (2023, March 13). Blood Types. Retrieved from
[Link]
note&need_sec_link=1&sec_link_scene=im
●​ Facts About Blood and Blood Types. (n.d.). American Red Cross. Retrieved from
[Link]
0can%20donate%20red,type%20below%20to%20learn%20more.
●​ O Blood Type. (n.d.). Retrieved from
[Link]
●​ Universal Recipient Blood Type. (n.d.). San Diego Blood Bank. Retrieved from
[Link]
versal-donor-blood-type%2F&utm_campaign=aga&utm_source=agsadl1%2Csh%2Fx
%2Fgs%2Fm2%2F4
●​ Universal Blood Type Recipients and Donors. (2024). Verywell Health. Retrieved from
[Link]
●​ Why is blood grouping important? | Lorne Laboratories UK. (n.d.). Lorne
Laboratories Ltd.
[Link]
●​ Blood types. (n.d.). NHS Blood Donation.
[Link]
●​ Blood safety and matching. (n.d.). [Link].
[Link]
g