Block Diagram: (Sampling)

Model Graph:

Tabulation:

Amplitude Time
Parameters
(Volts) (Seconds)
Modulation signal

Clock Signal

Sampled output

Reconstructed Signal

Department of ECE IV Semester EC3461 Communication Systems Lab 1

Exp. No.: 1
Date:
Signal Sampling and Reconstruction
Aim:
To study the signal sampling and reconstruction of analog signal.

Apparatus Required:
1. Sampling and Reconstruction Trainer Kit
2. Patch Cords
3. Probes
4. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

Theory:
A band limited signal of finite energy has no frequency components higher than ‘W’ Hertz is
completely described by specified the values of the signal of instants of time separated by 1/2W seconds,
where ‘W’ is the higher frequency content. The zero order hold circuit is used for practical reconstruction. It
simply holds the value x (n) for ‘T’ seconds. Here ‘T’ is the sampling period; the output of zero order hold is
stair case signal. The reconstructed signal is the succession of sine pulses weighted by x (nTs) these pulses
are interpolated with the help of a LPF. It is also called reconstruction filter or interpolation filter Natural
sampling is chopper sampling because the waveform of the sampled signal appears to be chopped off from
the original signal waveform. The top of the samples remains constant and equal to instantaneous value of x
(t) at start of sampling fs = 1/Ts

Procedure:
1. Connect the main plug in to the main board. Keep the power switch in OFF position.
2. Put the duty cycle selector switch in position 50%
3. Link 250 Hz sine wave output to analog input.
4. Turn on the trainer.
5. Turning on the trainer select 250 Hz sampling rate by default.
6. Display 250Hz sine wave and sampled output on the oscilloscope.
7. Observe the output of natural sampling and flat top sampling on oscilloscope.
8. Connect the 250 Hertz reconstruction section with the output sampled signal.
9. Reproduce the sine wave signal (Modulating signal) at the output and observe the reconstructed signal.

Result:
Thus the signal sampling and reconstruction techniques were performed and graph plotted.

Department of ECE IV Semester EC3461 Communication Systems Lab 2

Block Diagram/ Circuit Diagram: (AM)
AM-Modulation:

AM-De-modulation:

Model Graph:

Tabulation:
Amplitude Time
Parameters
(Volts) (Seconds)
Modulation signal

Carrier Signal

Modulated Output

Demodulated Output

Department of ECE IV Semester EC3461 Communication Systems Lab 3

Exp. No.: 2
Date:
Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation
Aim:
To perform the amplitude modulation and demodulation using AM Kit.

Apparatus Required:
1. AM Trainer Kit
2. Patch Cords
3. Probes
4. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

Theory:
Modulation is defined as the process by which some characteristics of a carrier signal is varied in
accordance with a modulating signal. The base band signal is referred to as the modulating signal and the
output of the modulation process is called as the modulation signal. The carrier frequency fc must be much
greater than the highest frequency components fm of the message signal m(t) i.e. fc >>fm The modulation
index must be less than unity. if the modulation index is greater than unity, the carrier wave becomes over
modulated.
The process of detection provides a means of recovering the modulating Signal from modulating
signal. Demodulation is the reverse process of modulation. The detector circuit is employed to separate the
carrier wave and eliminate the side bands. Since the envelope of an AM wave has the same shape as the
message, independent of the carrier frequency and phase, demodulation can be accomplished by extracting
envelope.
The modulating and carrier signal are given by

Vm(t) = Vm sinmt

VC (t) = VC sinCt

The modulation index is given by, ma = Vm / VC.

Vm = Vmax – Vmin and VC = Vmax + Vmin

The amplitude of the modulated signal is given by,

VAM(t) = VC (1+ma sinmt) sinCt

Where
Vm = maximum amplitude of modulating signal
VC = maximum amplitude of carrier signal

Vmax = maximum variation of AM signal

Vmin = minimum variation of AM signal

Department of ECE IV Semester EC3461 Communication Systems Lab 4

Procedure:
Amplitude Modulation
1. Connect the mains cord of the trainer unit to AC 220V, 50 Hz supply.
2. Switch ON the trainer kit. The neon lamp will glow indicating that the unit is ready for operation.
3. Observe the waveforms of modulating signal and carrier signal in an Oscilloscope.
4. Using patch cords connect the modulating signal and the carrier signal to ‘AM MODULATION’.
5. Observe the amplitude modulated output waveform across sockets marked ‘AM OUTPUT’.

AM Demodulation
1. Set the amplitude of modulating and carrier signal in Amplitude Modulation.
2. Using patch cords, connect the ‘AM OUTPUT’ from the AM Modulation to the sockets marked
AM INPUT ‘in the AM Demodulation.
3. Connect the detector output to filter input using patch cords.
4. Connect the filter output to amplifier input.
5. Connect the amplifier output to inverting amplifier input.
6. Observe the demodulated output waveform across sockets marked ‘DEMOD OUTPUT’.

Department of ECE IV Semester EC3461 Communication Systems Lab 5

Result:
Thus the amplitude modulation and demodulation operation has been performed and the graph was
plotted.

Department of ECE IV Semester EC3461 Communication Systems Lab 6

Block Diagram/Circuit Diagram: (FM)

FM - Modulation:

FM-Demodulation:

Model Graph: Tabulation:

Amplitude Time
Parameters
(Volts) (Seconds)
Modulation
signal

Carrier Signal

Modulated
Output
Demodulated
Output

Department of ECE IV Semester EC3461 Communication Systems Lab 7

Exp. No.: 3
Date:
Frequency Modulation and Demodulation
Aim:
To perform the frequency modulation and demodulation using FM Kit.

Apparatus Required:
1. FM Trainer Kit
2. Patch Cords
3. Probes
4. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

Theory:
In amplitude modulation, the amplitude of the carrier signal varies. Whereas, in Frequency
Modulation (FM), the frequency of the carrier signal varies in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude
of the modulating signal. Hence, in frequency modulation, the amplitude and the phase of the carrier signal
remains constant.

Procedure:
1. Connect the power supply with proper polarity to the kit. While connecting this ensures that the
Power supply is OFF.
2. Switch on the power supply and carry out the following presetting as shown in circuit diagram.
3. In the FM modulator set the level about 2Vpp and frequency knob to the minimum and switch on
1500 KHz.
4. Observe the FM modulated waveform from the RF/FM output of the FM modulator measure
frequency deviation and modulation index of FM.
5. For demodulation switch on the demodulator and carry out the following demodulation connection
as shown in circuit diagram.
6. Observe the demodulated waveform and plot the graph.

Result:
Thus the frequency modulation and demodulation has been performed and also the modulation index
was found.

Department of ECE IV Semester EC3461 Communication Systems Lab 8

Block Diagram/Circuit Diagram: (PCM)

Model Graph:

Tabulation:
Amplitude Time
Parameters
(Volts) (Seconds)
Modulation signal

Carrier Signal

Modulated Output

Demodulated Output

Department of ECE IV Semester EC3461 Communication Systems Lab 9

Exp. No.: 4
Date:
Pulse Code Modulation and Demodulation
Aim:
To generate a PCM signal using PCM modulator and detect the message signal from PCM signal by using
PCM demodulator.

Apparatus Required:
1. PCM Trainer Kit
2. Patch Cords
3. Probes
4. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

Theory:
Modulation is the process of varying one or more parameters of a carrier signal in accordance with
the instantaneous values of the message signal. The message signal is the signal which is being transmitted
for communication and the carrier signal is a high frequency signal which has no data, but is used for long
distance transmission. There are many modulation techniques, which are classified according to the type of
modulation employed. Of them all, the digital modulation technique used is Pulse Code Modulation.
A signal is pulse code modulated to convert its analog information into a binary sequence, i.e., 1s and
0s. The output of a PCM will resemble a binary sequence. The following figure shows an example of PCM
output with respect to instantaneous values of a given sine wave.
Instead of a pulse train, PCM produces a series of numbers or digits, and hence this process is called
as digital. Each one of these digits, though in binary code, represents the approximate amplitude of the signal
sample at that instant. In Pulse Code Modulation, the message signal is represented by a sequence of coded
pulses. This message signal is achieved by representing the signal in discrete form in both time and
amplitude.

Procedure:
1. Connect the mains cord of the trainer unit to AC 220V, 50 Hz supply.
2. Switch ON the trainer kit. The neon lamp will glow indicating that the unit is ready for operation. 3.
Observe the Modulating Signal in an Oscilloscope.
4. Observe the FM Source in the Oscilloscope.
5. Using patch cords connect sine wave signal source to the sample & hold circuits.
6. Connect the clock signal to the respective stages.
7. Observe the PCM output signal across the sockets marked “PCM OUTPUT”
8. Pulse mode modulated can also be observed by variable DC supply.

Result:
Thus the Pulse Code Modulation and Demodulation was performed and output verified and graph
plotted.

Department of ECE IV Semester EC3461 Communication Systems Lab 10

Block Diagram:

Model Graph:

Tabulation:
Amplitude Time Period
Parameters in Volts in Seconds
Channel 0 (CH 0)

Channel 1 (CH 1)

Channel 2 (CH 2)

Channel 3 (CH 3)

TxD

RxD

Output 0

Output 1

Output 2

Output 3

Department of ECE IV Semester EC3461 Communication Systems Lab 11

Exp. No.: 5
Date:
TDM - Time Division Multiplexing
Aim:
To perform four channel Time Division multiplexing and De multiplexing using trainer kit.
Apparatus Required:
1. TDM Trainer Kit
2. Patch Cords
3. Probes
4. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
Theory:
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a technique of transmitting different source signals on the
same channel at different time slots. That is several information can be transmitted over a single channel by
sending samples from different information sources at different moments. TDM is widely used in digital
communication systems to increase the efficiency of the transmitting medium. TDM can be achieved by
electronically switching the samples such that they interleave sequentially at correct instant in time without
mutual interference. A major problem in any TDM system is the synchronization of the transmitter and
receiver timing circuits. The transmitter and receiver must switch at the same time and [Link]
based on analog modulation, the time slots are separated by guard slots to prevent crosstalk between the
channels.
In PAM, PPM the pulse is present for a short duration and for most of the time between the two
pulses no signal is present. This free space between the pulses can be occupied by pulses from other
channels. Thus, time division multiplexing makes maximum utilization of the transmission channel. Each
channel to be transmitted is passed through the low pass filter. The outputs of the low pass filters are
connected to the rotating sampling switch.
It takes the sample from each channel per revolution and rotates at the rate of f s. Thus the sampling
frequency becomes fs the single signal composed due to multiplexing of input channels. These channels
signals are then passed through low pass reconstruction filters. If the highest signal frequency present in all
the channels is fm, then by sampling theorem, the sampling frequency fs must be such that fs≥2fm.
Therefore, the time space between successive samples from any one input will be Ts=1/fs, and Ts ≤ 1/2fm.
Procedure:
1. Give the connections as per the connection diagram.
2. Connect the power supply with proper polarity to the kit DCL-02 and switch it ON.
3. Connect 250 Hz, 500 Hz, 1 KHz, 2 KHz sine wave signal from the function generator to the
multiplexer input channel CH0, CH1, CH2 and CH3 by means of connecting cords.
4. Connect the multiplexer OUT TXD to the transmitter section to the de-multiplexer input RXD of
the receiver section.
5. Connect the output of the receiver section CH0, CH1, CH2 and CH3 to the IN0, IN1, IN2 and IN3
of the filter section.
6. Connect the sampling clock TXCLK and the channel identification clock SYNC of the receiver
section respectively.
7. Set the amplitude of the input sine wave as desired.
8. Take the observations and draw the required graphs.
Result:
Thus the four channel Time division multiplexing and de-multiplexing using DCL-02 kit was performed
and obtained its waveform.

Department of ECE IV Semester EC3461 Communication Systems Lab 12

Block Diagram: (DM)

Model Graph:

Tabulation:
Amplitude
Parameter Parameters in Volts
Modulating signal
Sampler output
Integrator output
Filter output
Demodulation output

Department of ECE IV Semester EC3461 Communication Systems Lab 13

Exp. No.: 6
Date:
DM – Delta Modulation and Demodulation
Aim:
To transmit an analog message signal in its digital form and again reconstruct back the original analog
message signal at receiver by using Delta modulator.
Apparatus Required:
1. DM Trainer Kit
2. Patch Cords
3. Probes
4. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
Theory:
Delta Modulation is a form of pulse modulation where a sample value is represented as a single bit.
This is almost similar to differential PCM, as the transmitted bit is only one per sample just to indicate
whether the present sample is larger or smaller than the previous one. The encoding, decoding and
quantizing process become extremely simple but this system cannot handle rapidly varying samples. This
increases the quantizing noise.

Procedure:
Delta Modulation:
1. Connect the mains cord of the trainer unit to AC 220V, 50 Hz supply.
2. Switch ON the trainer kit. The neon lamp will glow indicating that the unit is ready
for operation.
3. Observe the waveforms of Modulating Signal Generator and Clock Signal Generator
in an Oscilloscope.
4. Using patch cords, connect the modulating signal to the sockets marked ‘MOD SIGNAL’ in the
Delta Modulation.
5. Using patch cords, connect the clock signal to the sockets marked ‘CLK’ in the
Signal Reconstructed.
6. Connect the ‘DELTA MOD OUTPUT’ in Delta Modulator to the sockets marked ‘DELTA MOD
INPUT’ in the Signal Reconstructed.
Delta Demodulation:
1. Using patch cords connect the ‘DELTA RECONSTRUCTED OUTPUT’ from the Signal.
2. Reconstructed to the sockets marked ‘DELTA RECONSTRUCTED INPUT‘in the Delta
Demodulation.
3. Observe the demodulated output waveform across sockets marked ‘DEMOD OUTPUT’.

Result:
Thus the analog message signal in its digital form was transmitted and again the original analog message
signal was reconstructed at receiver by using Delta modulator and Demodulator.

Department of ECE IV Semester EC3461 Communication Systems Lab 14

Circuit Diagram: (Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis)

Tabulation:
Pre-emphasis De-emphasis

Gain in Gain in
Input Output Input Output
Gain dB Gain dB
Frequency Voltage Frequenc Voltage
(VO/Vi) 20log(V (VO/Vi) 20log(V
(Hz) (Volts) y (Hz) (Volts)
O/Vi) O/Vi)

Model Graph:

Department of ECE IV Semester EC3461 Communication Systems Lab 15

Exp. No.: 7
Date:
Pre-Emphasis and De-Emphasis
Aim:
To construct and perform the pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuit.
Apparatus Required:
1. Resistor (68 KΩ, 6.8 KΩ, 1 KΩ) and Capacitor (1 µF and 1nF)
2. Function generator
3. Probes
4. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

Theory:
The noise triangle shows, noise has a greater effect on the higher modulating frequencies than
on the lower ones. Thus, if the higher frequencies were artificially boosted at the transmitter and
correspondingly cut at the receiver, an improvement in noise immunity could be expected, there by
increasing the signal-to-noise ratio. This boosting of the higher modulating frequencies, in
accordance with a prearranged curve, is termed pre-emphasis, and the compensation at the receiver is
called de-emphasis.

Procedure:
Pre-Emphasis:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram
2. Apply a sine wave to the input terminals of 2 VP-P (Vi)
3. By varying the input frequency in steps from 30 Hz to 15 KHz with fixed amplitude, note down
the output amplitude (Vo) with respect to the input frequency.
4. Calculate the gain using the formula Gain = 20 log (V O/ VI) dB Where VO = output voltage in
volts. VI = Input voltage in volts. Normalized gain (in dB) at any frequency - gain (in dB) at 500 Hz.
5. Plot the frequency response.

De-Emphasis:
Repeat the above procedure for De emphasis circuit.

Result:
Thus the pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuit was constructed and performed and graph also
plotted.

Department of ECE IV Semester EC3461 Communication Systems Lab 16

Block Diagram: PAM

Model Graph:

Tabulation:

Amplitude Time
Parameters
(Volts) (Seconds)
Modulation signal

Carrier Signal (Pulse Signal)

PAM output

Demodulation Signal

Department of ECE IV Semester EC3461 Communication Systems Lab 17

Exp. No.: 8
Date:
Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
Aim:
To construct and perform the pulse amplitude modulation and demodulation techniques.

Apparatus Required:
1. PAM Trainer Kit
2. Patch cords
3. Probes
4. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

Theory:
Pulse modulation is used to transmit analog information. In this system continuous wave forms are
sampled at regular intervals. Information regarding the signal is transmitted only at the sampling times
together with syncing signals. At the receiving end, the original waveforms may be reconstituted from the
information regarding the samples.
The pulse amplitude modulation is the simplest form of the pulse modulation. PAM is a pulse
modulation system is which the signal is sampled at regular intervals, and each sample is made proportional
to the amplitude of the signal at the instant of sampling. The pulses are then sent by either wire or cables are
used to modulate carrier.
PAM signals are very rarely used for transmission purposes directly. The reason for this lies in the
fact that the modulating information is contained in the amplitude factor of the pulses, which can be easily
distorted during transmission by noise, crosstalk, and other forms of distortion. They are used frequently as
an intermediate step in other pulse modulating methods, especially where time-division multiplexing is used.

Flat Top PAM:

The amplitude of each pulse is directly proportional to modulating signal amplitude at the time of
pulse occurrence. The amplitude of the signal cannot be changed with respect to the analog signal to be
sampled. The tops of the amplitude remain flat.

Natural PAM:
The amplitude of each pulse is directly proportional to modulating signal amplitude at the time of
pulse occurrence. Then follows the amplitude of the pulse for the rest of the half-cycle.

Result:
Thus the pulse amplitude modulation and demodulation was constructed and performed and graph
also plotted.

Department of ECE IV Semester EC3461 Communication Systems Lab 18

Block Diagram: PWM

Model Graph: Tabulation:

Amplitude Time
Parameters
(Volts) (Seconds)

Modulation
signal

Carrier Signal
(Pulse Signal)

PWM output

Demodulation
Signal

Department of ECE IV Semester EC3461 Communication Systems Lab 19

Exp. No.: 9
Date:
Pulse width Modulation (PWM)
Aim:
To construct and perform the pulse width modulation and demodulation techniques.

Apparatus Required:
1. PWM Trainer Kit
2. Patch cords
3. Probes
4. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

Theory:
Pulse modulation is used to transmit analog information. In this system continuous wave forms are
sampled at regular intervals. Information regarding the signal is transmitted only at the sampling times
together with syncing signals. At the receiving end, the original waveforms may be reconstituted from the
information regarding the samples.

The pulse Width Modulation of the PTM is also called as the Pulse Duration Modulation (PDM) &
less often Pulse length Modulation (PLM). In pulse Width Modulation method, we have fixed and starting
time of each pulse, but the width of each pulse is made proportional to the amplitude of the signal at that
instant. This method converts amplitude varying message signal into a square wave with constant amplitude
and frequency, but which changes duty cycle to correspond to the strength of the message signal.

Result:
Thus the pulse with modulation and demodulation was constructed and performed and graph also
plotted.

Department of ECE IV Semester EC3461 Communication Systems Lab 20

Block Diagram: PPM

Model Graph: Tabulation:

Amplitude Time
Parameters
(Volts) (Seconds)

Modulation
signal

Carrier Signal
(Pulse Signal)

PPM output

Demodulation
Signal

Department of ECE IV Semester EC3461 Communication Systems Lab 21

Exp. No.: 10
Date:
Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)
Aim:
To construct and perform the pulse position modulation and demodulation techniques.

Apparatus Required:
1. PPM Trainer Kit
2. Patch cords
3. Probes
4. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

Theory:
Pulse modulation is used to transmit analog information. In this system continuous wave forms are
sampled at regular intervals. Information regarding the signal is transmitted only at the sampling times
together with syncing signals. At the receiving end, the original waveforms may be reconstituted from the
information regarding the samples.

The pulse position modulation is one of the methods of the pulse time [Link] is generated
by changing the position of a fixed time slot. The amplitude& width of the pulses is kept constant, while the
position of each pulse, in relation to the position of the recurrent reference pulse is valid by each instances
sampled value of the modulating wave. Pulse position modulation into the category of analog
communication. Pulse-Position modulation has the advantage of requiring constant transmitter power output,
but the disadvantage of depending on transmitter receiver synchronization.

Result:
Thus the pulse position modulation and demodulation was constructed and performed and graph also
plotted.

Department of ECE IV Semester EC3461 Communication Systems Lab 22

Block Diagram: (ASK)

Model Graph:

Department of ECE IV Semester EC3461 Communication Systems Lab 23

Exp. No.: 11
Date:
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
Aim:
To construct and perform the Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) Modulation and De-Modulation.
Apparatus Required:
1. ASK Trainer Kit
2. Patch cords
3. Probes
4. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

Theory:
Amplitude shift keying (ASK) is the simplest digital modulation technique. In this modulation
method there is only one carrier which is switched ON/OFF depending upon the input binary sequence to
transmit symbol 0 and 1. The binary ASK system was one of the earliest form of digital modulation used in
wireless telegraphy. In an binary ASK system binary symbol 1 is represented by transmitting a sinusoidal
carrier wave of fixed amplitude Ac and fixed frequency fc for the bit duration Tb where as binary symbol 0
is represented by switching of the carrier for Tb seconds. This signal can be generated simply by turning the
carrier of a sinusoidal oscillator ON and OFF for the prescribed periods indicated by the modulating pulse
train. For this reason the scheme is also known as on-off shift testing. The ASK signal can be generated by
applying the incoming binary data and the sinusoidal carrier to the two inputs of a product modulator. The
resulting output is the ASK wave.

Procedure: -
1. Make connections as per block diagram.
2. Set the input and carrier signal.
3. Obtain ASK modulated and de-modulated signal on CRO and trace it on trace paper

Tabulation:

Amplitude Time
Parameters
(Volts) (Seconds)

Modulation signal

Carrier Signal

ASK output

Demodulation Signal

Result:
Thus the Amplitude Shift Keying was constructed and performed and graph also plotted.

Department of ECE IV Semester EC3461 Communication Systems Lab 24

Block Diagram: (FSK)

Model Graph:

Tabulation:
Amplitude Time
Parameters
(Volts) (Seconds)

Modulation signal

Carrier Signal

FSK output

Demodulation Signal

Department of ECE IV Semester EC3461 Communication Systems Lab 25

Exp. No.: 12
Date:
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
Aim:
To construct and perform the Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Modulation and De-Modulation.
Apparatus Required:
1. FSK Trainer Kit
2. Patch cords
3. Probes
4. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

Theory:
Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a frequency modulation scheme in which digital information is
transmitted through discrete frequency changes of a carrier wave. The simplest FSK is binary FSK (BFSK).
BFSK uses a pair of discrete frequencies to transmit binary (0s and 1s) information. With this scheme, the
"1" is called the mark frequency and the "0" is called the space frequency. If the incoming bit is 1, a signal
with frequency f1 is sent for the duration of the bit. If the bit is 0, a signal with frequency f2 is sent for the
duration of this bit. This is the basic principle behind FSK modulation. In the demodulator circuit, the FSK
modulated signal is applied to a high Q tuned filter. This filter is tuned to the frequency of either 0 or 1. This
filter passes the selected frequency and rejects the other.
The output is then passed through a FWR (Full Wave Rectifier) circuit and the output is now above
zero volts only. It is then passed through a comparator; if the input to the comparator is greater than
threshold value, the output is 1, else it is 0. This digital output of the comparator is the demodulated FSK
output.

Procedure: -
(a)Modulation:
1. Connect any one data output of the decade counter to the Data Inputs of the FSK Modulator.
2. Also connect the outputs of carrier generator to the input of Modulator.
3. Switch on the experimental kit.
4. Observe the waveforms at the output of Data Generator and Modulator output using a dual trace CRO.
5. Repeat the above step for remaining Data also.

(b)Demodulation:
1. Connect the output of the FSK Modulator to the input of the FSK demodulator.
2. Observe the output of the FSK demodulator on the CRO.
3. Adjust the potentiometers provided in demodulator circuit until we get the demodulator output
corresponding to the data input

Result:
Thus the Frequency Shift Keying was constructed and performed and graph also plotted.

Department of ECE IV Semester EC3461 Communication Systems Lab 26

Block Diagram: (PSK)

Department of ECE IV Semester EC3461 Communication Systems Lab 27

Exp. No.: 13
Date:
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
Aim:
To construct and perform the Phase Shift Keying (FSK) Modulation and De-Modulation.
Apparatus Required:
1. FSK Trainer Kit
2. Patch cords
3. Probes
4. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

Theory:
PSK is a digital modulation scheme which is analogues to phase modulation. Binary Phase Shift
Keying (BPSK) is the simplest form of PSK. In binary phase shift keying two output phases are possible for
a single carrier frequency one out of phase represent logic 1 and logic 0. As the input digital binary signal
change state the phase of output carrier shift two angles that are 180o out of phase. In a PSK modulator the
carrier input signal is multiplied by the digital data. Each time a change in input logic condition will change
the output phase consequently for PSK the output rate of change equal to the input rate range and widest
output bandwidth occurs when the input binary data are alternating 1/0 sequence. The fundamental
frequency of an alternate 1/0 bit sequence is equal to one half of the bit rate. For demodulation coherent
detector is used. It has 3 parts, a multiplier, and integrator and decision device.

Procedure: -
(A) Modulation:
1. Connect the carrier output of the carrier generator to the carrier input of the PSK modulator.
2. Connect any data output from the data outputs of the Data Generator to the Data Inputs of the PSK
modulator.
3. Switch on the experimental kit.
4. Observe the connected Data Input on Channel-1 and PSK output on the Channel-2 of a dual trace CRO.
5. Change the Data Inputs and observe the PSK output changes accordingly.

(B) Demodulation:
1. Connect the PSK output to the PSK input of the PSK Demodulator.
2. Connect the carrier to the carrier input of the PSK Demodulator.
3. Observe the demodulated data at the output of demodulator output on the CRO.

Department of ECE IV Semester EC3461 Communication Systems Lab 28

Model Graph:

Tabulation:
Amplitude Time
Parameters
(Volts) (Seconds)
Modulation signal

Carrier Signal

PSK output

Demodulation Signal

Department of ECE IV Semester EC3461 Communication Systems Lab 29

Result:
Thus the Phase Shift Keying was constructed and performed and graph also plotted.

Department of ECE IV Semester EC3461 Communication Systems Lab 30

ASK Output:

Department of ECE IV Semester EC3461 Communication Systems Lab 31

Exp. No.: 14
Date:
Simulation of ASK, FSK, PSK
Aim:

To plot the wave form for Amplitude Shift Keying, Frequency Shift Keying and Phase Shift Keying
signal using MATLAB for a stream of bits.

Equipments Required:
1. Matlab software
2. Computer
Procedure:
1. Open the Matlab
2. Open the new m file
3. Type the program and save it in current directory
4. Compile and run the program
5. For the output see the command window and figure window

Matlab Program for ASK:-

clc;
clear all;
close all;
N=10;
x=randint(1,N);
k=1;
for t=0.01:0.01:10
c(k)=sin(2*pi*t);
k=k+1;
end
for j=1:1:N
if x(j)==0
for i=(j-1)*100+1:1:j*100
y(i)=0;
tr(i)=0;
end
end
if x(j)==1
for i=(j-1)*100+1:1:j*100
y(i)=1;
tr(i)=c(i);
end
end
end
for i=1:1:1000
re(i)=tr(i)*c(i);
end
for j=1:1:N
d=0;
Department of ECE IV Semester EC3461 Communication Systems Lab 32
 for i=(j-1)*100+1:1:j*100
d=d+re(i)
end
if d>0.5
det(j)=1;
else
det(j)=0;
end
end
for j=1:1:N
if det(j)==0
for i=(j-1)*100+1:1:j*100
det(i)=0;
end
end
if x(j)==1
for i=(j-1)*100+1:1:j*100
det(i)=1;
end
end
end
subplot(5,1,1);
plot(y);
title('message Signal');
subplot(5,1,2);
plot(c);
title('Carrier Signal');
subplot(5,1,3);
plot(tr);
title('Transmitted Signal');
subplot(5,1,4);
plot(re);
title('Received Signal');
subplot(5,1,5);
plot(det);
title('Detected Signal');

Department of ECE IV Semester EC3461 Communication Systems Lab 33

FSK Output:

Department of ECE IV Semester EC3461 Communication Systems Lab 34

Matlab Program for FSK:-
clc;
clear all;
close all;
N=10;
x=randint(1,N);
k=1;
for t=0.01:0.01:10
c1(k)=sin(2*pi*t);
c2(k)=sin(4*pi*t);
k=k+1;
end
for j=1:1:N;
if x(j)==0
for i=(j-1)*100+1:1:j*100
y(i)=0;
tr(i)=c2(i);
end
end
if x(j)==1
for i=(j-1)*100+1:1:j*100
y(i)=1;
tr(i)=c1(i);
end
end
end
for i=1:1:1000
re(i)=tr(i)*c1(i)*c2(i);
end

for j=1:1:N
d=0;
for i=(j-1)*100+1:1:j*100
d=d+re(i);
end

if d>0.5

Department of ECE IV Semester EC3461 Communication Systems Lab 35

 det(j)=1;
else
det(j)=0;
end
end
for j=1:1:N
if det(j)==0
for i=(j-1)*100+1:1:j*100
det(i)=0;
end
end
if x(j)==1
for i=(j-1)*100+1:1:j*100
det(i)=1;
end
end
end
subplot(6,1,1);
plot(y);
title('message signal');
subplot(6,1,2);
plot(c1);
title('Carrier Signal-1');
subplot(6,1,3);
plot(c2);
title('Carrier Signal-2');
subplot(6,1,4);
plot(tr);
title('Transmitted Signal');
subplot(6,1,5);
plot(re);
title('Received Signal');
subplot(6,1,6);
plot(det);
title('Detected Signal');

Department of ECE IV Semester EC3461 Communication Systems Lab 36

PSK Output

Department of ECE IV Semester EC3461 Communication Systems Lab 37

Matlab Program for PSK:-
clc
clear all;
close all;
N=10;%[Link] Data
x=randint(1,N);
k=1;
for t=0.01:0.01:10
c(k)=2*sin(2*pi*t);
k=k+1;
end
for j=1:1:N
if x(j)==0
for i=(((j-1)*100)+1):1:(j*100)
y(i)=0;
tr(i)=-c(i);
end
else
for i=(((j-1)*100)+1):1:(j*100)
y(i)=1;
tr(i)=c(i);
end
end
end
for i=1:1:1000
re(i)=tr(i)*c(i);
end
for j=1:1:N
d=0;
for i=(((j-1)*100)+1):1:(j*100)
d=d+re(i)
end
if d>=0
det(j)=1;
else
det(j)=0;
end

Department of ECE IV Semester EC3461 Communication Systems Lab 38

end

for j=1:1:N
if det(j)==0
for i=(((j-1)*100)+1):1:(j*100)
det(i)=0;
end
end
if x(j)==1
for i=(((j-1)*100)+1):1:(j*100)
det(i)=1;
end
end
end
subplot(5,1,1);
plot(y);
title('Message Signal');

subplot(5,1,2);
plot(c);
title('Carrier Signal');

subplot(5,1,3);
plot(tr);
title('Transmitted Signal');

subplot(5,1,4);
plot(re);
title('Received Signal');

subplot(5,1,5);
plot(det);
title('Detected Signal');

Result:
Thus the ASK, FSK and PSK wave form are displayed and plotted using Matlab.

Department of ECE IV Semester EC3461 Communication Systems Lab 39

Matlab Code for Linear Block Code:
% Input Generator Matrix
g=input('Enter The Generator Matrix: ')
disp ('G = ')
disp ('The Order of Linear block Code for given Generator Matrix is:')
[n,k] = size(transpose(g))
fori = 1:2^k
forj = k:-1:1
ifrem(i-1,2^(-j+k+1))>=2^(-j+k)
u(i,j)=1;
else
u(i,j)=0;
end
end
end
disp('The Possible Codewords are :')
c = rem(u*g,2)
disp('The Minimum Hamming Distance dmin for given Block Code is= ')
d_min = min(sum((c(2:2^k,:))'))
% Code Word
r = input('Enter the Received Code Word:')
p = [g(:,n-k+2:n)];
h = [transpose(p),eye(n-k)]; disp('HammimgCode')
ht = transpose(h)
disp('Syndrome of a Given Codeword is :')
s= rem(r*ht,2)
fori = 1:1:size(ht)
if(ht(i,1:3)==s)
r(i) = 1-r(i);
break;
end
end
disp('The Error is in bit:')
disp(i);
disp('The Corrected Codeword is :')
disp(r);

Department of ECE IV Semester EC3461 Communication Systems Lab 40

Exp. No.: 15
Date:
Simulation of Linear Block Codes
Aim:

To simulate and study the error control coding scheme of linear block code using MATLAB.

Equipments Required:
1. Matlab software
2. Computer
Procedure:
1. Open the Matlab
2. Open the new m file
3. Type the program and save it in current directory
4. Compile and run the program
5. For the output see the command window and figure window

Algorithm:
STEP 1: Give the generator matrix
STEP 2: Find the order of the linear block code for the given generator matrix
STEP 3: Obtain the possible code words
STEP 4: Find the minimum hamming distance
STEP 5: Give the received code word
STEP 6: Calculate the syndrome vector and compare it with transpose of hamming matrix.
STEP 7: Find the error bit position and display the corrected code word

Department of ECE IV Semester EC3461 Communication Systems Lab 41

Output for Linear Block Code:
Enter the Generator Matrix: [1 0 0 0 1 0 1; 0 1 0 0 1 1 1; 0 0 1 0 1 1 0; 0 0 0 1 0 1 1]
g=
1000101
0100111
0010110
0001011
G=
The Order of Linear block Code for given Generator Matrix is:
n =7
k =4
The Possible Code words are:
c=
0000000
0001011
0010110
0011101
0100111
0101100
0110001
0111010
1000101
1001110
1010011
1011000
1100010
1101001
1110100
1111111
The Minimum Hamming Distance dmin for given Block Code is=
d_min = 3
Enter the Received Code Word:[1 0 0 0 1 0 0]
r=
1000100
Hammimg Code
ht =
101
111
110
011
100
010
001
Syndrome of a Given Code word is :
s=
001
The Error is in bit:
7
The Corrected Code word is:
1000101

Department of ECE IV Semester EC3461 Communication Systems Lab 42

Result:
Thus the error control coding scheme of linear block code is studied using MATLAB.

Department of ECE IV Semester EC3461 Communication Systems Lab 43

Matlab Program for Cyclic Codes:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
n=7;
k=4;
g=[1 0 1 1];
d= input ('enter the data seq');
c=encode(d,n,k,'cyclic',g);
c1(1)=c(4);c1(2)=c(5);c1(3)=c(6);c1(4)=c(7);c1(5)=c(1);
c1(6)=c(2);c1(7)=c(3);
disp('code word');
disp(c);
pol=cyclpoly(7,4);
[parmat,genmat,k]=cyclgen(7,pol);
trt=syndtable(parmat);
recd=input('enter the received codeword');
syndrome=rem(recd * parmat',2);
syndrome1=bi2de(syndrome,'left-msb');
errorvect=trt(1+syndrome1,:);
disp('errorvect');
disp(errorvect);
correctedcode=rem(errorvect+recd,2);
disp('correctedcode');
disp(correctedcode);
r=correctedcode;
m1(1)=r(5);m1(2)=r(6);m1(3)=r(7);m1(4)=r(1);m1(5)=r(2);
m1(6)=r(3);m1(7)=r(4);
m=decode(m1,n,k,'cyclic',g);
disp('messageword');
disp(m);

Department of ECE IV Semester EC3461 Communication Systems Lab 44

Exp. No.: 16
Date:
Simulation of Cyclic Error Control Codes
Aim:

To generate and detect the errors in cyclic error control codes using MATLAB.

Equipments Required:
1. Matlab software
2. Computer
Procedure:
1. Open the Matlab
2. Open the new m file
3. Type the program and save it in current directory
4. Compile and run the program
5. For the output see the command window and figure window

Output:

enter the data seq [1 0 0 1]

code word 1101001
enter the received codeword [1 1 1 1 1 1 1]
errorvect
0000000
correctedcode
1111111
messageword
1111

Result:
Thus the error control code for cyclic codes generated and verified using Matlab.

Department of ECE IV Semester EC3461 Communication Systems Lab 45