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Contents
Chapter 1 Overview of an Operating System ......................................................................................................... 3
1.1 What is Operating System? ............................................................................................................................. 4
Main functions of an operating system ......................................................................................................................... 4
Importance of operating system ................................................................................................................................... 4
1.2 Types of OS..................................................................................................................................................... 5
1.2.1 Desktop OS ........................................................................................................................................................... 5
i. Batch OS (Batch Processing) ....................................................................................................................................... 6
ii. Multiprogramming Operating System ....................................................................................................................... 6
iii. Multiprocessing Operating System ........................................................................................................................... 6
iv. Multitasking Operating System ................................................................................................................................. 7
v. Network Operating System ........................................................................................................................................ 7
vi. Real Time Operating System ..................................................................................................................................... 8
vii. Time Sharing Operating System ............................................................................................................................... 8
viii. Distributed Operating System ................................................................................................................................. 9
1.2.2 Mobile / Tablet OS ................................................................................................................................................ 9
i. Android ..................................................................................................................................................................... 10
a. What is android system ........................................................................................................................................... 10
b. Version & Upgrades ................................................................................................................................................. 10
ii. iOS............................................................................................................................................................................ 11
Important points to remember ........................................................................................................................... 11
Short Questions ................................................................................................................................................. 12
Long Questions .................................................................................................................................................. 12
Multiple Choice Questions .................................................................................................................................. 12
Chapter 2 Functions of an Operating System ....................................................................................................... 14
2.1 Operating System Structures ......................................................................................................................... 15
2.1.1 User Interface ..................................................................................................................................................... 15
Command Line Interface (CLI) ..................................................................................................................................... 15
Graphical User Interface (GUI) .................................................................................................................................... 15
Importance of user interface....................................................................................................................................... 16
2.2 Functions...................................................................................................................................................... 16
2.2.1 Memory Management ....................................................................................................................................... 17
2.2.2 Process Management ......................................................................................................................................... 17
2.2.3 Resources Management ..................................................................................................................................... 18
2.2.4 File Management................................................................................................................................................ 18
2.2.5 Security ............................................................................................................................................................... 19
Important points to remember ........................................................................................................................... 19
Short Questions ................................................................................................................................................. 20
Long Questions .................................................................................................................................................. 20
Multiple Choice Questions .................................................................................................................................. 20

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 Chapter 1
Overview of an
Operating System

[3]
1.1 What is Operating System?
An operating system is system
software that manages the
computer hardware and
software and provides an
environment in which programs
can run.
In simple words, an operating
system acts as a bridge between
the user and the computer. It
helps the user communicate
with the machine and controls
the overall working of the
computer system.
Without an operating system, a
computer cannot work properly
because there would be no system to manage memory, files, devices, and program execution.
An operating system is commonly called OS.
Main functions of an operating system
An operating system performs many important functions, such as:
• manages the hardware of the computer
• controls input and output devices
• manages memory
• runs application programs
• stores and manages files
• provides security
• helps users interact with the computer
Importance of operating system
The operating system is important because it:
• makes the computer easy to
use
• controls all major operations
of the system
• allows software to run
properly
• manages system resources
efficiently
• helps different devices work
together
Examples of operating systems
Some common examples of operating
systems are:
• Microsoft Windows
• Linux
• macOS
• Android
• iOS

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Example
When a user opens a file, plays a video, or prints a document, the operating system manages all these
tasks in the background.
1.2 Types of OS
Operating systems can be divided into different types according to the way they work and the devices on
which they are used.
In this chapter, the operating systems are divided into:
• Desktop OS
• Mobile / Tablet OS
1.2.1 Desktop OS
A desktop operating system is an operating system designed mainly for desktop computers, laptop
computers, and workstation systems.
It provides a user-friendly environment in which users can run programs, manage files, connect devices, and
perform different tasks easily.
Desktop operating systems are widely used in:
• homes
• schools
• offices
• laboratories
• business organizations
The common types of desktop operating systems discussed in this chapter are:
• Batch OS
• Multiprogramming Operating System
• Multiprocessing Operating System
• Multitasking Operating System
• Network Operating System
• Real Time Operating System
• Time Sharing Operating System
• Distributed Operating System

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i. Batch OS (Batch Processing)
A batch operating system is an operating system in which jobs are collected and processed in groups or
batches.
In this type of system, the user does not interact directly with the computer during processing. The jobs
are stored first and then executed one after another automatically.
Batch processing was more common in early computer systems where similar jobs were grouped together
to save time and resources.
Main features of batch OS
• jobs are collected in batches
• direct user interaction is very limited
• similar tasks are processed together
• processing is automatic
Advantages of batch OS
• useful for large repetitive jobs
• saves setup time
• improves overall processing of grouped tasks
Disadvantages of batch OS
• no immediate response to the user
• difficult to correct errors quickly
• waiting time may be long
Example
Preparing monthly electricity bills for thousands of customers is an example of batch processing
because all records are processed together.
ii. Multiprogramming Operating System
A multiprogramming operating system keeps more than one program in memory at the same time and
allows the CPU to switch among them.
Its main purpose is to make better use of the CPU. When one program is waiting for input or output, the CPU
starts working on another program.
This reduces idle time and improves system efficiency.
Main features of multiprogramming OS
• more than one program stays in memory
• CPU switches between programs
• improves CPU utilization
• increases efficiency
Advantages of multiprogramming OS
• better use of CPU
• more work completed in less time
• reduces CPU idle time
Disadvantages of multiprogramming OS
• memory management becomes complex
• requires careful scheduling
• system design is more complicated
Example
If one program is waiting for data from a printer, the operating system can run another program in
the meantime.
iii. Multiprocessing Operating System
A multiprocessing operating system is an operating system that uses two or more processors in one
computer system.

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These processors work together to perform tasks at the same time. This increases speed and improves
performance.
Multiprocessing is useful in systems where heavy processing is required.
Main features of multiprocessing OS
• uses multiple processors
• tasks can be processed simultaneously
• improves speed and performance
• suitable for large and complex work
Advantages of multiprocessing OS
• high processing power
• faster task completion
• improved reliability
• better performance for complex applications
Disadvantages of multiprocessing OS
• expensive hardware
• complex design
• difficult system management
Example
A server handling many users at the same time may use multiple processors to improve performance.
iv. Multitasking Operating System
A multitasking operating system allows a user to run more than one task or program apparently at the same
time.
Actually, the CPU switches very quickly from one task to another, so the user feels that all tasks are running
together.
This type of operating system is very common in modern computers.
Main features of multitasking OS
• runs multiple tasks together
• CPU switches rapidly between tasks
• gives quick response to the user
• improves convenience
Advantages of multitasking OS
• saves time
• increases productivity
• allows users to work on several tasks
• improves user experience
Disadvantages of multitasking OS
• more memory is required
• system may slow down if too many tasks are opened
• resource management becomes more important
Example
A user can listen to music, type a document, and browse the internet at the same time in a
multitasking operating system.
v. Network Operating System
A network operating system is an operating system that manages and controls network resources and allows
computers to communicate with each other over a network.
It helps connected computers share:
• files
• printers
• applications
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 • internet connection
• user accounts
This type of operating system is commonly used in offices, schools, banks, and organizations.
Main features of network OS
• supports communication between computers
• allows sharing of resources
• manages users and permissions
• provides centralized control in a network
Advantages of network OS
• easy sharing of files and devices
• better communication
• centralized management
• improved security for network users
Disadvantages of network OS
• requires a network setup
• more cost for installation and maintenance
• network failure can affect many users
Example
In a school computer lab, all computers may be connected to a server through a network operating
system.
vi. Real Time Operating System
A real time operating system is an operating system that gives a response within a fixed and very short
time.
It is used in systems where timely response is extremely important. Delay in response may cause failure or
serious problems.
Real time operating systems are used in control and monitoring systems.
Main features of real time OS
• gives very fast response
• works within a fixed time limit
• used in critical systems
• highly reliable
Advantages of real time OS
• quick response
• accurate timing
• suitable for sensitive and important tasks
• dependable performance
Disadvantages of real time OS
• complex design
• expensive development
• limited flexibility in some cases
Example
Air traffic control systems, medical monitoring systems, and industrial control systems often use
real time operating systems.
vii. Time Sharing Operating System
A time-sharing operating system allows many users to use the computer system at the same time by giving
each user a small amount of CPU time.
The CPU switches very quickly among users, so each user feels that they are using the system continuously.
This type of system is designed to provide quick interaction and fair use of resources.

[8]
Main features of time-sharing OS
• many users can use the system together
• CPU time is shared among users
• gives interactive response
• improves utilization of system resources
Advantages of time-sharing OS
• allows many users to work at the same time
• provides quick response
• makes better use of CPU
• reduces idle time
Disadvantages of time-sharing OS
• system security becomes more important
• performance may slow with many users
• requires complex scheduling
Example
A central computer system in a university may allow many students to access it at the same time
through terminals.
viii. Distributed Operating System
A distributed operating system is an operating system that manages a group of connected computers and
makes them appear like one complete system.
In this type of system, work is divided among different computers, but users may feel that they are working
on a single system.
Distributed systems are used to improve performance, reliability, and resource sharing.
Main features of distributed OS
• uses multiple connected computers
• shares work among systems
• appears as one system to the user
• supports resource sharing
Advantages of distributed OS
• improved speed and efficiency
• better resource sharing
• increased reliability
• work can continue even if one system fails in some cases
Disadvantages of distributed OS
• difficult to design and manage
• network dependence
• security and communication issues may arise
Example
A group of linked computers working together in a research organization can be managed through a
distributed operating system.
1.2.2 Mobile / Tablet OS
A mobile or tablet operating system is an operating system specially designed for mobile phones, tablets,
and handheld devices.
It manages the device hardware, touch screen, apps, memory, battery use, and communication features
such as calls, internet, and messaging.

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Mobile operating systems are designed to be:
• simple
• touch-friendly
• power efficient
• suitable for portable devices
The main mobile and tablet operating systems discussed
here are:
• Android
• iOS

i. Android
Android is a mobile operating system mainly used in smartphones, tablets, and other smart devices.
It is one of the most widely used mobile operating systems in the world. Android supports touch screen
interaction and provides a platform for running many mobile applications.
Android is popular because it is flexible, user-friendly, and available on many devices from different
companies.
a. What is android system
The Android system is an operating system developed mainly for mobile devices. It manages the hardware
and software of smartphones and tablets and allows users to run apps, make calls, send messages, browse
the internet, and perform many other tasks.
Android provides:
• a graphical user interface
• app support
• internet connectivity
• multimedia functions
• notification system
• file and device management
Main features of Android
• touch screen support
• user-friendly interface
• support for many apps
• internet and wireless connectivity
• multitasking support
• customizable environment
Advantages of Android
• easy to use
• available on many brands of devices
• large number of applications
• flexible and customizable
• supports different features and services
Example
A Samsung or Xiaomi smartphone
usually works with the Android
operating system.
b. Version & Upgrades
Android has been released in many versions
over time. Each new version brings
improvements in:
• security

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 • speed
• performance
• design
• battery use
• app features
An upgrade means moving from an older version of Android to a newer version.
Upgrades are important because they:
• improve device security
• add new features
• fix errors
• improve system performance
Some devices receive regular updates, while older devices may stop getting new upgrades after some time.

ii. iOS
iOS is a mobile operating system developed by Apple for its mobile devices.
It is mainly used in:
• iPhone
• iPad
iOS is known for its smooth performance, security, and simple design. It is specially made for Apple devices
and works closely with Apple hardware and software.
Main features of iOS
• clean and simple interface
• strong security
• fast performance
• smooth working with Apple devices
• support for many mobile apps
Advantages of iOS
• secure environment
• reliable performance
• easy to use
• regular updates
• strong integration with Apple products
Disadvantages of iOS
• works only on Apple devices
• less customization compared to some other systems
• Apple devices are usually more expensive
Example
An iPhone uses iOS as its operating system.
Important points to remember
• an operating system is the main system software of a computer
• it acts as a bridge between user and hardware
• different operating systems are designed for different needs
• desktop operating systems are used in computers and laptops
• mobile operating systems are used in smartphones and tablets
• Android and iOS are common mobile operating systems

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Short Questions
1. What is an operating system?
2. Why is an operating system important?
3. What is a desktop operating system?
4. What is a batch operating system?
5. What is a multiprogramming operating system?
6. What is a multiprocessing operating system?
7. What is a multitasking operating system?
8. What is a network operating system?
9. What is a real time operating system?
10. What is a time-sharing operating system?
11. What is a distributed operating system?
12. What is a mobile operating system?
13. What is Android?
14. What is iOS?
15. Why are Android upgrades important?
Long Questions
1. Define operating system and explain its main functions.
2. Explain the types of operating systems.
3. Write a detailed note on batch operating system.
4. Explain multiprogramming and multiprocessing operating systems.
5. Explain multitasking and time-sharing operating systems.
6. Write a note on network operating system.
7. Explain real time and distributed operating systems.
8. Write a detailed note on Android system and its versions and upgrades.
9. Explain iOS with its main features.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. An operating system is:
a) application software
b) system software
c) utility only
d) output device
Answer: b) system software
2. Which operating system processes jobs in groups?
a) multitasking OS
b) batch OS
c) network OS
d) distributed OS
Answer: b) batch OS
3. Which type of operating system uses more than one processor?
a) multiprocessing OS
b) batch OS
c) time sharing OS
d) mobile OS
Answer: a) multiprocessing OS
4. Which type of operating system gives a response within a fixed time?
a) network OS
b) real time OS

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 c) batch OS
d) desktop OS
Answer: b) real time OS
5. Which of the following is a mobile operating system?
a) Android
b) Batch OS
c) Time sharing OS
d) Multiprogramming OS
Answer: a) Android
6. iOS is mainly used in:
a) all desktop computers
b) only printers
c) Apple mobile devices
d) bank servers only
Answer: c) Apple mobile devices
7. Which operating system allows many users to use the system by sharing CPU time?
a) distributed OS
b) time sharing OS
c) real time OS
d) batch OS
Answer: b) time sharing OS
8. A network operating system is mainly used to:
a) paint images
b) share resources in a network
c) type letters only
d) charge batteries
Answer: b) share resources in a network

[13]
 Chapter 2
Functions of an
Operating System

[14]
2.1 Operating System Structures
The structure of an operating system means the way in which the operating system is organized to perform
its tasks.
An operating system is made to control the computer system in a proper and systematic way. It provides a
working environment in which the user can interact with the computer, run programs, manage files, and use
hardware devices.
The structure of an operating system includes the parts through which:
• the user gives commands
• the system processes those commands
• hardware resources are controlled
• software is managed properly
A well-organized operating system structure helps the computer work smoothly, efficiently, and securely.
2.1.1 User Interface
A user interface is the part of the operating system through which the user communicates with the
computer.
In simple words, it is the medium that allows the user to give instructions and receive results from the
computer system.
Without a user interface, it would be very difficult for a user to operate a computer because the user
would not be able to interact with programs, files, or devices easily.
A user interface helps the user to:
• open programs
• enter data
• manage files and folders
• give commands
• control system settings
Types of user interface
The common types of user interface are:
• Command Line Interface
• Graphical User Interface
Command Line Interface (CLI)
A Command Line Interface is a type of interface in which the user gives instructions by typing commands.
The computer reads the command and performs the required action.
Features of CLI
• text-based interface
• user types commands manually
• requires command knowledge
• fast for expert users
Example
In early computer systems and some advanced operating systems, users type commands to perform tasks.
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
A Graphical User Interface is a type of interface in which the user interacts with the computer by using
graphical objects such as:
• windows
• icons
• menus
• buttons
• pointer
GUI is easier to use than CLI because the user does not need to remember many commands.

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Features of GUI
• user-friendly
• easy to learn
• based on graphics and symbols
• commonly used in modern operating systems
Example
Microsoft Windows and Android use a graphical user interface.
Importance of user interface
The user interface is important because it:
• makes the computer easy to use
• allows communication between user and system
• saves time
• makes operating the computer more convenient
• helps beginners work easily

2.2 Functions
An operating system performs many important functions. These functions help in controlling the computer
system and making it useful for the user.
The major functions of an operating system are:
• Memory Management
• Process Management
• Resources Management
• File Management
• Security

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2.2.1 Memory Management
Memory management is the function of the operating system that controls and manages the main memory
of the computer.
Memory is one of the most important resources of a computer. The operating system decides:
• how memory will be used
• which program will get memory
• how much memory will be given
• when memory will be freed
When many programs are running, the operating system must manage memory carefully so that all
programs can work properly without conflict.
Main tasks of memory management
The operating system performs the following memory-related tasks:
• keeps record of memory usage
• allocates memory to programs
• deallocates memory after use
• prevents memory conflicts
• improves efficient use of memory
Importance of memory management
Memory management is important because it:
• helps programs run smoothly
• avoids wastage of memory
• improves system performance
• allows multiple programs to run properly
• prevents one program from disturbing another
Example
When a user opens a browser, a music player, and a document file together, the operating system gives
memory to each program according to its need.
2.2.2 Process Management
Process management is the function of the operating system that manages processes in the computer
system.
A process is a program that is currently running.
When a program starts execution, it becomes a process. The operating system controls all running
processes and decides:
• which process will run
• when it will run
• how long it will use the CPU
• when it will stop
Main tasks of process management
The operating system performs the following tasks in process management:
• creates processes
• schedules processes
• allocates CPU time
• controls execution of processes
• terminates completed processes
Importance of process management
Process management is important because it:
• helps the CPU work efficiently
• allows more than one process to run
• improves system speed

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 • avoids confusion among running programs
• keeps the system organized
Example
If a student is typing in a word processor while music is playing in the background, the operating system
manages both processes properly.
2.2.3 Resources Management
Resources management is the function of the operating system that manages all system resources.
A computer has different resources such as:
• CPU
• memory
• printer
• keyboard
• monitor
• storage devices
• network devices
The operating system controls these resources and decides how they will be shared among users and
programs.
Main tasks of resources management
The operating system:
• allocates resources to programs
• keeps record of resource usage
• shares resources among different tasks
• controls input and output devices
• prevents conflict in resource usage
Importance of resources management
Resources management is important because it:
• makes proper use of hardware
• reduces wastage
• improves system efficiency
• allows sharing of devices
• helps the system run in an organized way
Example
If two users want to print documents, the operating system manages the printer and sends the print jobs
in the correct order.
2.2.4 File Management
File management is the function of the operating system that manages files and folders stored in the
computer.
A file is a collection of related data stored under a name. The operating system helps the user create, save,
open, copy, move, rename, and delete files.
It also organizes files in folders or directories so that users can find and use their data easily.
Main tasks of file management
The operating system performs the following file-related tasks:
• creates files and folders
• stores data
• opens and closes files
• renames files
• copies and moves files
• deletes files
• keeps record of file locations

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Importance of file management
File management is important because it:
• keeps data organized
• helps users find information easily
• allows safe storage of data
• makes data handling simple
• supports proper use of storage devices
Example
When a user saves a document in a folder named “Assignments,” the operating system manages that file
and stores it in the proper location.
2.2.5 Security
Security is the function of the operating system that protects the computer system and its data from
unauthorized access, misuse, damage, or loss.
The operating system provides security features so that only authorized users can use the computer and
access important files or programs.
Security has become very important because computers store personal, educational, financial, and official
information.
Main tasks of security
The operating system performs the following security tasks:
• controls user access
• provides login accounts and passwords
• protects files and data
• restricts unauthorized users
• helps prevent misuse of system resources
• supports system safety and privacy
Common security methods
An operating system may use:
• usernames
• passwords
• file permissions
• account control
• security updates
• antivirus support
Importance of security
Security is important because it:
• protects personal and official data
• prevents unauthorized access
• keeps files safe
• protects the system from misuse
• increases trust and privacy
Example
When a computer asks for a password before opening a user account, the operating system is providing
security.

Important points to remember

• an operating system controls the overall working of the computer
• the user interface helps the user communicate with the system
• memory management controls the use of main memory
• process management controls running programs
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 • resources management controls hardware resources
• file management organizes files and folders
• security protects data and the system from unauthorized access

Short Questions
1. What is meant by operating system structure?
2. What is a user interface?
3. What is CLI?
4. What is GUI?
5. What is memory management?
6. What is process management?
7. What is resources management?
8. What is file management?
9. What is security in an operating system?
10. Why is memory management important?
11. Why is file management important?
12. Why is security necessary in an operating system?

Long Questions
1. Explain the structure of an operating system.
2. What is a user interface? Explain its types.
3. Explain memory management as a function of an operating system.
4. Explain process management with an example.
5. Write a detailed note on resources management.
6. Explain file management and its importance.
7. Explain security as a major function of an operating system.
8. Write the major functions of an operating system in detail.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. The part of the operating system through which the user communicates with the computer is
called:
a) memory
b) user interface
c) process
d) storage
Answer: b) user interface
2. Which interface requires typed commands?
a) GUI
b) CLI
c) touch interface
d) window system
Answer: b) CLI
3. Which of the following is a graphical interface element?
a) binary code
b) command prompt only
c) icons and menus
d) machine language
Answer: c) icons and menus

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4. A running program is called a:
a) file
b) folder
c) process
d) password
Answer: c) process
5. Which function of operating system controls the main memory?
a) file management
b) memory management
c) security
d) networking
Answer: b) memory management
6. Which function manages files and folders?
a) process management
b) security
c) file management
d) booting
Answer: c) file management
7. Which function protects the computer from unauthorized access?
a) memory management
b) file management
c) security
d) processing
Answer: c) security
8. Which of the following is a function of operating system?
a) cooking food
b) process management
c) drawing only
d) selling devices
Answer: b) process management

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