Al-Hussein Bin Talal University

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Air Conditioning (1)

Instructor: [Link] Alsmaihyeen

2025/2026
Chapter 3

Introduction to Psychrometry in
Air Conditioning Processes.
3.1 Basic Definitions

Components of Air

Air is a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, and

small amounts of some other gases. The
presence of nitrogen in the air represents
about 78% by volume while the oxygen
occupies about 21% by volume. The other
gases represent less then 1%.

In HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air

conditioning) applications, air is treated
as a mixture of dry air and water vapor,
since moisture content changes due to
environmental factors.
3.1 Basic Definitions
Dry Air

The dry air is a complex mixture of several gases

such as nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and
other gases such as argon, carbon monoxide and
neon. It does not contain water vapor.

Dry air can be approximated as an ideal gas with

a constant specific heat 𝑪𝒑 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈 · ℃ ,
allowing calculation of enthalpy using:
The 𝑪𝒑 of air can be assumed to be constant
ℎ𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 𝐶𝑝 𝑇 (𝐾𝐽Τ𝐾𝑔)
at 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈 · ℃ in the temperature
range −𝟏𝟎 𝒕𝒐 𝟓𝟎℃ with an error under
∆ℎ𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇 (𝐾𝐽Τ𝐾𝑔) 𝟎. 𝟐 percent.
3.1 Basic Definitions

Moist Air
The moist air is a mixture of dry air and water vapor.

When moist air is cooled, it loses moisture due to the

condensation of the water vapor in the air.

Humidity
The moisture content of the air is referred to as its humidity.
This moisture content can be expressed in terms of volumes,
masses, and moles or pressures.
3.1 Basic Definitions

Saturation

Saturation indicates the maximum

amount of water vapor that can exist in
one cubic meter of air at a given
temperature. It does not depend on the
mass and pressure of the air which may
simultaneously exist in the same space.

Any moisture introduced into saturated air

will condense.
For saturated air, the vapor pressure is equal
to the saturation pressure of water.
3.1 Basic Definitions
Partial Pressure

Low pressure air-water vapor mixtures follow closely the Gibbs-Dalton law of
partial pressures.

❑ Gibbs-Dalton law states that the total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum
of the partial pressures of each of its constituents and each constituent gas
occupies the entire volume and has the same temperature of the mixture.

❑ In the air conditioning practice, the atmospheric air is considered as consisting of

dry air as one constituent and water vapor as the other constituent. Thus:

𝑃 = 𝑃𝑎 + 𝑃𝑣 (𝑘𝑃𝑎)

𝑃𝑎 Is partial pressure of dry air 𝑃𝑣 Is partial pressure of water vapor

3.1 Basic Definitions

❑ Water vapor behaves as an ideal gas, so its enthalpy

depends only on temperature, 𝒉 = 𝒉(𝑻) .This is
evident from 𝑻 − 𝒔 diagrams where constant
enthalpy lines align with constant temperature lines
below 50°𝐶.

❑ The enthalpy of water vapor in air can be taken to

be equal to the enthalpy of saturated vapor at the
same temperature as follows :

ℎ𝑣 (𝑇, 𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑃) ≅ ℎ𝑔 (𝑇)

ℎ𝑣 is enthalpy of water vapor

ℎ𝑔 is enthalpy of saturated vapor
3.1 Basic Definitions

❑ The enthalpy of water vapor at 0℃ is 2500.9 𝑘𝐽

/𝑘𝑔. The average 𝑪𝒑 value of water vapor in the
temperature range −10 𝑡𝑜 50℃ can be taken to be
1.82 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 · ℃.

❑ The enthalpy of water vapor can be determined

approximately in the temperature range −10 to 50℃,
with negligible error as follows :

ℎ𝑔 𝑇 ≅ 2500.9 + 1.82𝑇 (𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔) 𝑇 𝑖𝑛℃

3.1 Basic Definitions

❑ One of the basic assumptions in the

analysis of psychrometric systems is
that both the dry air, as well as, the If dry air is considered alone, then
water vapor constituents behave like its equation of state is:
ideal gases. Thus, for the air-water 𝑃𝑎 𝑉 = 𝑚𝑎 𝑅𝑎 𝑇
vapor system as a whole then:

𝑃𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇

𝑃 is the total pressure of the system If the water vapor is considered

𝑉 is its volume alone, then its equation of state is:
𝑚 is its total mass 𝑃𝑣 𝑉 = 𝑚𝑣 𝑅𝑣 𝑇
𝑅is the gas constant of the mixture
𝑇 is the absolute temperature
3.1 Basic Definitions

The universal gas constant R, the total 𝑚𝑎 𝑅𝑎 = 𝑛𝑎 𝑅𝑢

number of kilomole n, the kilomoles of
vapor n,, the kilomoles of air n, and the gas 𝑛 = 𝑛𝑎 + 𝑛𝑣
constant of dry air R, are related as follows:
𝑃𝑣 𝑛𝑣
𝑚𝑅 = 𝑛𝑅𝑢 =
𝑃 𝑛

❑ The value of the saturated partial pressure of water vapor (saturated steam) of a given air-water vapor system is
determined if the temperature of the system is known by using steam [Link] is the saturation pressure at that
temperature.

❑ The partial pressure of air is determined by subtracting the vapor pressure from the total pressure.

❑ The total local pressure is measured using a barometer.

3.1 Basic Definitions

Dry Bulb Temperature

Dry bulb temperature 𝑇𝑑𝑏 , is the air temperature that is
measured by an accurate thermometer or accurate
thermocouple where the measuring instrument is shielded
to reduce the effect of direct radiation.

Wet Bulb Temperature

The air temperature measured using a wetted thermometer
bulb is known as wet bulb temperature, 𝑇𝑤𝑏 . When
unsaturated air passes over a wet thermometer bulb, water
evaporates from the wetted bulb. Vaporizing latent heat is
absorbed by the vaporizing water and thus causes the
temperature of the wetted thermometer bulb to fall. The
instrument used to measure the wet bulb temperature is
called physchrometer.
3.1 Basic Definitions

Dew-point temperature

The dew-point temperature 𝑇𝑑𝑝 is defined

as the temperature at which condensation
begins when the air is cooled at constant
pressure. In other words, 𝑇𝑑𝑝 is the
saturation temperature of water
corresponding to the vapor pressure:

𝑇𝑑𝑝 = 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 @ 𝑃𝑣
Constant pressure cooling of moist
air and the dew-point temperature on
the T-s diagram of water.
3.1 Basic Definitions

Humidity ratio

The humidity ratio 𝒘, is defined as the

mass of water vapor associated with unit
mass of dry air then:

𝑚𝑣
𝑤= (1)
𝑚𝑎

𝑚𝑣 is the mass of water vapor.

𝑚𝑎 is the mass of dry air.

3.1 Basic Definitions

❑ If 𝒎𝒂 = 𝟏 𝒌𝒈 , then previous
equation reduces to 𝒎𝒗 = 𝒘 and the
equation of state when applied to
water vapor only gives: Where 𝒎𝒂 is assumed to equal to one
[Link] Eq. (3) into Eq. (2) and
𝑃𝑣 𝑉 substitute for 𝑹𝒗 = 𝟒𝟔𝟏 𝑱Τ𝒌𝒈. 𝒌 and
𝑃𝑣 𝑉 = 𝑤𝑅𝑣 𝑇 → 𝑤 = (2) 𝑹𝒂 = 𝟐𝟗𝟎 𝑱Τ𝒌𝒈. 𝒌 and replace 𝑷, by
𝑅𝑣 𝑇
(𝑷 − 𝑷𝒗 ) then the following result is
The volume V, is obtained from this obtained:
equation
𝑃𝑣
𝑤 = 0.622 (4)
𝑚𝑎 𝑅𝑎 𝑇 𝑃 − 𝑃𝑣
𝑉= (3)
𝑃𝑎
3.1 Basic Definitions

Carrier's equation can be used to calculate the partial pressure of water vapor
𝑷𝒗 in the air when its dry and wet bulb temperatures are known. It is expressed
as:

(𝑃 − 𝑃𝑤𝑏 )(𝑇𝑑𝑏 − 𝑇𝑤𝑏 )

𝑃𝑣 = 𝑃𝑤𝑏 − (5)
1532 − 1.3 𝑇𝑤𝑏

𝑃𝑤𝑏 is the saturated partial pressure of water vapor at the wet Bulb temperature.
𝑃 is the local barometric pressure
𝑇𝑑𝑏 is the dry bulb temperature in °C.
𝑇𝑤𝑏 is the wet bulb temperatures in °C.
The units of 𝑃𝑣 , 𝑃𝑤𝑏 and 𝑃 are either Pascal or bar or cm mercury.
3.1 Basic Definitions

The partial pressure of water vapor 𝑃𝑣 can also be obtained from the
modified Ferrel Equation, in English System of Units, as follows:

(𝑇𝑤𝑏 −32)
𝑃𝑣 = 𝑃𝑤𝑏 − 0.000367𝑃 𝑇𝑑𝑏 − 𝑇𝑤𝑏 1+ (6)
1571
3.1 Basic Definitions

Relative Humidity

❑ The relative humidity, is the ratio ❑ Using the equation of states for the vapor
of the actual partial pressure of the and the saturated vapor, 𝑃𝑣 𝑉 = 𝑚𝑣 𝑅𝑣 𝑇
water vapor in the air 𝑃𝑣 to the and 𝑃𝑣𝑠 𝑉 = 𝑚𝑣𝑠 𝑅𝑣 𝑇 and using Eq. (1)
saturated partial pressure of the then Eq. (7) reduces to:
water vapor 𝑃𝑣𝑠 at the given dry
bulb temperature. which can be 𝑚𝑣 𝑤
𝜙= = (8)
written as follows: 𝑚𝑣𝑠 𝑤𝑠

𝑃𝑣
𝜙= (7)
𝑃𝑣𝑠
3.1 Basic Definitions

❑ The relative humidity, expressed as a percentage, is a measure of

the saturation of air with water vapor.

❑ The saturation partial pressure of the water vapor at a given dry

bulb temperature 𝑃𝑣𝑠 , is a measure of the maximum amount water
vapor that can be held by the air at that temperature.

❑ The relative humidity, and the humidity ratio 𝒘, are related by

combining Eqs. (4) and (7) as follows:

𝑤(𝑃 − 𝑃𝑣 )
𝜙= (9)
0.622𝑃𝑣𝑠
3.1 Basic Definitions

Carrier HAP 2024 Free Download

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3.1 Basic Definitions

EXAMPLE 1
Air is at a dry bulb temperature of 21°𝐶 and wet bulb temperature of 15°𝐶. The local
barometric pressure is 101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎.
Calculate the followings:
(a) The partial pressure of water vapor in the air, using Carrier's Equation.
(b) The relative humidity.
(c) The humidity ratio.

Solution

(a) The partial pressure of water vapor in the air can be determined as following:

(𝑃 − 𝑃𝑤𝑏 )(𝑇𝑑𝑏 − 𝑇𝑤𝑏 )

𝑃𝑣 = 𝑃𝑤𝑏 −
1532 − 1.3 𝑇𝑤𝑏
3.1 Basic Definitions

At 𝑇𝑤𝑏 = 15℃ → 𝑷𝒘𝒃 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟎𝟓𝟕 kpa from

table 𝐴 − 4

(𝑃 − 𝑃𝑤𝑏 )(𝑇𝑑𝑏 − 𝑇𝑤𝑏 )

𝑃𝑣 = 𝑃𝑤𝑏 −
1532 − 1.3 𝑇𝑤𝑏

(101.325 − 1.7057)(21 − 15)

𝑃𝑣 = 1.7057 −
1532 − 1.3 (15)

𝑃𝑣 = 1.31 kPa
3.1 Basic Definitions

(b) The relative humidity can be determined as

following:

𝑃𝑣
𝜙=
𝑃𝑣𝑠

Where 𝑃𝑣𝑠 = 2.505 𝑘𝑃𝑎 (by interpolation) from

saturated water tables A-4 at 𝑇𝑑𝑏 = 21°𝐶 .

1.31
𝜙= × 100
2.505
Interpolation
= 52.3%
𝑥 − 𝑥1
𝑦 = 𝑦1 + . (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
3.1 Basic Definitions

( c) The humidity ratio can be determined as following:

𝑃𝑣
𝑤 = 0.622
𝑃 − 𝑃𝑣

1.31
= 0.622
101.325 − 1.31

= 8.147 × 10−3 𝑘𝑔Τ𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟

3.2 Enthalpy of air-water vapor mixture

The total enthalpy of atmospheric air is The specific enthalpy of dry air ℎ𝑎 is
the sum of the enthalpies of dry air and expressed as:
the water vapor: ℎ𝑎 = 𝐶𝑝𝑎 𝑇

𝑯 = 𝑯𝒂 + 𝑯𝒗 = 𝒎𝒂 𝒉𝒂 + 𝒎𝒗 𝒉𝒗 The enthalpy of water vapor ℎ𝑣 , is given by:

𝑯 = 𝒎𝒂 𝒉 ℎ𝑣 = 𝐶𝑝𝑣 𝑇 + ℎ𝑔 ( 𝑎𝑡 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 ℃ )

𝒎𝒂 𝒉 = 𝒎𝒂 𝒉𝒂 + 𝒎𝒗 𝒉𝒗 OR
ℎ𝑣 = ℎ𝑔 (𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑇𝑑𝑏 )
Dividing by 𝒎𝒂 gives the specific
enthalpy of the air-water vapor mixture

ℎ = ℎ𝑎 + 𝜔ℎ𝑣
3.2 Enthalpy of air-water vapor mixture

The enthalpy of air-water vapor of the mixture h, can be expressed as:

ℎ = ℎ𝑎 + 𝜔ℎ𝑣

ℎ = 𝐶𝑝𝑎 𝑇 + 𝜔 (𝐶𝑝𝑣 𝑇 + ℎ𝑔 ) ( 𝑎𝑡 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 ℃ )

OR

ℎ = 𝐶𝑝𝑎 𝑇 + 𝜔 ℎ𝑔 (at the given 𝑇𝑑𝑏 )

3.2 Enthalpy of air-water vapor mixture

For computation purposes, the specific heats

𝐶𝑝𝑎 = 1.005 𝐾𝐽Τ𝐾𝑔. 𝐾
𝐶𝑝𝑣 = 1.82 𝐾𝐽Τ𝐾𝑔. 𝐾
ℎ𝑔 ≅ 2500.9 𝐾𝐽Τ𝐾𝑔. 𝐾 ( 𝑎𝑡 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 ℃ )

The enthalpy of air-water vapor of the mixture h, can be expressed as:

ℎ = ℎ𝑎 + 𝜔ℎ𝑣

ℎ = 1.005 𝑇 + 𝜔(1.82𝑇 + 2500.9)

On the other hand, the enthalpy of air-water vapor of the mixture ℎ, can be also
expressed as:

ℎ = 1.005 𝑇 + 𝑤ℎ𝑔 (𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑇𝑑𝑏 )

3.2 Enthalpy of air-water vapor mixture

EXAMPLE 2
A 𝟓 𝒎 × 𝟓 𝒎 × 𝟑 𝒎 room shown in Fig contains air at 𝟐𝟓 ℃ and 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑷𝒂 at a relative
humidity of 75 percent. Determine (a) the partial pressure of dry air, (b) the humidity
ratio, (c) the enthalpy per unit mass of the dry air, and (d) the masses of the dry air and
water vapor in the room.
3.2 Enthalpy of air-water vapor mixture

Solution
Given:
Room dimensions: 5 𝑚 × 5 𝑚 × 3 𝑚 ⇒ 𝑉𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 = 75 𝑚3

𝑉dry air = 𝑉water vapor = 𝑉𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 = 𝑉 = 75 𝑚3

Temperature: 𝑇 = 25 ℃ = 298.15 𝑘

Total pressure: 𝑃 = 100 𝑘𝑃𝑎

Relative humidity: 𝜙 = 75% = 0.75

Assumptions
The dry air and the water vapor in the room are ideal gases.
3.2 Enthalpy of air-water vapor mixture

Properties

❑ The constant-pressure specific heat of air

at room temperature is
𝑪𝒑𝒂 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈 · 𝑲 (Table A–2a).

❑ For water at 25℃, we have

𝑷𝒔𝒂𝒕 𝟐𝟓℃ = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟔𝟗𝟖 𝒌𝑷𝒂

(Table A–4)൞
𝒉𝒈 = 𝟐𝟓𝟒𝟔. 𝟓 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈
3.2 Enthalpy of air-water vapor mixture

(a)The partial pressure of dry air can (b) The humidity ratio of air is
be determined as following: determined as following:

𝑷 = 𝑷𝒂 + 𝑷𝒗 𝑃𝑣
𝑤 = 0.622
𝑃 − 𝑃𝑣
𝑷𝒗
𝝓=
𝑷𝒗𝒔 2.38
= 0.622
97.62
𝑃𝑣 = 𝜙 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 @25℃
= 0.0152 kg 𝐻2 𝑂/kg dry air
= 0.75 3.1698 = 2.38 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑃𝑎 = 100 − 2.38 = 97.62 𝑘𝑃𝑎

3.2 Enthalpy of air-water vapor mixture

(c) The enthalpy of air per unit mass of Note:

dry air is determined following: The enthalpy of water vapor (2546.5 kJ/kg)
could also be determined from the
ℎ = ℎ𝑎 + 𝜔ℎ𝑣 approximation as following:

ℎ ≅ 𝐶𝑝𝑎 𝑇 + 𝜔 ℎ𝑔 ℎ𝑔 @25℃ ≅ 2500.9 + 1.82𝑇

= 1.005 25 + 0.0152(2546.5) ℎ𝑔 @25℃ ≅ 2500.9 + 1.82 25

= 2546.4 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
= 63.8 𝑘𝐽Τ𝐾𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟
Which is almost identical to the value
obtained from table A–4.
3.2 Enthalpy of air-water vapor mixture

(d) The masses of the dry air and water vapor in the room are determined from
the ideal gas relation applied to each gas separately:

𝑃𝑎 𝑉 = 𝑚𝑎 𝑅𝑎 𝑇

𝑃𝑎 𝑉 (97.62)(75)
𝑚𝑎 = → 𝑚𝑎 = = 85.61 𝑘𝑔
𝑅𝑎 𝑇 (0.287)(298)

𝑃𝑣 𝑉 = 𝑚𝑣 𝑅𝑣 𝑇
𝑃𝑣 𝑉 (2.38)(75)
𝑚𝑣 = → 𝑚𝑣 = =1.30 kg
𝑅𝑣 𝑇 (0.4615)(298)
3.2 Enthalpy of air-water vapor mixture

EXAMPLE 3
Air at 5°𝐶 dry bulb temperature and 70% relative humidity enters a heating and
humidifying device. Air leaves the device at 20°𝐶 dry bulb temperature and 50% relative
humidity. The local barometric pressure is 101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎.Calculate the followings:

(a) The humidity ratio and enthalpy of moist air at inlet and exit of the device.

(b) How much water vapor must be added for each kilogram of air entering the device to
keep its relative humidity at 50%?
3.2 Enthalpy of air-water vapor mixture

Solution
(a) The humidity ratio of moist air at inlet
𝑇𝑑𝑏,1 = 5°𝐶
𝜙1 = 70%
𝑃𝑣1
𝑤1 = 0.622
𝑃 − 𝑃𝑣1
𝑃𝑣1
𝜙1 =
𝑃𝑣𝑠1 𝑃𝑣1
𝑤1 = 0.622
𝑃 − 𝑃𝑣1
𝑃𝑣𝑠1 @ 5℃ → 0.8725 kpa
0.61075
𝑃𝑣1 = 𝜙1 × 𝑃𝑣𝑠1 𝑤1 = 0.622
101.325 − 0.61075
𝑃𝑣1 = 0.7 × 0.8725 = 0.61075 𝑘𝑝𝑎 𝑤1 = 3.772 × 10−3 𝑘𝑔Τ𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟
3.2 Enthalpy of air-water vapor mixture

The humidity ratio of moist air at exit

𝑃𝑣2
𝑇𝑑𝑏,2 = 20 °𝐶 𝑤2 = 0.622
𝑃 − 𝑃𝑣2
𝜙2 = 50%
𝑃𝑣2
𝑤2 = 0.622 1.1696
𝑃 − 𝑃𝑣2 𝑤2 = 0.622
𝑃𝑣2 101.325 − 1.1696
𝜙1 =
𝑃𝑣𝑠2
𝑤2 = 7.264 × 10−3 𝑘𝑔Τ𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝑃𝑣𝑠2 @ 20℃ → 2.3392 kpa

𝑃𝑣2 = 𝜙1 × 𝑃𝑣𝑠2

𝑃𝑣2 = 0.5 × 2.3392 = 1.1696 𝑘𝑝𝑎

3.2 Enthalpy of air-water vapor mixture

Enthalpy of moist air at inlet (b)The water vapor added per 1 kg dry air

ℎ1 = 1.005 𝑇1 + 𝑤1 ℎ𝑔 𝑚𝑣 = 𝑤2 − 𝑤1
ℎ𝑔 @ 5℃ → 2510.1 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑣 = (7.264 − 3.772) × 10−3
h1 = 1.005 5 + 3.772 × 10−3 2510.1
ℎ1 = 14.5 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑣 = 3.492 × 10−3 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂Τ𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟

Enthalpy of moist air at exit

ℎ2 = 1.005 𝑇2 + 𝑤2 ℎ𝑔
ℎ𝑔 @ 20℃ → 2537.4 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

h1 = 1.005 20 + 7.264 × 10−3 2537.4

ℎ1 = 38.5 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
3.2 Enthalpy of air-water vapor mixture

EXAMPLE 4
The inside design condition of a room is 24°𝐶 dry bulb temperature and 60% relative
humidity. Calculate the followings:

(a) Humidity ratio.

(b) Specific enthalpy.
(c) Dew point temperature.
(d) Specific volume of the dry air.
Take the local atmospheric pressure as 101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎.
3.3 The psychrometric chart
3.3 The psychrometric chart

The psychrometric chart is a plot of the

thermodynamic properties of moist air. It plays a
crucial role in air conditioning design and analysis.

Importance Psychrometric Charts

❑ Simplifies complex calculations and Reduces
tedious and time-consuming computations.
❑ Helps visualize air processes clearly and efficiently.
❑ Moist air processes can be analyzed by simple
plotting.

Types of Psychrometric Charts

❑ Carrier Chart
❑ ASHRAE Chart
❑ Manufacturers Charts
3.3 The psychrometric chart

❑ Some of the charts may have information different from others, but the basic
quantities are the same.

❑ By inspecting the Carrier's chart the following moist air properties are identified:

𝑇𝑑𝑏 is dry bulb temperature ∅ is relative humidity.

𝑇𝑤𝑏 is wet bulb temperature h is specific enthalpy.
𝑇𝑑𝑝 is dew point temperature 𝑣𝑎 is specific volume of dry air .
𝜔 is specific humidity (or humidity ratio) Enthalpy deviation.

❑ Sensible heat factor (SHF), or sensible heat ratio (SHR), which is defined as the
ratio of the room sensible heat to the room total heat.
3.3 The psychrometric chart

Specific humidity
Dew point temperature

Dry bulb temperature

3.3 The psychrometric chart

Enthalpy Deviation

Enthalpy deviation in a psychrometric chart is the difference between

the actual specific enthalpy of moist air and the enthalpy value
assumed when wet bulb temperature lines are treated as constant
enthalpy lines.

❑ The deviation occurs because wet bulb temperature lines do not

exactly coincide with constant enthalpy lines, , especially when the
dry bulb temperature is higher than the wet bulb temperature.

❑ The deviation occurs whenever 𝑻𝒅𝒃 > 𝑻𝒘𝒃 .

❑ This deviation affects the calculated enthalpy value.

3.2 Enthalpy of air-water vapor mixture

EXAMPLE 3
At a dry bulb temperature of 23 °C and a wet bulb temperature of 20 °C, determine
the corrected specific enthalpy of moist air using the psychrometric chart ,considering
the enthalpy deviation.

Solution

From the psychrometric chart

Specific enthalpy = 𝟓𝟕. 𝟔 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈
Enthalpy deviation = − 𝟎. 𝟏 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈
Corrected enthalpy = 𝟓𝟕. 𝟔 − 𝟎. 𝟏 = 𝟓𝟕. 𝟓 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈
3.3 The psychrometric chart

dry bulb temperature

3.2 Enthalpy of air-water vapor mixture

EXAMPLE 4
Using the Carrier's psychrometric chart, determine the wet bulb temperature, humidity
ratio, enthalpy, dew point temperature and the specific volume of dry air at 24°C dry
bulb temperature and 60% relative humidity.

Solution
Locate the state of 24°C dry bulb temperature and 60% relative humidity on the
shown Carrier's psychrometric chart and read the following properties:

𝜔 = 0.0113 𝑘𝑔Τ𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑇𝑑𝑃 = 15.8 ℃

ℎ = 52.5 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 𝑣𝑎 = 0.856 𝑚3 Τ𝑘𝑔
𝑇𝑤𝑏 = 18.5 ℃
3.3 The psychrometric chart

𝝎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟑 𝒌𝒈Τ𝒌𝒈 𝒅𝒓𝒚 𝒂𝒊𝒓

𝑻𝒅𝑷 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟖 ℃

𝑻𝒅𝒃 = 𝟐𝟒 ℃
3.2 Enthalpy of air-water vapor mixture

EXAMPLE 5
Using the Carrier's psychrometric chart, determine the wet bulb temperature, humidity
ratio, enthalpy, dew point temperature and the specific volume of dry air at 20°C dry
bulb temperature and 50% relative humidity.

Solution
Locate the state of 20 °C dry bulb temperature and 50 % relative humidity on the
shown Carrier's psychrometric chart and read the following properties:

𝜔 = 0.0072 𝑘𝑔Τ𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑇𝑑𝑃 = 9 ℃

ℎ = 38.6 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 𝑣𝑎 = 0.840 𝑚3 Τ𝑘𝑔
𝑇𝑤𝑏 = 13.8 ℃
3.4 Air conditioning processes

The psychrometric chart can be

used to solve various air
conditioning processes
performed on moist air. The
principle of mass conservation
and the first law of
thermodynamics (or energy
conservation principle) are the
bases for the analysis of moist
air processes.
Various air-conditioning processes.
3.4 Air conditioning processes
Sensible Heating of Moist Air

In this process, heat is added to moist air without the

addition of moisture.

❑This process yields a straight horizontal line when

represented on the psychrometric chart, because
the humidity ratio during the process is constant.

❑Such processes can occur in a heating coil or heat

exchanger when moist air flows through these
devices.

❑During this process, ratio humidity remains

constant, but relative humidity decreases.
3.4 Air conditioning processes

For steady flow steady state conditions, the energy

conservation principle, as applied to this process,
requires that:

𝑚ሶ 𝑎1 ℎ1 + 𝑄ሶ 1−2 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎2 ℎ2

𝑚ሶ 𝑎1 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎2 → 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎1 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎2

𝑚ሶ 𝑣1 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑣2 or 𝜔1 = 𝜔2

𝑄ሶ 1−2 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 ℎ2 − ℎ1 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 𝐶𝑝𝑎 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )

𝑞ሶ 1−2 = ℎ2 − ℎ1 = 𝐶𝑝𝑎 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )

3.4 Air conditioning processes

EXAMPLE 6
Atmospheric air at 101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎, 𝟏𝟓°𝑪 dry bulb temperature and 𝟖𝟎% relative humidity
is sensibly heated to 25°𝐶. Determine the final relative humidity and the heat rate added
for an air flow rate of 0.5 kg/s using:
(a) The Carriers psychrometric chart.
(b) Without using the Carriers psychrometric chart.

Solution

𝑇1 = 15°𝐶 ℎ1 = 36.6 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟

𝑇2 = 25°𝐶 ℎ2 = 47 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟
∅1 = 80% ∅2 = 42.6% (by interpolation).
3.4 Air conditioning processes

The heat rate added

𝑄ሶ 1−2 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 𝐶𝑝𝑎 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )

= 0.5 × 1.005 × 25 − 15
= 5 𝑘𝑊

OR

𝑄ሶ 1−2 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 ℎ2 − ℎ1
= 0.5(47 − 36.6)
= 5.200 𝑘𝑊

There is an error ratio between the two previous

equations in the calculation of 𝑄ሶ 1−2 is 4%
3.4 Air conditioning processes

Heating and Humidification of Moist Air

❑ Is the process of heating and humidification of the

moist air. In winter air conditioning, a desired
relative humidity must be maintained. Thus, addition
of moisture becomes necessary.

❑ Applying the principle of energy conservation to this

process, assuming steady state steady flow process,
yields:

𝑚ሶ 𝑎 ℎ1 + 𝑄ሶ 1−2 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑤 ℎ𝑤 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 ℎ2
3.4 Air conditioning processes

The heat rate added or the heating coil

capacity 𝑄ሶ 1−2 , is expressed as:

𝑄ሶ 1−2 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 ℎ2 − ℎ1 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑤 ℎ𝑤

The mass conservation principle as

applied to the water vapor gives:

𝑚ሶ 𝑣1 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑤 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑣2

𝑚ሶ 𝑣1 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 𝑤1 , 𝑚ሶ 𝑣2 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 𝑤2

𝑚ሶ 𝑤 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 𝑤2 − 𝑤1
3.4 Air conditioning processes

The equation for the direction

of the straight line is given on
the psychrometric chart
connecting the initial and final
states as following

ℎ2 − ℎ1 𝑄1−2
= ℎ𝑤 +
𝑤2 − 𝑤1 𝑚𝑤
3.4 Air conditioning processes

Methods for Supplying Heat to Cold Air in Winter Heating

❑ Hot Water or Steam Heating Coil:

▪ Heat is supplied by hot water or steam from a boiler.

▪ The fluid flows through a heating coil placed in the air duct or air
handling unit.
▪ Common in centralized heating systems.

❑ Furnace with Heat Exchanger and Fan:

▪ A furnace heats air using a heat exchanger.

▪ A fan circulates the warmed air into the conditioned space.
▪ Common in residential forced-air heating systems.
3.2 Enthalpy of air-water vapor mixture

EXAMPLE 7
One kg of outside air at 𝟓°𝑪 and 𝟐𝟎% relative humidity is heated in a heating and
humidification device to 𝟐𝟓°𝑪. Saturated water vapor at 𝟏𝟎𝟎°𝑪 is sprayed into the air to
control the final relative humidity at the end of the process at 𝟓𝟎%. Sketch the process on
the psychrometric chart and calculate the mass of water vapor that must be added per
one kilogram of dry air and the heating coil capacity.

Solution
The mass of water vapor is

𝑚ሶ 𝑤 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 𝑤2 − 𝑤1

The heat rate added or the heating coil capacity 𝑄ሶ 1−2 , is

𝑄ሶ 1−2 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 ℎ2 − ℎ1 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑤 ℎ𝑤
3.4 Air conditioning processes

Initial State (𝑇1 = 5°𝐶, ∅1 = 20% ):

𝑤1 = 0.001 𝑘𝑔Τ𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟
ℎ1 = 6.5 𝑘 𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟

Final State (𝑇2 = 25°𝐶, ∅2 = 50% ):

𝑤2 = 0.0095 𝑘𝑔Τ𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟
ℎ2 = 50.5 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟

The mass of water vapor is

𝑚ሶ 𝑤 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 𝑤2 − 𝑤1
= 1(0.095-0.001)
= 0.0085 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂/𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟
3.4 Air conditioning processes

The heat rate added or the heating coil

From table A-4
capacity 𝑄ሶ 1−2 , is
Saturated water vapor at 𝟏𝟎𝟎°𝑪
𝒉𝒘 = 𝒉𝒈 = 𝟐𝟔𝟕𝟓. 𝟔 𝒌𝑱Τ𝒌𝒈 𝒅𝒓𝒚 𝒂𝒊𝒓
𝑄ሶ 1−2 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 ℎ2 − ℎ1 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑤 ℎ𝑤

= 1 50.5 − 6.5 − 0.0085(2675.6)

= 21.257 𝑘𝑤
3.4 Air conditioning processes

EXAMPLE 8
One kg of outside air at 𝟓°𝑪 and 𝟐𝟎% relative humidity is heated in a heating and
humidification device to 𝟐𝟓°𝑪. Saturated water at 𝟏𝟎°𝑪 is sprayed into the air to control
the final relative humidity at the end of the process at 𝟓𝟎%. Sketch the process on the
psychrometric chart and calculate the mass of water vapor that must be added per one
kilogram of dry air and the heating coil capacity.
3.4 Air conditioning processes

Sensible Cooling of Moist Air

This process represents the removal of heat from

the moist air without any change in the moisture
content. This process is the reverse of sensible
heating of moist air. Therefore, application of the
energy conservation gives:

𝑄ሶ 1−2 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 ℎ1 − ℎ2 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 𝐶𝑝𝑎 (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )

𝑞ሶ 1−2 = ℎ1 − ℎ2 = 𝐶𝑝𝑎 (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )

3.4 Air conditioning processes

EXAMPLE 9
Atmospheric air at 101.325 kPa, 32°C dry bulb temperature and 30% relative humidity is
sensibly cooled to 18°C. Determine the final relative humidity and the heat rate removed
for an air flow rate of 0.4 kg/s using the Carrier's psychrometric chart.

Solution
𝑇1 = 32 °𝐶
𝑇2 = 18 °𝐶
∅1 = 30%
ℎ1 = 55.5 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟
ℎ2 = 41 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟
∅2 = 70%
3.4 Air conditioning processes

The heat rate removed

𝑄ሶ 1−2 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 𝐶𝑝𝑎 (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )

= 0.4 × 1.005 × 32 − 18
= 5.65 𝑘𝑊

OR

𝑄ሶ 1−2 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 ℎ1 − ℎ2
= 0.4 (55.5 − 41)
= 5.8 𝑘𝑊
3.4 Air conditioning processes
Cooling and Dehumidification of Moist Air

Cooling and dehumidification process takes

place in summer air conditioning whereby
condensation of some of the water vapor in
the air takes place, depending on the dew 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 𝑚ሶ 𝑎
point temperature of the air and on the final 𝑇2 𝑇1
ℎ2 ℎ1
temperature required. 𝑤2 𝑤1

❑ Application of the energy conservation

principle for this process gives:
Condensate removal

𝑚ሶ 𝑎 ℎ1 = 𝑄ሶ 1−2 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 ℎ2 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑤 ℎ𝑤
3.4 Air conditioning processes

The heat rate removed, is expressed as:

𝑄ሶ 1−2 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 ℎ1 − ℎ2 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑤 ℎ𝑤

The mass conservation principle as

applied to the water vapor gives:

𝑚ሶ 𝑎 𝑤1 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 𝑤2 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑤

𝑚ሶ 𝑤 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 𝑤1 − 𝑤2
3.4 Air conditioning processes

Methods to Cool and Dehumidify Indoor Air

❑Direct Expansion (DX) Coil Cooling:

▪ Air passes over a cooling coil with refrigerant or chilled water.
▪ Coil temperature must be below the dew point to condense water vapor.
▪ Most commonly used in residential, commercial, and industrial AC systems.

❑Chemical Dehumidification with Sensible Cooling:

▪ Moisture is absorbed using desiccants like silica gel or lithium bromide.
▪ Followed by cooling using DX or chilled water coil.
▪ Less common due to high cost and need for desiccant regeneration.

❑Chilled Water Spray Cooling:

▪ Air is passed through a spray of chilled water below its dew point.
▪ Common in industrial applications, theaters, arenas, and large halls.
3.4 Air conditioning processes

EXAMPLE 10
Outside atmospheric air 𝑃 = 101.3 𝑘𝑃𝑎 at 37°𝐶 and 60% relative humidity is cooled
and dehumidified to 20°𝐶 and 40% relative humidity. The condensing water vapor leaves
at 20°𝐶. Sketch the process on the psychrometric chart and find the heat rate removed
and the mass rate of condensing water vapor extracted per one kilogram of dry air.

Solution
The heat rate removed is

𝑄ሶ 1−2 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 ℎ1 − ℎ2 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑤 ℎ𝑤

The mass rate of condensing

water vapor is

𝑚ሶ 𝑤 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 𝑤1 − 𝑤2
3.2 Enthalpy of air-water vapor mixture

From table A-4

Saturated liquid enthalpy at 20°𝑪
𝒉𝒘 = 𝒉𝒇 = 𝟖𝟑. 𝟗𝟏𝟓 𝒌𝑱Τ𝒌𝒈 𝒅𝒓𝒚 𝒂𝒊𝒓

The mass rate of condensing water vapor is

𝑚ሶ 𝑤 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 𝑤1 − 𝑤2
= 1 0.0243 − 0.0057
= 0.0186 𝑘𝑔Τ𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟

The heat rate removed is

𝑄ሶ 1−2 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 ℎ1 − ℎ2 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑤 ℎ𝑤
= 1 99 − 34.7 − 0.0186(83.915)
= 62.74 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟
3.4 Air conditioning processes

Adiabatic Mixing of Two Streams of Moist Air

Mixing of two different streams of moist air in

an insulated duct is a common process in air
conditioning systems. The properties of the
mixed stream can be determined mathematically
or graphically using the psychrometric chart.

The mass flow rates of the mixing streams 𝑚ሶ 𝑎1 ,

and 𝑚ሶ 𝑎2 , are controlled at given values by using
dampers. These dampers are installed in each
mixing stream ducts.
3.4 Air conditioning processes

The energy conservation principle as applied

to this process gives:
𝑚ሶ 𝑎1 ℎ1 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑎2 ℎ2 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎3 ℎ3

Mass of dry air:

𝑚ሶ 𝑎3 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎1 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑎2

Mass of water vapor:

𝑤3 𝑚ሶ 𝑎3 = 𝑤1 𝑚ሶ 𝑎1 + 𝑤2 𝑚ሶ 𝑎2

By combining of equations and eliminating

𝑚ሶ 𝑎3 we obtain

𝑚ሶ 𝑎1 𝑤2 − 𝑤3 ℎ2 − ℎ3
= =
𝑚ሶ 𝑎2 𝑤3 − 𝑤1 ℎ3 − ℎ1
3.4 Air conditioning processes

EXAMPLE 11
Two streams (1) and (2) are mixed adiabatically. The dry bulb temperatures of the first
and the second streams are 50 and 20°𝐶, respectively. The wet bulb temperatures of the
first and the second streams are 32 and 10°𝐶, respectively. Sketch the process on the
psychrometric chart and determine the dry and wet bulb temperatures of stream (3),
knowing that the two streams mass flow rates of dry air are 𝟎. 𝟐 and 𝟎. 𝟔 𝒌𝒈/𝒔,
respectively.

Solution
Depending on the energy conservation equation for this process

𝑚ሶ 𝑎1 ℎ1 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑎2 ℎ2 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎3 ℎ3

(0.2 × 111) + (0.6 × 29.5)

ℎ3 = = 49.8 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟
0.2 + 0.6
3.4 Air conditioning processes

OR

Depending on the mass of water vapor

𝑤3 𝑚ሶ 𝑎3 = 𝑤1 𝑚ሶ 𝑎1 + 𝑤2 𝑚ሶ 𝑎2

0.023 × 0.2 + (0.0035 × 0.6)

𝑤3 =
(0.2 + 0.6)

= 0.0084 𝑘𝑔𝐻2 𝑂Τ𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟

3.4 Air conditioning processes

EXAMPLE 12
A room is to be maintained at 24°C and 50% relative humidity. Outside ventilation air at
4°C and 50% relative humidity is mixed with the room return air with mass flow rate ratio
of 6:4 of outside air to return air before entering a heating and humidification device.
Calculate the followings:
(a) Relative humidity after mixing of the two streams.
(b) Dry bulb temperature after mixing of the two streams.

Solution
𝑚ሶ 𝑀 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑜 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑅

𝑚ሶ 𝑜 = 0.6 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
Let 𝑚ሶ 𝑀 = 1 kg/s ቊ
𝑚ሶ 𝑅 = 0.4𝑘𝑔/𝑠
3.4 Air conditioning processes

Depending on the mass of water vapor

𝑤𝑀 𝑚ሶ 𝑀 = 𝑤𝑜 𝑚ሶ 𝑜 + 𝑤𝑖 𝑚ሶ 𝑅

(0.0024 × 0.6) + (0.0094 × 0.4)

𝑤𝑀 =
1

= 0.0052 𝑘𝑔𝐻2 𝑂Τ𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟

3.4 Air conditioning processes

EXAMPLE 13
4,800 𝑚3 Τℎ of ventilation air at −2°𝐶 and 70% relative humidity are mixed with 13,600
𝑚3 Τℎ of return air at 19°𝐶 and 40% relative humidity before entering a heating and
humidifying device. Sketch the process on the psychrometric chart and find the
followings:
(a) Relative humidity after mixing of the two streams.
(b) Dry bulb temperature after mixing of the two streams.

Solution
3.4 Air conditioning processes

Evaporative Cooling of Moist Air

The evaporative cooling process is a cooling

method which finds an important application in
desert climates.

In this process, relatively dry air is either

sprayed with water or dry air is allowed to flow
over a water soaked pad, which is continuously
replenished with water .

The energy conservation principle gives:

𝑚ሶ 𝑎 ℎ1 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑤 ℎ𝑤 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 ℎ2 (1)
3.4 Air conditioning processes

The mass balance on the water vapor requires that:

𝑚ሶ 𝑎 𝑤1 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑤 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 𝑤2 (2)

From Eq(1) and Eq(2) then :

ℎ1 + 𝑤2 − 𝑤1 ℎ𝑤 = ℎ2

If 𝑤2 − 𝑤1 is neglected, then :

ℎ1 = ℎ2

Thus, the evaporative cooling process is considered

as constant enthalpy process or adiabatic process.
3.4 Air conditioning processes

EXAMPLE 14
Outside atmospheric air with pressure 101.325 kPa, dry bulb temperature 45°C and 20%
relative humidity is adiabatically cooled to 30°C in a steady state steady flow adiabatic
process. Sketch the process on the psychrometric chart and find the relative humidity and
the amount of water to be added as a result of the adiabatic process.

Solution

The mass of water m, added per one kg of dry air

𝑚ሶ 𝑤 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 𝑤2 − 𝑤1

= 1(0.0180 − 0.0120)
= 0.0060 𝑘𝑔Τ𝑠
3.4 Air conditioning processes

Sensible Heat Ratio

The Sensible Heat Ratio SHR, or Sensible Heat Factor SHF, is

defined as the ratio of sensible heat rate 𝑄ሶ 𝑠 , divided by the total
heat rate 𝑄ሶ 𝑡 .

❑ The total heat rate 𝑄ሶ 𝑡 , is equal to the sensible heat rate 𝑄ሶ 𝑠 ,

plus the latent heat rate, 𝑄ሶ 𝐿 .

❑ The sensible heat ratio SHR, is expressed as:

𝑄ሶ 𝑠 𝑄ሶ 𝑠
SHR= =
𝑄𝑡 𝑄ሶ 𝑠 + 𝑄ሶ 𝐿
ሶ
3.4 Air conditioning processes
 3.4 Air conditioning processes

Sensible Heat Rate 𝑸ሶ 𝒔

The sensible heat rate is the rate at which heat is added or

removed without a phase change, Causes a change in
temperature of air.
Total heat rate 𝑸ሶ 𝒕
Latent Heat Rate 𝑸ሶ 𝑳

The latent heat rate is the rate at which heat is added or

removed with a phase change, usually through
condensation or evaporation of water vapor, Causes a
change in moisture content (humidity), without affecting
temperature.
3.4 Air conditioning processes
3.4 Air conditioning processes

❑ For summer air conditioning, the sensible cooling load and total cooling load
of a space is expressed as:

𝑄ሶ 𝑠 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 𝐶𝑝𝑎 (𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑠 )

𝑄ሶ 𝑡 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 (ℎ𝑖 − ℎ𝑠 )

❑ For winter air conditioning, the sensible heating load, and total heating load of
a space is expressed as:

𝑄ሶ 𝑠 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 𝐶𝑝𝑎 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑖

𝑄ሶ 𝑡 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 (ℎ𝑠 − ℎ𝑖 )
3.4 Air conditioning processes

Selection of Air Handling Units (AHU)

It is necessary for the air

conditioning engineer to
determine and select the type,
characteristic and capacity of
equipment that can condition
the supply air needed for
certain application.

Air Handling Unit(AHU)

[Link]
[Link]
3.4 Air conditioning processes

❑The air handling unit can be used with

1) Liquid chiller to supply chilled water to

the cooling coil in order to cool and
dehumidify a certain space.

2) Hot water boiler to supply hot water to

the heating coil in order to heat and
humidify a certain space.

❑The Cooling coil, in addition to heating

coil are usually included in the
arrangement for year-round air
conditioning systems.
3.4 Air conditioning processes

The following steps are followed for the selection of an air handling unit (AHU) from
manufacturer catalogues in order to satisfy the design data for a given application:

1) Calculate the standard volumetric flow rate value (at sea level where 𝑃
= 101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎) of supply air for summer and/or winter application and select
the larger value. Correct this value for the local barometric pressure value.
2) State or select the value of the air face velocity 𝑉𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 or coil entering velocity. The
design value of 𝑉𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 ranges between 𝟐. 𝟓 to 𝟐. 𝟖 𝒎/𝒔.

3) Calculate the cooling coil face area 𝑨𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 and/or the heating coil face area using
the following relation:

𝑽ሶ 𝒔 = 𝑨𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝑽𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆
3.4 Air conditioning processes

4) Select or state the required AHU arrangement such as:

a- Horizontal or vertical unit geometry.

b- Unit with or without mixing box.
c. Unit with or without spraying device, pre-heater or re-heater.
d. Unit with angular or bag filter type.
e- Staggered or alligned coil arrangement.
f- Fan type.
g- Specify low pressure drop (0.0 to 75 mm H2O) or medium pressure drop
(76 to 150 mm H2O) or high pressure drop (more than 150 mmH2O) for the
selected AHU.
3.4 Air conditioning processes

Table 1 represents a manufacturer rating table for selecting air handling

units. The rated data of Table 1 are based on the following assumptions:

(1) All cooling capacities are based on entering air temperature of 26.7°C
dry bulb and 12.87°C wet bulb temperatures. Inlet and outlet chilled
water temperatures are 7.2 and 12.8 °C, respectivelly.

(2) All heating capacities are based on entering air temperature of 21°C.

(3) The value of the air velocity entering the coil is 2.8 m/s.

(4)Hot water temperatures entering and leaving the heating coil are 82.2
and 65.6 °C, respectively.
3.4 Air conditioning processes
3.4 Air conditioning processes

Structure of the coil.

3.4 Air conditioning processes

Selection of Hot Water Heating Coil Boiler

❑ The hot water supplied to the hot water heating coil' of the air handling unit is
obtained from a hot water boiler.

❑ The heating capacity of the hot water boiler 𝑄ሶ 𝑏 , is calculated from the
following relation:

𝑄ሶ 𝑏 = 𝑄ሶ 𝐻.𝐶 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑤 𝐶𝑝,𝑤 (𝑇𝑤,𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑤,𝑖𝑛 )

where
𝑄ሶ 𝑏 is the capacities of the hot water boiler of the air handling unit.
𝑄ሶ 𝐻.𝐶 is the hot water heating coil of the air handling unit.
𝑚ሶ 𝑤 is the hot water flow rate entering the heating coil.
(𝑇𝑤,𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑤,𝑖𝑛 ) is the hot water temperature difference across the heating coil.
3.4 Air conditioning processes

EXAMPLE 15
The calculated heating load of a given space is 𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝑾 (all sensible). The outside
design condition is 𝟓 °𝑪 dry bulb temperature and 𝟓𝟎% relative humidity. The
inside design condition is 𝟐𝟎 °𝑪 dry bulb temperature and 𝟓𝟎% relative humidity.
The supply air temperature is 𝟑𝟖°𝑪. The space is to be heated and humidified by
using warm air heating system. The volumetric flow rate of ventilation air is estimated
as 𝟑𝟓𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝟑 /𝒉.
(a) Select the model number of an air handling unit (AHU) from Table 1 to satisfy the
above data.
(b) State the rated heating capacity of the hot water heating coil and its number of
rows. What will be the coil face area if the coil face velocity is 𝟐. 𝟖 𝒎/𝒔.
(c) Find the mass flow rate of hot water entering the heating coil that must be supplied
by a hot water boiler if the temperature difference of hot water is 𝟏𝟎 °𝑪.
3.4 Air conditioning processes

Solution

In order to select the model number of the air handling unit(AHU) from
Table1,the following must be calculated

1) The volumetric flow rate of supply air 𝑉𝑠ሶ , is calculated from the
following relation:

𝑉𝑠ሶ = 𝑣𝑠 𝑚ሶ 𝑠

2) The capacity of the heating coil 𝑄ሶ 𝐻.𝐶 , is calculated from the following
relation:

𝑄ሶ 𝐻.𝐶 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑀 ℎ𝑠 − ℎ𝑀 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑤 ℎ𝑤
3.4 Air conditioning processes
3.4 Air conditioning processes

(a) Can be used the following relation for From the psychrometric chart
winter air conditioning and the sensible
heating load to find 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 which is equal 𝑣𝑠 = 0.890 𝑚3 /kg d.a
𝑚ሶ 𝑀 as follow ℎ𝑠 = 57 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 d.a

𝑄ሶ 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 𝐶𝑝𝑎 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑖 𝑉𝑠ሶ = 𝑣𝑠 × 𝑚ሶ 𝑠

= 0.890 × 2.778
50 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 (1) 38 − 20 = 2.472𝑚3 /𝑠
𝑚ሶ 𝑠 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑀 = 2.778 𝑘𝑔/𝑠 = 2472 𝐿/𝑠

The heat load of the space is all sensible From Table 1

then The AHU model at 𝑽ሶ 𝒔 = 𝟐𝟒𝟕𝟐 𝑳/𝒔 is
𝑤𝑠 = 𝑤𝑖 = 0.0072 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂/𝑘𝑔 d.a model PAH 62 whose rated volumetric
𝐴𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑇𝑠 = 38 ℃ (𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛) flow rate is 𝑽ሶ = 𝟐𝟗𝟐𝟔 𝑳/𝒔
3.4 Air conditioning processes

(b) The volumetric flow rate of ventilation air is

1) Find the rated heating capacity of 𝑉ሶ0 = 3550 𝑚3 Τℎ → 𝑉ሶ0 = 0.986 𝑚3 Τ𝑠
the hot water heating coil
neglected From the carriers psychrometric chart
𝑄ሶ 𝐻.𝐶 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑀 ℎ𝑠 − ℎ𝑀 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑤 ℎ𝑤 𝑣𝑜 = 0.791 𝑚3 Τ𝑘𝑔 𝑑. 𝑎

To find the heating coil capacity can 𝑉𝑜ሶ 0.986

calculate ℎ𝑀 is from this relation 𝑚ሶ 𝑜 = = = 1.247 𝑘𝑔 Τ𝑠
𝑣𝑜 0.791

𝑚ሶ 𝑜 ℎ𝑜 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑅 ℎ𝑖 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑀 ℎ𝑀 𝑚ሶ 𝑅 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑀 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑜 = 2.778 − 1.247

𝑉𝑜ሶ = 1.531 𝑘𝑔/𝑠

𝑚ሶ 𝑜 =
𝑣𝑜
3.4 Air conditioning processes

From the psychrometric chart From Table 1

When 𝑸ሶ 𝑯.𝑪 = 𝟖𝟓 𝑲𝒘 then Table 1 indicates
ℎ𝑜 = 11.5 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 𝑑. 𝑎 that the hot water heating coil to be selected is 3
ℎ𝑖 = 38.5 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 𝑑. 𝑎 rows with rated heating capacity of 𝑸ሶ 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅
= 𝟏𝟏𝟐 𝑲𝒘
1.247 × 11.5 + (1.531 × 38.5)
ℎ𝑀 =
2.778 2) The heating coil face area 𝐴𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 is calculated
as follows:
= 26.38 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 𝑑. 𝑎

Then 𝑉𝑠ሶ = 𝐴𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑉𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒

𝑄ሶ 𝐻.𝐶 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑀 ℎ𝑠 − ℎ𝑀
The coil face velocity 𝑉𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 is given as 2.8 𝑚Τ𝑠
= 2.788 57 − 26.38
= 85 𝐾𝑤 The volumetric flow rate of supply air 𝑉𝑠ሶ = 2.472 𝑚3 /𝑠
3.4 Air conditioning processes

Then (C)
𝑉𝑠ሶ Find the mass flow rate of hot water entering the
𝐴𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 = heating coil that must be supplied by a hot water
𝑉𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒
boiler if the temperature difference of hot water is
2.472 𝟏𝟎 °𝑪.
= = 0.883 𝑚2
2.8
𝑄ሶ 𝑏 = 𝑄ሶ 𝐻.𝐶 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑤 𝐶𝑝,𝑤 (𝑇𝑤,𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑤,𝑖𝑛 )

From Table A-3 𝐶𝑝,𝑤 at 25℃ is 4.18 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔. 𝑘

85 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑤 × 4.18 × 10

𝑚ሶ 𝑤 = 2.044 𝑘𝑔Τ𝑠
3.4 Air conditioning processes

Selection of Water Chiller

❑ The chilled water supplied to the chilled water cooling coil of an air handling unit
is obtained from a water chiller.

❑ The cooling capacity of the water chiller 𝑄ሶ 𝑐ℎ is calculated from the following
relation:
𝑄ሶ 𝑐ℎ = 𝑄ሶ 𝐶.𝐶 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑐ℎ 𝐶𝑃,𝑐ℎ (𝑇𝑐ℎ,𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇𝑐ℎ,𝑜𝑢𝑡 )

where
𝑄ሶ 𝑐ℎ is the capacities of the water chiller.
𝑄ሶ 𝐶.𝐶 is the chilled water cooling coil.
𝑚ሶ 𝑐ℎ is the chilled water flow rate entering the chilled water cooling coil
(𝑇𝑐ℎ,𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇𝑐ℎ,𝑜𝑢𝑡 )is is the chilled water temperature difference across the cooling coil.
3.4 Air conditioning processes
3.4 Air conditioning processes

❑ Rating and selection of direct expansion (DX) air cooled water chillers
is presented in Table 2

❑ The mass flow rate value of chilled water 𝑚ሶ 𝑐ℎ indicated in Table 2 is

based on chilled water temperature difference (𝑇𝑐ℎ,𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇𝑐ℎ,𝑜𝑢𝑡 ) of 5.6
°C.

❑ If the temperature difference is different from the value of 5.6 °C, then
𝑚ሶ 𝑐ℎ can be calculated from this equation.

𝑄ሶ 𝑐ℎ = 𝑄ሶ 𝐶.𝐶 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑐ℎ 𝐶𝑃,𝑐ℎ (𝑇𝑐ℎ,𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇𝑐ℎ,𝑜𝑢𝑡 )

3.4 Air conditioning processes
3.4 Air conditioning processes
3.4 Air conditioning processes
3.4 Air conditioning processes
3.4 Air conditioning processes

EXAMPLE 16
A hall is to be year-round air conditioned. The following data are given for summer and winter operation:
For summer operation:
Total and sensible cooling loads are 9.5 and 7.6 𝑘𝑊, respectively. The inside design condition is 24 °𝐶 dry
bulb and 50% 𝑅. 𝐻. The outside design condition is 32°𝐶 dry bulb temperature and 40% 𝑅. 𝐻. The
ventilation air is 0.130 𝑚3 Τ𝑠. The supply air relative humidity is 90%.

For winter operation:

Total heating load is 12 kW (all sensible). The inside design condition is 20°C dry bulb temperature and
50% R.H. The outside design condition is 5°C dry bulb and 70% R.H. The ventilation air is 0.130 m3/s.
The supply air temperature is 40 °C.

(a) Select an air handling unit (AHU) from Table 1 to satisfy the above data. Indicate model number,
rated capacities of the cooling and heating coils and the number of rows of the selected coils.

(b) Select the model number of a water chiller from Table 2 to satisfy the above data if the ambient
temperature is 𝟑𝟓 °𝑪 and chilled water entering the chiller is 𝟏𝟒°𝑪 and that leaving the chiller is 𝟕°𝑪.
What will be the chiller rated capacity and the mass flow rate of chilled water.
3.4 Air conditioning processes

Solution

(a) For summer operation:

𝑄ሶ 𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 9.5 𝑘𝑊
𝑄ሶ 𝑠𝑒𝑛 = 7.6 𝑘𝑊
𝑇𝑑𝑏 𝑖 = 24℃
∅𝑖 = 50 %
𝑇𝑑𝑏 𝑜 = 32 ℃
∅𝑜 = 40 %
𝑉𝑜ሶ = 0.130 𝑚3 Τ𝑠
∅𝑠 = 90 %
3.4 Air conditioning processes
3.4 Air conditioning processes

The cooling coil capacity is To find state (s) to find 𝑇𝑠 and ℎ𝑠 then the
calculated using the relation: 𝑆𝐻𝑅 calculated as follow
neglected 𝑄ሶ 𝑠𝑒𝑛 7.6
𝑆𝐻𝑅 = = = 0.80
ሶ
𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡 9.5
𝑄ሶ 𝐶.𝐶 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑀 ℎ𝑀 − ℎ𝑠 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑤 ℎ𝑤
Using the psychrometric chart ,draw a line
connecting state (i) and 𝑆𝐻𝑅 = 0.8 to
𝑚ሶ 𝑠 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑀 intersect the ∅𝑠 = 90 % state (s) gives :

𝑄ሶ 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 𝐶𝑝𝑎 𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑠 ℎ𝑠 = 35 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 d.a

𝑣𝑠 = 0.8225 𝑚3 /kg d.a
𝑇𝑠 = 13.2 ℃
3.4 Air conditioning processes

𝑄ሶ 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 𝐶𝑝𝑎 𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑠 ℎ𝑜 = 63 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 d.a , 𝑣𝑜 = 0.871 𝑚3 /kg d.a

ℎ𝑖 = 48 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 d.a
7.6 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 × 1 × 24 − 13.2
𝑉𝑜ሶ 0.130
𝑚ሶ 𝑠 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑀 = 0.7 𝑘𝑔/𝑠 𝑚ሶ 𝑜 = = = 0.149 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝑣ሶ𝑜 0.871

𝑉𝑠ሶ = 𝑣𝑠 × 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 = 0.820 × 0.7 0.149 ×63 +(0.7−0.149)×48

ℎ𝑀 = = 51.2 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 d.a
0.7
= 0.574 𝑚3 Τ𝑠
𝑄ሶ 𝐶.𝐶 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑀 ℎ𝑀 − ℎ𝑠
= 574 𝐿/𝑠
= 0.7 51.2 − 35
𝑚ሶ 𝑜 ℎ𝑜 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑅 ℎ𝑖 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑀 ℎ𝑀
= 11.34 𝑘𝑊
3.4 Air conditioning processes

Solution

(a) For winter operation:

𝑄ሶ 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑛 = 12 𝑘𝑊
𝑇𝑑𝑏 𝑖 = 20 ℃
∅𝑖 = 50 %
𝑇𝑑𝑏 𝑜 = 5 ℃
∅𝑜 = 70 %
𝑉𝑜ሶ = 0.130 𝑚3 Τ𝑠
𝑇𝑠 = 40 ℃
3.4 Air conditioning processes
3.4 Air conditioning processes

The heating coil capacity is calculated 𝑉𝑠ሶ = 𝑣𝑠 × 𝑚ሶ 𝑠

using the relation:
𝑤𝑠 = 𝑤𝑖 and 𝑣𝑠 = 0.898 𝑚3 Τ𝑘𝑔
𝑄ሶ 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 𝐶𝑝𝑎 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑖
𝑉𝑠ሶ = 0.898 × 0.6
12 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 × 1 × 40 − 20
= 0.539 𝑚3 Τ𝑠 = 539 𝐿/𝑠
𝑚ሶ 𝑠 = 0.6 kg/s
Then
𝑄ሶ 𝐻.𝐶 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑀 ℎ𝑠 − ℎ𝑀

𝑚ሶ 𝑜 ℎ𝑜 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑅 ℎ𝑖 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑀 ℎ𝑀
3.4 Air conditioning processes

𝑣ሶ𝑜 = 0.793 𝑚3 /kg d.a From the psychrometric chart

𝑉𝑜ሶ 0.130 ℎ𝑠 = 59.5 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 𝑑. 𝑎

𝑚ሶ 𝑜 = = = 0.165 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝑣ሶ𝑜 0.793 𝑤𝑠 = 𝑤𝑖 = 0.0072 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂/𝑘𝑔 d.a

Also, from the psychrometric chart 𝑄ሶ 𝐻.𝐶 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑀 ℎ𝑠 − ℎ𝑀

ℎ𝑜 = 14.5 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 d.a 𝑄ሶ 𝐻.𝐶 = 0.6 59.5 − 31.7

ℎ𝑖 = 38.3 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 d.a
= 16.68 𝑘𝑊
0.165 × 14.5 + (0.6 − 0.165)
ℎ𝑀 =
0.6

ℎ𝑀 = 31.7𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 d.a
3.4 Air conditioning processes

From the previous results obtained of From Table 2 we get the following data:

𝑉𝑠ሶ = 574 𝐿/𝑠 At entering ambient temperature

𝑄ሶ 𝐶.𝐶 = 11.34 𝑘𝑊 𝟑𝟓 °𝑪 and chilled water temperature
𝑄ሶ 𝐻.𝐶 = 16.68 𝑘𝑊 leaving the chiller of 𝟕 °𝑪 then one can
obtain that:
From Table 1 we get the following data:
(1) Chiller unit model number is 40.
(1)The air handling unit model number is
PAH 16. (2) The rated capacity of the selected
(2)The chilled water cooling coil is 3 rows chiller is 11.9 kW.
whose rated capacity is 12 kW.
(3)The hot water heating coil is 2 rows
whose rated capacity is 19 kW.
3.4 Air conditioning processes

The mass flow rate of chilled water 𝑚ሶ 𝑐ℎ

𝑄ሶ 𝑐ℎ = 𝑄ሶ 𝐶.𝐶 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑐ℎ 𝐶𝑃,𝑐ℎ (𝑇𝑐ℎ,𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇𝑐ℎ,𝑜𝑢𝑡 )

From Table A-3 𝐶𝑝,𝑤 at 25℃ is 4.18

𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔. 𝑘

12.162 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑐ℎ × 4.18(14 − 7)

𝑚ሶ 𝑐ℎ = 0.415 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
3.4 Air conditioning processes

EXAMPLE 17
The inside design conditions for a textile factory are 21°C dry bulb and 70% relative
humidity. The textile factory is located in the City of Zerqa, Jordan. Ventilation air
represents 50% of the supply air mass flow rate. The calculated sensible and latent
heat gains of the factory are 175 and 65 kW, respectively. The supply air relative
humidity is 90%. Sketch the process on the psychrometric chart and calculate the
followings:
(a) Capacity of the cooling coil.
(b) Model number of air handling unit that satisfies the above data. State the rated
capacity and the number of rows of the selected chilled water cooling coil.
(c) Model number of water chiller that satisfies the above data. What will be mass flow
rate of chilled water needed to flow through the cooling coil if the temperature of the
chilled water entering and leaving the chiller is 8 and 15 ℃ , respectively. if the
temperature of the chilled water entering and leaving the chiller is 8 and 15 ℃ ,
respectively.
3.4 Air conditioning processes

Solution

𝑄ሶ 𝐿𝑎𝑡 = 65 𝑘𝑊
𝑄ሶ 𝑠𝑒𝑛 = 175 𝑘𝑊
𝑇𝑑𝑏 𝑖 = 21℃
∅𝑖 = 70 %
∅𝑠 = 90 %
3.4 Air conditioning processes

The cooling coil capacity is To find state (s) to find 𝑇𝑠 and ℎ𝑠 then the
calculated using the relation: 𝑆𝐻𝑅 calculated as follow
neglected 𝑄ሶ 𝑠𝑒𝑛 175
𝑆𝐻𝑅 = = = 0.729
ሶ
𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡 175 + 65
𝑄ሶ 𝐶.𝐶 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑀 ℎ𝑀 − ℎ𝑠 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑤 ℎ𝑤
Using the psychrometric chart ,draw a line
connecting state (i) and 𝑆𝐻𝑅 = 0.729 to
𝑚ሶ 𝑠 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑀 intersect the ∅𝑠 = 90 % state (s) gives :

𝑄ሶ 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 𝐶𝑝𝑎 𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑠 ℎ𝑠 = 41.5 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 d.a

𝑣𝑠 = 0.832 𝑚3 /kg d.a
𝑇𝑠 = 15.8 ℃
3.4 Air conditioning processes

𝑄ሶ 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 𝐶𝑝𝑎 𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑠 ℎ𝑜 = 63 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 d.a , 𝑣𝑜 = 0.871 𝑚3 /kg d.a

ℎ𝑖 = 48 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 d.a
175 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 × 1 × 21 − 15.8
𝑉𝑜ሶ 0.130
𝑚ሶ 𝑠 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑀 = 33.65 𝑘𝑔/𝑠 𝑚ሶ 𝑜 = = = 0.149 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝑣ሶ𝑜 0.871

𝑉𝑠ሶ = 𝑣𝑠 × 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 = 0.832 × 33.65 0.149 ×63 +(0.7−0.149)×48

ℎ𝑀 = = 51.2 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 d.a
0.7
= 28 𝑚3 Τ𝑠
𝑄ሶ 𝐶.𝐶 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑀 ℎ𝑀 − ℎ𝑠
= 574 𝐿/𝑠
= 0.7 51.2 − 35
𝑚ሶ 𝑜 ℎ𝑜 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑅 ℎ𝑖 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑀 ℎ𝑀
= 11.34 𝑘𝑊