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The document discusses key concepts in thermodynamics, chemical equilibrium, acids and bases, and buffer solutions. It highlights spontaneous processes, the nature of weak and strong acids and bases, and the importance of buffer solutions in maintaining pH. Additionally, it provides formulas for calculating pH, pOH, and Gibbs Free Energy.

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5 views2 pages

Additional Notes

The document discusses key concepts in thermodynamics, chemical equilibrium, acids and bases, and buffer solutions. It highlights spontaneous processes, the nature of weak and strong acids and bases, and the importance of buffer solutions in maintaining pH. Additionally, it provides formulas for calculating pH, pOH, and Gibbs Free Energy.

Uploaded by

hback8247
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

CONCEPTS

 Second Law of Thermodynamics


- The following situations are spontaneous processes:
Drying of leaves, rusting of iron in moist air, decaying of radioisotopes,
- Irreversible processes happen in the following:
Preparing NaCl solution, formation of frost, melting of ice

 Chemical Equilibrium
- A is greater than B when equilibrium is reached after initially adding
0.10 mol of each to a 1 L container.
- The dissolution of NaOH in water is an exothermic process, meaning it
releases heat, causing the temperature of the solution to rise. Since
NaOH readily dissolves and dissociates into ions in water, the process
occurs spontaneously under normal conditions.
- The reaction quotient (Q) measures the relative amounts of
products and reactants present during a reaction at a
particular time.
 Acid and Base
- The following solutions are weak acids:
CH₃COOH (Acetic acid), H₂CO₃ (Carbonic acid), HF (Hydrofluoric acid)
- The following solutions are weak base:
NH₃ (Ammonia), NaHCO₃ (Sodium bicarbonate), Lithium hydroxide (LiOH)
The following substances are strong acids:
HClO₄ (Perchloric acid), H₂SO₄ (Sulfuric acid), HCl (Hydrochloric acid)
The following substances are metal hydroxide:
List of Strong Metal Hydroxides
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) – Common strong base, used in soap making and cleaning
products.
Potassium hydroxide (KOH) – Used in fertilizers and alkaline batteries.
Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2)– Also called slaked lime, used in construction and water
treatment.
Lithium hydroxide (LiOH) – Used in carbon dioxide absorption (e.g., in spacecraft).
Barium hydroxide (Ba(OH)2) – Used in analytical chemistry.
 Buffer Solution
- Maintains the pH of a solution even if small amounts of acids or bases
are added into the solution.
- It contains a weak acid and its conjugate base, or a weak base and its
conjugate acid.
- Buffers play a crucial role in the functioning of blood and other fluids in
living organisms.
-
 Study how to compute given problem using these formulas:

H+ to pH

pH = - log (H+)

pH to H

[H+] = 10(-pH)

OH- to pOH

pOH = - log (OH-)

pOH to OH-

[OH+] = 10(-pOH)

Gibbs Free Energy

∆Go=∆Ho – T. ∆So

Equilibrium Constant

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