sere 3p-6 49-0 Solution io gta? (Common denominator = 12(b ~ 2) 4a ee 3b-D) * 4-2) ~ 4(4)+5Q) 24 12(b-2) 31 Be 1206-2) ~ 31 =24(b-2) 24b = 31448 7? bay q = 39g Multiplication and Division of Fractions 9. To multiply algebraic fractions, we have to factorise the expression before cancelling the common terms. To divide algebraic fractions, we have to invert the divisor and change the sign from + to x. Example 9 Simplify. (REY ye 2822y (a) 3,23 * Sxa5y 6p? , 12p wb) OF 7 Tgr ~ 21g? fo Sty 2 2e82y Qx-y ~ 4x-2y“3° 5 15 9 15 5x+3y ~ 15 3. 5 3a, SB ; » (b) ata = 33 tp (Common denominator = ab _ 3a+5b? ah 3 5 5 (© = yo = Fa (Common denominator =." ~ y) _ 3-5 7 ss ==3 __2 = 5o5 6 3 6 3 @ ay +5 GFDG-D 3-3 = oes (Common denominator = (4 + 3x 3) _ 64+3x49 = (xt 4-3 = arts ~ @+3DA-3) Toon AExample 3 Solve each of the following equations. (a) 2x-3)+5(x-2)=19 2y+6 i Sy a ®) ~5 2 =3 Solution (a) 2(¢-3) + 5(v-2)=19 2x-6+5x-1 19 Tx-16=19 ~Ty +24 = 3(36) Ty =-84 ys-12 Factorisation 4. An algebraic expression may be factorised by extracting common factors, eg. 6a'b — 2a°b + 8ab = 2ab(3a° — a + 4) 5. An algebraic expression may be factorised by grouping, eg. 6a + 1Sab - 10b - 9a” = 6a - 9a’ + 15ab — 10b }a(2 - 3a) + Sb(3a— 2) }a(2 — 3a) — 5b(2 — 3a) = (2 -3a)(3a - 5b)eg. — 8Ip*- 16= (997 -¥ = (97° + (9° - 4) = (9P" + Np + 2p -2) 7. An algebraic expression may be factorised by insp eg. 2x -7r- 15 = (2x 4 3(r-5) 2r oe 2° Example 4 Solve the equation 3x 2x - 8 = 0. Solution 3x°-21-8=0 (e- 2)3x+4)=0 x-2=0 or 3r+4=0 x22 x=Example 5 Solve the equation 2x’ + 5x—12=0. Solution 2x? + 5x-12=0 Qx-3)+ 4) =0 2x-3=0 or x+4=0 Example 6 12+x x Solve 2x +x= Solution axe 3a te x 2x +3x=12+x 2x +2x-12=0 v+x-6=0 (x—2)(x+ 3) =0 “x=2orx=-3 e -6 Addition and Subtraction of Fractions 8. To add or subtract algebraic fractions, we have to convert all th common denominator.Expansion L. » 3, (a+b) =a +2ab+b° (a-by =a -2ab+h° (a+b\a-b)=a -b° Example 1 Expand (2a - 3b + 2)(a + b). Solution (2a - 3b’ +2)(a + b)= (2a? — 3ab’ + 2a) + (2ab — 3b? + 2b, = 2a’ — 3ab’ + 2a + 2ab - 36° + 2b Example 2 Simplify —8(3a — 7) + 5(2a + 3) Solution —8(3a — 7) + S(2a + 3) = -24a + 56 + 10a + 15 =-l4a+71Example 5 A cuboid has dimensions /cm by 8 cm by 4 cm. Find (i) an expression for V, the volume of the cuboid, (i) the value of Vwhen /=5, = 2and/= 10. Solution @) V=lxbxh=lbh (ii) When /=5,5=2 and’ = 10, V=(S5)(2)(10) = 100 Example 6 Simplify (y x y +3 xy) +3. Solution Oxyt3xyt3=07 +3y) 53 _ w+3y 3ratio. e.g. This sequence involves both a common difference ai +3x2 +3 x2 +3 (WV wv 2, 5, 10, 13, 26, 29... Number patterns may involve other sequences. e.g. This number pattern involves the Fibonacci sequence. OF] L+l 142 243345 548 8+13 LON 0,1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, ... Example 3 The first five terms of a number pattern are 4, 7, 10, 13 and 16. (a) What is the next term? (b) Write down the nth term of the sequence. Solution (a) 19 (b) 3n+1 Example 4 (a) Write down the 4" term in the sequence an expression, in terms of 7, for the "" term in the sequence. Solution (a) 4" term = 26 (b) n™ term =n’ +1Number Patterns 1. Anumber pattern is a sequence of numbers that follows an observable pattert eg. I“term 2" term 3° term 4" term 1 ; & ; 5 . 7 x term denotes the general term for the number pattern. 2. Number patterns may have a common difference. eg. This is a sequence of even numbers. $2 42 42 [ww By 4, Oy Be This is a sequence of odd numbers. 42 42 42 ow 1,3; 557 as This is a decreasing sequence with a common difference. =3 8-3 -3 Cr 19, 16, 13, 10, 7... 3. Number patterns may have a common ratio. e.g. This is a sequence with a common ratio. x2 x2 x2 x2 (wwwe™ 1, 2, 4, 8, 16... 42 32 32 ows 128, 64, 32, 16... 4, Number patterns may be perfect squares or perfect cubes. eg. This is a sequence of perfect squares. pee e 3 1, 4, 9, 16, 25... This is a sequence of perfect cubes. & 53 4B se 2B 216, 125, 64, 27,8...can solve the problem by reducing it to a simpler problem. [] There is 1 square ina 1x I square. There are 4 + 1 squares in a 2 x 2 square. There are 9 + 4 + 1 squares ina 3 x 3 square. Hie There are 16 + 9+ 4+ 1 squares ina 4 x 4 square.Size of square Number of squares 1x1 1=1 2x2 4412247 ; 3x3 944412374247? | 4x4 1649+441=443°4+274/7 8x8 847 +6442 / . The chess board has 8° + 7° + 6° +... + 1?= 204 squares, Example 2 j 1 1.1.1 Findthe valueof l+5 +7 +5 +764. Solution We can solve this problem by drawing a diagram. Draw a square of side 1 unit and let its area, i.e. 1 unit’, represent the first nu in the pattern. Do the same for the rest of the numbers in the pattern by dra another square and dividing it into the fractions accordingly. | From the diagram, we can see that 1+ 3 +H+ the two squares, i.e. 2 units? toil, t La egg tig tea?Example 2 Tom travelled 105 km in 2.5 hours before stopping for lunch for half an hour. He then continued another 55 km for an hour. What was the average speed of his journey in km/h? Solution 105+55 Average speed = 55-95 FI) = 40 km/h Example 3 1 Calculate the average speed of a spider which travels 250 m in 15 minutes. Give your answer in metres per second. Solution 1 1 min =90s Average speed = = = 2.78 m/s (to 3 s.f.) Conversion of Units 4. Distance: 1m=100cm 1km= 1000 m Time: 1h=60 min 1 min = 60s Speed: 1 m/s = 3.6 km/hSolution 100 000 100 km/h = 3600 m/s (1 km= 1000 = 27.8 m/s (to 3 s.f.) Area: 1m’ = 10 000 cm? 1 km? = 1 000 000 m? 1 hectare = 10 000 m? Example 5 Convert 2 hectares to cm’. Solution 2 hectares = 2 x 10000 m* (Convert to m’) = 20000 x 10000 cm? (Convert to em = 200 000 000 cm? Volume: 1 m*= 1 000 000 cm* 1/= 1000 mi = 1000 cm?>. Mass: Lkg = 1000 ¢ 1 g= 1000 mg 1 tonne = 1000 kg Example 7 Convert 50 mg to kg. Solution Since 1000 mg = | g, 50 mg = iw g (Convertto g first) =005g Since 1000 g = 1 kg, 0.05 1000 *® = 0.000 05 kg 0.05 g=day? Solution There are 24 hours in a full day. After the first 8 hours, 95 Amount of petrol left = joo * 60 =571 After the next 8 hours, 95 Amount of petrol left = 799 x57 =54.151 After the last 8 hours, 95, Amount of petrol left = Too * 54.15 =5141 (to 3 sf.) Example 2 Mr Wong is a salesman. He is paid a basic salary and a year-end bonus of 1.5% of the value of the sales that he had made during the year. (a) In 2011, his basic salary was $2550 per month and the value of his sales was $234 000. Calculate the total income that he received in 2011. (b) His basic salary in 2011 was an increase of 2% of his basic salary in 2010. Find his annual basic salary in 2010. (c) In 2012, his total basic salary was increased to $33 600 and his total income was $39 870. (i) Calculate the percentage increase in his basic salary from 2011 to 2012. (ii) Find the value of the sales that he made in 2012. (@) In 2013, his basic salary was unchanged as $33 600 but the percentage used to calculate his bonus was changed. The value of his sales was $256 000 and his total income was $38 720. Find the percentage used to calculate his bonus in 2013.TES ADIT ALL = $30 600 : 15 B = ‘onus in 2011 100 x $234 000 = $3510 Total income in 2011 = $30 600 + $3510 = $34 110 (b) Annual basic salary in 2010 = in x $2550 x 12 =$30 000 7 5 $33 600 -$30 600 (ce) @ Percentage increase = $30 600 x 100% = 9.80% (to 3 s.f.) (ii) Bonus in 2012 = $39 870 — $33 600 = $6270 Sales made in 2012 = $0270 x 100 = $418 000 (@) Bonus in 2013 = $38 720 ~ $33 600 = $5120 5.120 Percentage used = wa x 100 =2%Speed 1. Speed is defined as the amount of distance travelled per unit time. Distance Travelled Speed = —————— Time Constant Speed 2. If the speed of an object does not change throughout the journey, it is said to be travelling at a constant speed. Example 1 A bike travels at a constant speed of 10.0 m/s. It takes 2000 s to travel from Jurong to East Coast. Determine the distance between the two locations. Solution Speed: v = 10 m/s Time: t = 2000 s Distance: d = vt = 10x 2000 = 20 000 m or 20 km Average Speed 3. To calculate the average speed of an object, use the formula Total distance travelled Average speed = “Total time takenPercentage 1. A percentage is a fraction with denominator 100, 2 x ie. x% means 00" 2. To convert a fraction to a percentage, multiply the fraction by 100%, ew: 2 x 100% = 75%. 3. To convert a percentage to a fraction, divide the percentage by 100%, 1 _ 3 e.g. 75% = 00 74° 4. New value = Final percentage x Original value 5. Increase (or decrease) = Percentage increase (or decrease) x Original value Increase in quantity Original quantity Decrease in quantity Original quantity 6. Percentage increase = x 100% Percentage decrease = x 100%exa we actions se the expressio! we have to invel ion and Division of Fri 9, Tomultiply algebraic fractions, the common terms. TO divide al change the sign from tox n before cancelling ¢ have to factor rt the divisor and wi tions, Igebraic frac example 9 Simplify. @ 2S 2x-2y Gen gy © S45 2p (b) 21q° ©re Je 42+e jun ee (a) 3 + 5 ai + i (Conus _ 5x4 3y “15 2 2; 5 wee a (Common denominator = 9°: (Common denominator = -y) x-y e= = 6 523 = GED * — 6+ e4 3) = 43-3) (Common denominator = (x + 3)(@r— 3) = 4-3 = —3etI5 _ (e+ 3x3)