SCIENCE PRACTICAL FILE
EXPERIMENT 1:
1. AIM
To prepare (a) a mixture and (b) a compound using iron filings and sulphur powder, and to
distinguish between them on the basis of their appearance (homogeneity/heterogeneity), behavior
towards a magnet, behavior towards carbon disulphide (CS₂) as a solvent, and the effect of heat.
2. MATERIALS REQUIRED
Iron filings
Sulphur powder
Carbon disulphide (CS₂) solvent
Strong bar magnet
Watch glasses
Test tubes and test tube holder
Bunsen burner
China dish
Glass rod
Filter paper
4. OBSERVATION TABLE
Property / Test Mixture (Iron + Sulphur) Compound (Iron Sulphide - Inference /
FeS) Remarks
1. Appearance Heterogeneous. Yellow powder Homogeneous solid mass. Mixtures maintain
and grey filings are visibly Appears as uniform dark lumps distinct visual
distinct. with no separate particles. properties;
compounds align
uniformly.
2. Magnetic Pull Iron filings are attracted Completely non-magnetic. Mixtures preserve
instantly, cleanly isolating them Property of constituent iron is components'
from the yellow powder. lost. magnetism;
compounds alter
native traits.
3. Solvent Interaction Sulphur dissolves completely, Insoluble mass. Carbon Chemical bonds
(CS₂) forming a yellow liquid. Iron disulphide cannot extract inhibit selective
settles down unchanged. individual components. solvent separation
paths.
4. Effect of Heat Glows with a bright flash as an Remains unaltered chemically. Heat serves as an
exothermic chemical Returns to black solid upon activation factor for
combination proceeds. cooling down. mixtures, not stable
compounds.
5. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS
1. Physical blends carry elements that maintain original magnetic and chemical properties.
2. True compounds create entirely modified physical structures with distinct chemical behaviors.
6. PRECAUTIONS
Carbon Disulphide (CS₂) is highly volatile and flammable; keep strictly away from open burner
flames.
Handle the hot reaction vessel carefully with tools during intense heating steps.
True solutions are clear and transparent. They pass through the filter paper without leaving any
trace. The filtrate is translucent as well.
EXPERIMENT 2:
1. AIM
To prepare true solutions, suspensions, and colloids using common salt, starch, chalk, soil, and
albumin, and distinguish them based on transparency, filtration, and stability.
2. MATERIALS REQUIRED
Common salt, sugar, alum, soil, chalk powder, sand, starch, milk/egg albumin
Beakers, glass rods, filter paper, funnels, flashlight source, distilled water
4. OBSERVATION TABLE
Parameter True Solution Suspension Colloid
Transparency Clear and transparent. Opaque and turbid. Translucent. Path of
Light beam is invisible Blocks or completely light beam glows
inside. interrupts path. clearly (Tyndall Effect).
Filtration Passes fully. Leaves no Solid residues Traverses paper pores
trace on paper; clear completely separated completely. Zero
filtrate. on paper layer. residues trapped.
Stability Highly stable. Solutes Unstable. Solid matter Stable. Suspended
stay permanently rapidly falls out under bodies remain
unified. gravity. scattered indefinitely.
5. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS
True solutions are clear and transparent. They pass through the filter paper without leaving any
trace. The filtrate is translucent as well.
6. PRECAUTIONS
(i) Handle the materials and solutions with care.
(ii) While filtering a solution, pour the contents into the funnel using a glass rod.
EXPERIMENT 3
1. AIM
To prepare stained temporary mounts of (a) Onion Peel (plant cells) and (b) Human Cheek Cells
(animal cells), to record cytological observations, and to outline structural anatomical diagrams.
2. MATERIALS REQUIRED
Biological Samples: Fresh onion bulbs, human cheek epithelial cells (self-harvested via clean
spatula/toothpick).
Staining Reagents: Safranin solution (for plant cellular walls) and Methylene Blue solution (for
animal nuclei coloring).
Mounting Media & Fluids: Glycerine compound, clean distilled water.
Apparatus: Glass slides, thin cover-slips, fine paint-brushes, forceps, needles, filter paper strips,
clean flat toothpicks.
Optical Instrumentation: Compound light microscope (equipped with 10X ocular, 10X low-power,
and 45X high-power objective lenses).
4. OBSERVATION TABLE
Cytological Feature Onion Peel Mount (Plant Cells) Human Cheek Mount (Animal Cells)
Particulate Shape / Geometry Regular, brick-like, rectangular Irregular, flat, polygonal shapes appearing
compartments organized in an unbroken as single units or randomly clustered
interlocking grid. sheets.
Outer Border Elements Double-layered boundary. A distinct, rigid Single-layered border. Enclosed solely by
cellulose cell wall outlines each a thin, flexible plasma membrane; cell
compartment. wall is absent.
Nucleus Placement & Form Distinct, dense, spherical nucleus Centralized, spherical nucleus located in
positioned near the cell periphery due to
vacuole expansion. the middle of the cell matrix.
Vacuole Characteristics A large, clear central vacuole occupies the Vacuoles are completely absent or
middle of the cell, filling most of the present only as tiny, transient vesicular
internal volume. bodies.
Staining Affinity / Coloration Cells stain bright pink or red, with the cell Cells stain light blue, while the centralized
walls and peripheral nuclei taking on a nuclei stain deep dark blue.
deeper tint.
5. LABELED DIAGRAM SCHEMATICS
DIAGRAM GIVEN IN NCERT ANIMAL CELL AND PLANT CELL
6. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS
1. Microscopic examination confirms that onion epidermal cells have a defined, rigid cell shape due
to the presence of an outer cellulose cell wall. The cell wall and large central vacuoles are classic
indicators of plant cell anatomy.
2. Human cheek cells exhibit flexible, variable shapes and are bound only by a delicate plasma
membrane. They lack cell walls and large vacuoles, which confirms their animal tissue origins.
7. PRECAUTIONS
Blot away any excess stain or glycerine using filter paper strips before placing the slide on the
microscope stage to protect the optical lenses.
Do not over-stain or under-stain the biological material. If needed, wash away extra stain gently
using a few drops of water.