TNPSC GROUP I MAIN TEST SERIES 2025

DECODED SYLLABUS
UNIT-I: GENERAL GEOGRAPHY AND GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA
WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TAMIL NADU

EARTH AND UNIVERSE: SOLAR SYSTEM – ATMOSPHERE,

LITHOSPHERE, HYDROSPHERE AND BIOSPHERE.
EARTH AND UNIVERSE: SOLAR SYSTEM
1. Theories of Origin of Earth
a. Gaseous Hypothesis of Emmanuel Kant
b. Nabular Hypothesis of Laplace
c. Planetesimal hypothesis of Chamberlin and Moulton
d. Tidal Theories of Jeans and Jeffrey
e. Binary Star Hypothesis of Russell
f. Nova Star Hypothesis of Hoyle and Lyttleton
g. Big Bang Theory
2. Types of Galaxies
a. Spiral Galaxies
b. Elliptical Galaxies
c. Irregular Galaxies
3. Orbit and Rotation
4. Planets in Solar System
a. Inner
b. Outer
5. Features of Individual Planets
6. Sun – Solar Flare
7. Rotation/Revolution of Earth

ATMOSPHERE
1. Composition of the Atmosphere
2. Layers of the Atmosphere
3. Ozone and Ozone Depletion
4. Temperature and Heat Budget
5. Factors Affecting the Horizontal Distribution of Temperature
6. Factors Affecting the Vertical Distribution of Temperature
7. Inversion of Temperature
8. Urban Heat Island (UHI)
9. Atmospheric Pressure and Wind
10. Vertical Distribution of Atmospheric Pressure
11. Horizontal Distribution of the Atmospheric Pressure
12. Pressure Belts of the Earth
13. Wind Systems
 14. Meridional Cell System
15. Jet streams
16. Clouds and its Types
17. Precipitation and Types
18. Rainfall Types
19. Cloud Burst
20. Atmospheric Disturbances (Cyclone and Anti Cyclone)
21. Temperate Cyclone
LITHOSPHERE
1. Interior of the Earth
2. Continental Drift Theory
3. Plate Tectonics
4. Plate boundaries
5. Convection Cell
6. Fold
a. Types of Folds
b. Fault - Types of Faults - Landforms made
7. Earthquake - Types of Waves - Measuring the earthquake - Causes of
Earthquakes - Effects of the Earthquakes - Distribution of earthquakes
8. Volcano - Types - Causes of Volcanic Eruptions - Effects of Volcanic
Activities - Distribution
9. Rocks - Rock Types
a. Igneous Rocks
b. Sedimentary Rocks
c. Metamorphic Rocks
10. Rock Cycle
11. Exogenic Processes - Weathering
a. Physical weathering
b. Chemical Weathering
c. Biological Weathering
12. Types of Mass Wasting
13. Gradational Processes - Gradational Agents - Water, wave, wind, ice –
Erosional and Depositional Landforms
HYDROSPHERE
1. Hydrological Cycle
2. Maritime zones
3. Relief of ocean
4. Ocean Temperature
5. Factors affecting horizontal distribution of ocean temperature
6. Vertical distribution of temperature in oceans
7. Salinity of the ocean
8. Factors affecting the salinity of ocean water
9. Distribution of salinity
10. Ocean movements
a. Waves
b. Tides
c. Ocean currents
11. Major ocean currents of the world
12. The significance of Ocean Currents
13. La Nina / El Nino
14. Global influence of El Nino
15. IOD
BIOSPHERE.
1. Biosphere
2. Ecosystem
a. Components of Ecosystem
b. Functions of ecosystem
c. Food Chain and Food Web
d. Energy Flow in an Ecosystem
i. Pyramid of Numbers
ii. Pyramid of Biomass
iii. Pyramid of Energy
e. importance/features
f. Limitations
g. Nutrient Cycles (Biogeochemical Cycle)
i. Gaseous cycles –Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and the Water cycle.
ii. Sedimentary cycles –Sulphur, Phosphorus, Rock cycle, etc.
h. Importance
i. Factors affecting
3. Biomes
4. Types of Biomes
a. Aquatic Biome is further divided into:
i. a. Fresh Water Biome and
ii. b. Marine Biome
b. Terrestrial Biome
5. Importance of each biome
6. The characteristics of regional climate of each biome
7. Physical environment of each biome
8. The type of soil and the processes contributing to soil development
9. Distribution of flora and fauna in the area
10. Their adaptation to the environment
11. Threats faced by each biome
12. Biodiversity
a. Three levels:
i. Genetic diversity
ii. Species diversity and
 iii. Ecosystem diversity
13. Types of Species
a. Endemic species
b. Exotic Species /Invasive Alien Species (IAS)
c. Cosmopolitan Species
14. Ecosystem diversity
15. Biodiversity hotspots
a. Biodiversity hotspots in India
b. Criteria
c. Threats
16. Conservation Measures
17. Endangered species
18. IUCN Red List
19. Causes of Extinction of Species
20. Major Threats to Biodiversity
21. Conservation of Biodiversity
a. In-situ conservation
i. National Park
ii. Wildlife Sanctuary
iii. Biosphere Reserve
iv. Sacred groves
b. Ex-situ conservation
i. Seed banks,
ii. gene banks
iii. Cryopreservation
iv. Botanical gardens
v. Arborata,
vi. Zoological gardens,
vii. Aquaria
22. Biodiversity conservation in India
a. Wild Life (Protection) Act 1972
b. National Board for Wildlife (NBWL)
c. National Wildlife Action Plan (2002–2016)
23. Specialised projects:
a. Project Tiger 1973
b. Operation Crocodile 1975
c. Project Rhinoceros 1987
d. Project Snow Leopard –
e. Project Elephant 1988
f. Project Sea Turtle
g. Project Cheetah
h. Indian Rhino Vision 2020
i. Project Dolphin
 j. WWF, UNDP, UNEP, IUCN
24. The Protected Areas of India
a. National Parks,
b. Wildlife Sanctuaries,
c. Conservation Reserves, and
d. Community Reserves.
25. Biosphere reserves
a. Core area,
b. Buffer zone,
c. Transition zone
26. Important Conservation Sites
27. Tiger Reserves
28. Role of communities in conservation
India and Tamil Nadu: Location - Physical Divisions - Drainage - Weather and
Climate: Monsoon, Rainfall - Natural Resources: Soil, Natural Vegetation,
Wildlife – Irrigation and Multipurpose Projects - Mineral Resources - Energy
Resources – Agriculture: Crops, Livestock, Fisheries, Agricultural Revolutions
– Industries - Population: Growth, Distribution and Density – Migration -
Races, Tribes, Linguistics and Religions – Trade – Geo Politics: Border
Disputes.
INDIA AND TAMIL NADU: LOCATION - PHYSICAL DIVISIONS – DRAINAGE
1. Physiographic regions of India
a. The Northern and North-eastern Mountains
i. Kashmir or Northwestern Himalayas
ii. Himachal and Uttarakhand Himalayas
iii. Darjiling and Sikkim Himalayas
iv. Arunachal Himalayas
v. Eastern Hills and Mountains.
b. The Northern Plain
i. Terai
ii. Bhangar and Khadar
c. The Peninsular Plateau
i. The Deccan Plateau
ii. The Central Highlands
iii. The Northeastern Plateau.
d. The Indian Desert
e. The Coastal Plains
i. Eastern Coast
ii. Western Coast
f. The Islands.
i. Andaman and Nicobar
ii. Lakshadweep Islands
2. Physiographic regions of India and Tamil Nadu
a. Hilly regions
b. The plateau
c. Plain region
d. Coastal region
3. Significances of the above regions.
4. Comparison between eastern ghats and western ghats – Importance -
Issues
5. Drainage System of India
a. Types
i. Himalayan River System
1. Indus
2. Ganga
3. Brahmaputra
ii. Peninsular River System
b. Characteristics of each river system
c. Significances of each reiver system
d. Comparison between the Himalayan rivers and peninsular rivers
e. Comparison between the east flowing rivers and west flowing rivers
f. Inter-linking of rivers – pros and cons
g. Conservation of river systems in India
h. Initiatives by government for the conservation of river systems in India
and Tamil Nadu
i. Drainage patterns and their types
j. Compare Estuary and Delta
k. Types of Deltas in India
6. Drainage Pattern of India
a. Dendritic Drainage Pattern
b. Parallel drainage pattern
c. Trellis Drainage Pattern
d. Rectangular Drainage Pattern
e. Radial Drainage Pattern
f. Centripetal Drainage Pattern
7. Comparison between eastern coast and western coast
8. Comparison between island
9. Relief features of India and Tamil Nadu

WEATHER AND CLIMATE: MONSOON, RAINFALL

1. Factors affecting the climate of India
2. Factors affecting the distribution of temperature
3. Air Pressure, Pressure Belts
 4. Types of Wind System
a. Local Wind
b. Permanent Wind
c. Seasonal Wind
5. Types of Rain fall
a. Frontal rainfall
b. Relief rainfall
c. Convectional rainfall
6. Monsoon Types
a. Mechanism
b. Nature/Characteristics of Indian monsoon
c. Recent changes in the pattern
d. Relation between monsoon and El Nino
e. El Nino vs La Nina
f. Indian Ocean Dipole
g. Pre-monsoon showers and their significances
h. Climatic Regions of India and their significances
i. Role of Indian monsoon on the economy of India
j. Local Winds in India
k. Role of Western Disturbances
l. Role of Jet Stream on Indian Monsoon
m. Reasons for the Regional Variation in Indian rainfall
n. Types of Seasons presents in India and weather conditions
associated with them
7. Types of Cyclones
a. Tropical Cyclone
b. Temperate-Cyclone/Frontal Cyclone
c. Anti-cyclone
8. Factors affecting the distribution of rainfall in India
9. Distribution of rain fall in Tamil Nadu
10. Climatic regions of India and Tamil Nadu
11. Jet streams
NATURAL RESOURCES: SOIL, NATURAL VEGETATION, WILDLIFE -
MINERAL RESOURCES - ENERGY RESOURCES
1. Types of resources
a. Land – Soil
i. Soil profile
ii. Soil forming factors
iii. Soil erosion
iv. Soil conservation
v. Types of soil
vi. Characteristics of soil
vii. Soil distribution in India and Tamil Nadu
 viii. Inducing the fertility of the soil
b. Water
i. Surface Water
ii. Ground Water
iii. Rain water harvesting
1. Methods
2. Importance
3. Advantages
4. Challenges
c. Energy
i. Sources of Energy
1. Non-renewable
2. Renewable
ii. Energy Security
iii. Energy Crisis
iv. Energy vs Climate Change
v. Distribution of various energy resources in India
vi. Main stream energy resources in India
vii. Challenges/Bottle Neck mainstreaming/harvesting the energy in
India
viii. Clean energy
ix. Green energy
x. One Sun One World One Grid Initiative
xi. TN Ethanol Blending Policy 2023
xii. Hydrogen – Types, Process, Policy, Mission (NHM)
d. Minerals
i. Metalic
ii. Non-metalic
e. Biotic Resource
f. Marine Resources
2. India State of Forest Report
3. Types of forest in India/Tamil Nadu
4. Distribution of forest in India/Tamil Nadu
5. Factors determine the types of forest and their distributions
6. Deforestation – Causes, Consequences, remedial measures – India/Tamil
Nadu
7. Afforestation Programmes in India/Tamil Nadu
8. Forest Policy – National and State level
9. Role of Tribe/women in forest conservation
10. Forest Conservation Programmes
11. Joint Forest Management
12. Social Forestry
13. Forest Products
14. Minor Forest Produce
15. Fores Fire – Causes, Consequences, Remedial Measures
16. Miyawaki Method of forestation
17. Farm Forestry
18. Mangrove Forest
a. Importance/Significance/Role
b. Distribution
c. Threats
d. Steps taken for conservation
19. Wildlife
a. Conservation Strategies
i. In-situ Conservation
ii. Ex-situ Conservation
b. Conservation Programmes in India
i. Project Tiger
ii. Project Elephant
iii. Project Snow Leopard
iv. Project Hangul
v. Project Crocodile
vi. SAVE – For conservation of vulture
c. Red Data Book
d. Threatened Species
e. Biodiversity Hotspots
f. Biosphere Reserves
g. Natural Heritage Sites
h. Ramsar Wetlands
i. Conservation Programmes in Tamil Nadu
j. Climate change and its impacts on wildlife
k. Human-animal conflict – causes, impacts, remedial measures,
challenges
l. Wildlife Trafficking – WCCB, CITES
m. Wildlife Trafficking – TNWCCB
n. International Conventions on Wildlife
i. CITES
ii. CMS
iii. CBD
iv. Rio Declaration
v. Ramsar Convention
vi. UNCCD
o. Act/Policy
i. National Wildlife Action Plan
ii. Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972
iii. National Biodiversity Action Plan (NBAP)
 iv. National Environmental Policy (NEP) 2006
v. National Agriculture Policy

IRRIGATION AND MULTIPURPOSE PROJECTS

1. Irrigation
a. Geographical Factors responsible for irrigation
b. Types
c. Irrigation Techniques
d. Micro irrigation
e. Water Conservation Techniques
f. Irrigation Management
g. Integrated Water shed Management Programme
h. Rainwater Harvesting
i. National Water Policy
j. Interlinking of rivers – Water Pollution

AGRICULTURE: CROPS, LIVESTOCK, FISHERIES, AGRICULTURAL

REVOLUTIONS – INDUSTRIES
1. Determinants of Agriculture:
a. Physical Factors
i. Soil
ii. Climate
iii. Topography
b. Institutional Factors
i. Government Policy
ii. Land holdings, land tenure and land reforms
c. Infrastructure Factors
i. Irrigation
ii. Transport
iii. Power
iv. Storage Facilities
v. Marketing
vi. Insurance
vii. Credit
d. Technological Factors
i. Hybrid Seed
ii. Fertilizers
iii. Pesticides
iv. Farm Machineries and tools
v. Agriculture Extension Services
2. Land capability
3. Salient Features/Characteristics of Indian Agriculture
 4. Agricultural Development in India
5. Problems of Indian Agriculture
6. Issues/Challenges in Indian Agriculture
7. Cropping Seasons in India
8. Types of agriculture in India
a. Shifting cultivation,
b. Subsistence agriculture,
c. Commercial agriculture,
d. Plantation agriculture
9. Types of Farming
a. Irrigated Farming
i. Protective Farming
ii. Productive Farming
b. Rainfed Farming
i. Dry land farming
ii. Wetland Farming
10. Major Agricultural Crops in India
11. Cropping pattern
a. Factors affecting cropping pattern
i. Geographical Factors
1. Topography or relief
2. Soil
3. Climatic Conditions – Rainfall, Temperature
ii. Socio-Economic Factors
1. Traditional Practices and Dietary Habits
2. Size of the land holding
3. Capital
4. Irrigation facility
5. Insurance
6. Marketing Facility
7. Transportation
iii. Political Factors
1. Government Policy
b. Types of Cropping Pattern:
i. Mono-cropping
ii. Multiple-cropping
iii. Inter-cropping
iv. Mixed-cropping
v. Sequence-Cropping
vi. Integrated Farming System (IFS)
1. Components
2. Benefits/Advantages
3. Characteristics
 4. Challenges
c. Emerging Problems in Cropping Patterns and its impacts
12. Cropping Intensity
13. Agricultural productivity
14. Agricultural intensity
15. Crop combination
16. Role of Monsoon on Indian Agriculture
17. Impact of climate change on Agriculture
18. Climate Smart Agriculture
19. Agro and social-forestry
20. Significance of dry farming;
21. Agricultural regionalisation;
22. Agro-climatic zones;
23. Agroecological regions
24. National Agricultural Policy
25. Impact of globalisation on Agriculture
26. Livestock resources and white revolution;
27. Aquaculture;
a. Types of Aquaculture
i. Shrimp Farming
ii. Mariculture
iii. Fish Farming
iv. Algaculture
28. Sericulture,
29. Poultry;
30. Agriculture Revolutions:
a. Green revolution – Benefits, its socio-economic and ecological
implications;
b. White Revolution
c. Blue Revolution
d. Second Green Revolution
e. Yellow Revolution
31. Millet – International Year of Millets 2023
32. Organic Farming
33. Zero Budget Natural Farming
34. GI Tag for Agricultural Produces
35. Agriculture Heritage Sites in India
36. Doubling of farmers income
37. Food Security
38. GI Tags for Agricultural Produces
39. Impact of Globalization on Agriculture
40. Initiatives in Tamil Nadu/India
a. One District One Product (ODOP)
 b. Jack Mission
c. Moringa Mission
d. National Mission on Organic Farming
e. TN Organic Farming Policy 2023
f. International Year of Millets 2023
Industries; Major industries - Growth and Development
1. Types of Economic Activities
a. Primary
b. Secondary
c. Tertia try
d. Quaternary
e. Quinary
2. Locational factors for Industries – Geographical Factors/Non-
Geographical Factors
3. Major Industries
a. Agri based
i. Cotton
ii. Textile
iii. Jute
iv. Silk
v. Sugar cane
vi. Paper
vii. Food Processing
b. Mineral based
i. Aluminium
ii. Iron ore
iii. Copper
iv. Zinc
v. Coal
4. Industrial Clusters/Industrial Regions of India
5. SEZ
6. Industrial Corridors in Tamil Nadu
a. Tamil Nadu Defence Industrial Corridor
b. Chennai- Bengaluru Industrial Corridor
c. Chennai-Kanyakumari Industrial Corridor
d. Kochi- Coimbatore-Bengaluru Industrial Corridor
7. UP Defence Industrial Corridor
8. Regional Planning
9. Backward Region Development
10. Aspirational District Programme
11. E-Vehicle Development in Tamil Nadu – Industry
12. Guidance Tamil Nadu
13. TIDCO
14. Transport
a. Sagarmala
b. Bharatmala
c. Sethu Bharatham
d. Dedicated Freight Corridors
15. Tourism
a. Medical Tourism
b. Eco Tourism
c. Agri tourism
d. Sport Tourism
e. Heritage Tourism
f. Adventure Tourism
g. Space Tourism
h. Wildlife Tourism
i. Challenges
j. Issues
k. Initiatives
l. Suggestions
16. Space
a. ISRO
b. Centers of ISRO
c. Satellites and their types
d. Recent advancement

POPULATION: GROWTH, DISTRIBUTION AND DENSITY – MIGRATION -

RACES, TRIBES, LINGUISTICS AND RELIGIONS
Population – Basic Terms:
a. Crude Birth Rate
b. Crude Death Rate
c. Total Fertility Rate
d. Fertility Replacement Rate
e. Infant Mortality Rate
f. Maternal Mortality Rate
g. Life Expectancy
h. Dependency Population/Ratio
i. Demography Dividend/Productive Population
j. Over Population
k. Under Population
l. Optimum Population
m. Age-sex Pyramid/Population Pyramid
n. Density of Population
o. Literacy Rate
p. Sex Ratio
q. Child Sex Ratio
r. Migration

1. Population Growth
a. Factors that influence Population growth
b. Trends in population growth
c. impacts of population change
d. The Malthusian Theory Of Population Growth
e. Population Control Measures
f. Over Population/Under Population/Optimum Population –
Advantages/Disadvantages
g. Population Stabilization
h. Doubling of Population
i. India – emerging as populous country is the world
i. Reasons
ii. Pros/Benefits/Positive Impacts
iii. Cons/Problems/Negative Impacts
j. Aging Population
k. National Population Policy 2000
l. National Health Policy 2017
m. Census 2021 – Present status
2. Population Distribution
3. Factors influencing the distribution of population
4. Population Density
5. Factors influencing the distribution of density of the population
6. Age Sex Pyramids
a. Types of Age-Sex Pyramids
b. Uses of Age-Sex Pyramids
7. Demographic Dividend
a. Trends in Demographic Dividend
b. Boon/Bane
c. Benefits
d. Challenges being faced in utilizing the demographic dividend
e. Measures to enhance the demographic dividend
8. Sex Ratio in India
a. Causes/Reasons for the variation and decline of the sex ratio in India
b. Why southern states are more favourable for sex ratio in India?
c. Distribution of sex ratio in India
d. Consequences of declining sex ratio in India
e. Challenges in increasing the sex ratio
f. Measures to enhance sex ratio in India
9. Literacy Rate:
a. Reasons for the variation/distribution of literacy rate in India
 b. Causes for the better performances of few states on literacy rate
c. Reasons for the low literacy rate among women
d. Enrolment Ratio
e. Initiatives taken by Government for the enhancement of Literacy rate
10. Total Fertility Rate
a. Total Fertility Rate
b. Distribution of TFR in India
c. Reasons for the recent decline in fertility rate in India
d. Implications of decline of fertility rate
e. Measure to solve this issue
11. Replacement Level Fertility Rate
12. Migration
a. Types of Migration
b. Migration pattern
c. Causes – Push Factor/Pull Factors
d. Impacts of migration at the source and destination
e. Problems faced by migrants in India
f. Measures taken to control migration in India
g. Exodus – reasons
h. Role of social media
13. Human Development Index
a. Indicators of HDI
b. India’s Ranking
c. Issues with HDI
14. Population Settlements
a. Types of settlements in India
b. Various factors responsible for variation in settlements in India
c. Settlement patterns in India
15. Urban Settlements in India
a. Urban Area/City
b. Functional Classification of Cities in India
c. Types of Urban Areas
d. Urban Sprawl
e. Urban Agglomeration
f. Urban Fringe
g. Problems of Urbanization in India
h. Is urban growth engine?
i. Urban Heat Island
j. Dust Dome
k. Smart City
l. Urban Flooding
m. Pollution in Urban Areas
16. Town Planning
17. Theory on Urban Settlements
18. Is urban planning necessary?
19. Linkage between Urban and Climate Change
20. Thirupugazh Committee
21. Races, Tribes, Linguistics and Religions
22. Caste Census – Pros and Cons
23. Sustainable Development
24. Cultural Geography
a. Cultural Landscape
b. Religion in India
c. Races in India
d. Languages in India
e. Tribes
i. Distribution in India and Tamil Nadu
ii. Problems faced by Tribes
iii. Economic activity
iv. Measures for the welfare of the tribes
f. Minorities
i. Distributions of Minorities in India and Tamil Nadu
ii. Problems faced by them
iii. Welfare Measures for Minorities
g. UNESCO’S five levels of language risk
25. Census of India
26. Socio, Economic and Caste Census of India – Pros and Cons
27. Geopolitics of India
28. Unipolar/Multipolar World
29. One Belt One Road Initiative of China
30. Silk Road Initiative of China
31. String of Pearls
32. Multimodal Transport System
33. China Pakistan Industrial Corridor
TRADE – GEO POLITICS: BORDER DISPUTES.
1. Trade – Transport – Communication
2. Why Transport System in important/essentials
3. Types of Transport
a. Land
i. Road Transport
ii. Government Initiatives on Road Transport Development:
1. Gati Shakti-National Master Plan
2. Bhata Mala Project
3. Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadhak Yojana
4. PURA - Providing Urban Amenities to the Rural
iii. National Highways Development Projects
 1. Golden Quadrilateral
2. North-South and East-West Corridor
3. Expressways
iv. Railways
1. Importance of Railways
2. Characteristics of Rail Transportation
3. Types of Rail Transport services
a. Metro rail
b. Kisan rail
c. Mono rail
d. Freight train
e. Cable rail
f. Commuter rail
g. Inter-city rail
h. Regional Rapid Transport System
i. Bullet Train
4. Advantages
5. Challenges
6. Comparison with other mode
v. Pipeline Transport
b. Water
i. Inland Waterway
ii. Ports
c. Air
i. Airways
ii. Ropeways
4. Sustainable Transportation System
5. Transportation Technology
6. Types of Transportation Technology
a. Hyperloop Technology
b. Space Transportation Technology
c. Automatic Self-Driving Vehicles
d. Electric Vehicles
e. Last-Mile Robots
f. Drones – VTOL Technology
7. Multi-Model Transport System
8. Multi-Modal Logistics Park
9. Transportation Policies In India
a. Bharatmala Pariyojana (‘Road’ To Country’s Infrastructure
Development)
b. Sagarmala Programme – Port Led Prosperity
c. UDAN
d. Jal Marg Vikas Project
 e. Parvatmala: National Ropeways Development Programme
f. Maritime India Vision 2030
g. National Rail Plan Vision 2030
h. Gati Shakti scheme or National Master Plan for multi-modal
connectivity

COMMUNICATION
a. Personal Communication
b. Mass Communication
TRADE
a. International Trade
b. Ports in India
c. Challenges faced in respect of existing ports include
d. Role of airways in Trade
TOURISM
a. Types of Tourism in India:
a. Adventure Tourism
b. Recreation Tourism
i. Theme Park Tourism
ii. Golf Tourism
iii. Sports Tourism
c. Caravan Tourism
d. Rural Tourism
e. Coastal/Beach Tourism
f. Cultural tourism
g. Eco tourism
h. Medical tourism/Health Tourism/Wellness Tourism
i. Religious Tourism
j. MICE Tourism
k. Heritage Tourism
l. Film Tourism
m. Wildlife tourism
n. Space Tourism
o. Agri Tourism
b. Problems of Tourism
c. Challenges
d. Tourism Policy
a. National Tourism Policy 2002
b. Draft National Tourism Policy 2022
c. National Digital Tourism Mission (NDTM)
d. Tamil Nadu Ecotourism Policy-2017
 OCEAN AND SEA: BOTTOM RELIEF FEATURES OF INDIAN OCEAN,
ARABIAN SEA AND BAY OF BENGAL.
1. Relief Features of the Ocean
a. Continental Shelf
b. Continental Slope
c. Submarine Canyon
d. Ocean Basin
e. Continental Rise
f. Abyssal plain
g. Ridges
h. Deeps/Trenches
2. Bottom Relief of Indian Ocean
3. Bottom Relief of Bay of Bengal
4. Bottom Relief of Arabian Sea
5. Hydrological Cycle of Water
6. Sea Water – Physical, Chemical Properties
7. Salinity
a. Factors responsible
b. Distributions of salinity – Horizontal/Vertical
c. Sources of salinity
d. Importance of salinity
e. Isohaline
8. Ocean Temperature –
a. Factors
b. Distribution of ocean temperature
c. Thermohaline
9. Ocean Currents
a. Types
b. Forming Factors
c. Distribution
d. Role/Importance of ocean currents
e. EL Nino
f. La Nina
g. Walker Circulation – Linkage with Monsoon
h. ENSO
i. Indian Ocean Dipole
j. El Nino Modaki
k. Water Mass
l. Current linkage with monsoon
10. Sea Wave/Tides
a. Formation of Sea Waves
b. Formation of Tides
i. Types of tides
 ii. Tidal Energy
iii. Importance of tides
iv. Distribution of Tides
11. Tsunami
a. Formation – Factors
b. Impacts
c. Preventive measures
12. Coral Reef
a. Types of coral
b. Conditions for the growth
c. Distribution
d. Coral bleaching
e. Coral Acidification
13. Ocean Deposits
a. Classification
b. Distribution
c. Sources
d. Role of Man
e. Uses/Benefits of Ocean Deposits
f. Marine Ecology
g. Classification of Habitats of Marine
h. Marine Biome – zooplanktons, Phytoplankton’s
i. Biogeochemical cycle
j. Marine Resources – Biological – Minerals
k. Fishing, Ranching, Whaling
l. Maritime Law
m. Dependence of Man on Ocean
n. Distribution of Ocean Deposits and Resources

GEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGY: REMOTE SENSING, GEOGRAPHICAL

INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) AND GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE
SYSTEM (GNSS).
1. Geoinformatics
2. Components of Geoinformatics
a. Geodesy
b. Cartography
c. Photogrammetry
d. Remote Sensing
e. Global Positioning System
f. Geographical Information System
3. Advantages of Geoinformatics
4. Applications of Geoinformatics
a. Environment Management
 b. Ecosystem
c. Disaster Management
d. Management of Natural Resources
e. Urban /Rural Planning and Infrastructure development
f. E-Governance
5. Geospatial Data
a. Types of data
b. Data Processing
c. Sources of Data
GEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGY:
1. Definition
2. Importance of Geospatial Technology
3. Map and its importance
4. Classification of Maps
REMOTE SENSING:
1. Definition of Remote Sensing
2. Components/stages/steps of Remote Sensing
3. Electromagnetic Energy
4. Spectral Signature
5. Remote sensing platforms
a. Ground based Platforms
b. Airborne Platforms
c. Space borne Platforms
6. Remote sensing sensors – Types
a. On the Basis of Source of Energy Used
i. Active
ii. Passive
b. On the Basis of Function of Sensors:
i. Framing System and
ii. Scanning System
c. On the Basis of Technical Components of the System:
i. Multispectral imaging sensor systems
ii. Thermal remote sensing systems
iii. Microwave radar sensing systems.
7. Remote Sensing Satellites - IRS
8. Types of Satellites
9. SAR
10. Digital Image Processing
a. Image restoration
b. Statistical analysis
c. Image enhancement
d. Image classification
11. Visual Interpretation of Images/Satellite Data- Element of image and photo
interpretation
a. Color
b. Tone
c. Shape
d. Size
e. Pattern
f. Texture
g. Shadow
h. Association
i. Site
j. Resolution
12. Advanced Remote Sensing Technologies
a. Hyper Spectral Imagery
b. Thermal Remote Sensing
c. Microwave Remote Sensing
13. Advantages/Benefits + Disadvantages of RS
14. LiDAR
15. RADAR
16. Difference between LiDAR and RADAR
17. Application of Remote Sensing in various fields
18. DRONES
a. Types
b. Applications of Drones
c. Kisan Drones
19. Image Resolutions and their types
20. Interpretations of remote sensing images
21. Elements of Interpretations remote sensing images
22. Digital Image
a. Digital Image Processing
b. Advantages of Digital Image Processing
c. Components of an Image Processing System
d. Steps in Digital Image Processing
e. Types and Characteristics of Digital Images
f. Image Corrections
GIS – Geographical Information System
1. What is GIS
2. Why GIS
3. Functions of GIS
a. Data Capture
b. Data Structure
4. Components of GIS
5. Acquisition of Data
 6. Dates Types in GIS
a. Spatial Data
i. Vector
ii. Raster
b. Non-Spatial Data
7. Advantages and benefits of GIS
8. Trends in GIS
a. Web based GIS
b. Enterprise GIS
c. Mobile GIS
d. 3D visualization
e. Open GIS
9. GIS
10. Data Models of GIS
11. Data Structures
a. Spatial Analysis
b. Vector Analysis
c. Roster Analysis
d. Terrain Analysis
GNSS - Global Navigation Satellite System
1. Evolution
a. Radio Navigation System
b. Satellite Navigation System
c. Global Positioning System
2. Segments of GPS
3. Trilateration Process
4. Factors affecting GPS Data
5. Types of GPS
a. DGPS
b. Recreational
c. Mapping
d. Survey
6. Various GPS system of the world
7. Applications of GPS
8. Limitation of GPS
Map: Locating features and Places.

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