NumPy

The fundamental package for

scientific computing with Python

L AT E S T R E L E A S E :
NUMPY 2.4. VIEW ALL
RELEASES

NumPy 2.4.0 released! 2025-12-20

Powerful N-dimensional arrays Numerical computing tools

Fast and versatile, the NumPy NumPy offers comprehensive

vectorization, indexing, and mathematical functions, random
broadcasting concepts are the de- number generators, linear algebra
facto standards of array computing routines, Fourier transforms, and
today. more.

Open source Interoperable

Distributed under a liberal BSD NumPy supports a wide range of

license, NumPy is developed and hardware and computing platforms,
maintained publicly on GitHub by a and plays well with distributed, GPU,
vibrant, responsive, and diverse and sparse array libraries.
community.

Performant Easy to use

The core of NumPy is well-optimized NumPy’s high level syntax makes it

C code. Enjoy the flexibility of accessible and productive for
Python with the speed of compiled programmers from any background
code. or experience level.
 Try NumPy
Use the interactive shell to try NumPy in the browser

"""
To try the examples in the browser:
1. Type code in the input cell and press
Shift + Enter to execute
2. Or copy paste the code, and click on
the "Run" button in the toolbar
"""

# The standard way to import NumPy:

import numpy as np

# Create a 2-D array, set every second element in

# some rows and find max per row:

x = [Link](15, dtype=np.int64).reshape(3, 5)
x[1:, ::2] = -99
x
# array([[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4],
# [-99, 6, -99, 8, -99],
# [-99, 11, -99, 13, -99]])

[Link](axis=1)
# array([ 4, 8, 13])

# Generate normally distributed random numbers:

rng = [Link].default_rng()
samples = [Link](size=2500)
samples

ECOSYSTEM

Scientific Domains Array Libraries Data Science Machine Learning

Visualization

Nearly every scientist working in Python draws on the power of NumPy.

NumPy brings the computational power of languages like C and Fortran to Python, a language much
easier to learn and use. With this power comes simplicity: a solution in NumPy is often clear and elegant.

Quantum Statistical Signal Image Graphs and Astronomy

Computing Computing Processing Processing Networks

QuTiP Pandas SciPy Scikit-image NetworkX AstroPy

PyQuil statsmodels PyWavelets OpenCV graph-tool SunPy
Qiskit Xarray python-control Mahotas igraph SpacePy
PennyLane Seaborn HyperSpy PyGSP

Cognitive Bioinformatics Bayesian Mathematical Chemistry Geoscience

Psychology Inference Analysis

PsychoPy BioPython PyStan SciPy Cantera Pangeo

Scikit-Bio PyMC SymPy MDAnalysis Simpeg
PyEnsembl ArviZ cvxpy RDKit ObsPy
ETE emcee FEniCS PyBaMM Fatiando a Terra

Geographic Architecture &

Processing Engineering

Shapely COMPAS
GeoPandas City Energy
Folium Analyst
Sverchok

NumPy's API is the starting point when libraries are written to exploit innovative hardware, create
specialized array types, or add capabilities beyond what NumPy provides.

Array Library Capabilities & Application areas

Dask Distributed arrays and advanced parallelism for analytics, enabling

performance at scale.
CuPy NumPy-compatible array library for GPU-accelerated computing with
Python.
JAX Composable transformations of NumPy programs: differentiate,
vectorize, just-in-time compilation to GPU/TPU.
Xarray Labeled, indexed multi-dimensional arrays for advanced analytics and
visualization.
Sparse NumPy-compatible sparse array library that integrates with Dask and
SciPy's sparse linear algebra.
PyTorch Deep learning framework that accelerates the path from research
prototyping to production deployment.
TensorFlow An end-to-end platform for machine learning to easily build and
deploy ML powered applications.
Arrow A cross-language development platform for columnar in-memory
data and analytics.
xtensor Multi-dimensional arrays with broadcasting and lazy computing for
numerical analysis.
Awkward
Manipulate JSON-like data with NumPy-like idioms.
Array

uarray Python backend system that decouples API from implementation;

unumpy provides a NumPy API.
tensorly Tensor learning, algebra and backends to seamlessly use NumPy,
PyTorch, TensorFlow or CuPy.
Blosc2 Accelerated computation for in-memory, on-disk, or remote
compressed arrays.

NumPy lies at the core of a rich ecosystem of data science

libraries. A typical exploratory data science workflow might
look like:

Extract, Transform, Load: Pandas, Intake, PyJanitor

Exploratory analysis: Jupyter, Seaborn, Matplotlib,
Altair
Model and evaluate: scikit-learn, statsmodels, PyMC,
spaCy
 Report in a dashboard: Dash, Panel, Voila

For high data volumes, Dask and Ray are designed to

scale. Stable deployments rely on data versioning (DVC),
experiment tracking (MLFlow), and workflow automation
(Airflow, Dagster and Prefect).

NumPy forms the basis of powerful machine learning libraries like

scikit-learn and SciPy. As machine learning grows, so does the list of
libraries built on NumPy. TensorFlow’s deep learning capabilities have
broad applications — among them speech and image recognition,
text-based applications, time-series analysis, and video detection.
Source: Google AI Blog
PyTorch, another deep learning library, is popular among researchers in
computer vision and natural language processing.

Statistical techniques called ensemble methods such as binning, bagging, stacking, and boosting are
among the ML algorithms implemented by tools such as XGBoost, LightGBM, and CatBoost — one of the
fastest inference engines. Yellowbrick and Eli5 offer machine learning visualizations.

NumPy is an essential component in the

burgeoning Python visualization landscape,
which includes Matplotlib, Seaborn, Plotly, Altair,
Bokeh, Holoviz, Vispy, Napari, and PyVista, to
name a few.

NumPy’s accelerated processing of large arrays

allows researchers to visualize datasets far larger
than native Python could handle.
 CASE STUDIES

FIRST IMAGE OF A BLACK HOLE

How NumPy, together with libraries like SciPy and

Matplotlib that depend on NumPy, enabled the
Event Horizon Telescope to produce the first ever
image of a black hole

DETECTION OF GRAVITATIONAL WAVES

In 1916, Albert Einstein predicted gravitational

waves; 100 years later their existence was
confirmed by LIGO scientists using NumPy.

SPORTS ANALYTICS

Cricket Analytics is changing the game by

improving player and team performance through
statistical modelling and predictive analytics.
NumPy enables many of these analyses.

POSE ESTIMATION USING DEEP LEARNING

 DeepLabCut uses NumPy for accelerating scientific
studies that involve observing animal behavior for
better understanding of motor control, across
species and timescales.

Install About us Get help

DocumentationCommunity Terms of use
Learn User surveys Privacy
Citing NumPy Contribute Press kit © 2026 NumPy team. All rights
reserved.
Roadmap Code of
conduct