COMPLETE COMPUTER

FUNDAMENTALS
Detailed 15-Page Comprehensive IT Course Book

Author: IT Education Core

Edition: 2026 Academic Edition

Complete Computer Fundamentals Course Book 1

Chapter 1: Computer System Ka Parichay
(Introduction)

Computer shabd ki utpatti Latin ke "Computare" shabd se hui hai, jiska mukhya arth hota hai
ganna karna (calculation). Purane samay mein computer ka upyog keval kathin ganitiya hisabo ko
suljhane ke liye kiya jata tha, lekin aaj ke digital yug mein computer hamari zindagi ke har ek hisse
ka anivarya ang ban chuka hai. Yeh ek aisi swachalit (automatic) electronic machine hai jo raw
data ko nirdeshon (instructions) ke anusar grahan karti hai, use process karti hai aur ek sarthak
parinam (meaningful output) deti hai.

Computer Ki Paribhasha (Definition)

Ek computer system mukhya roop se teen staron par kaam karta hai: Input, Processing, aur
Output. Jab tak user ise data nahi deta, yeh shunya hai. Yeh user se data lekar use logical aur
arithmetical tarike se manipulate karta hai aur bhavishya ke upyog ke liye surakshit (store) rakhta
hai.

Computer Ke Mukhya Lakshan (Characteristics)

• Gati (Speed): Computer ke kaam karne ki gati aam insaan se lakho guna tez hoti hai. Yeh
kuch hi microseconds mein karodo calculations kar sakta hai.

• Shatikta (Accuracy): Computer dwara kiye gaye parinam hamesha 100% sahi hote hain. Agar
input data sahi hai, to computer kabhi galti nahi karta. Galti tabhi hoti hai jab insaan koi galat
nirdesh deta hai (jise GIGO - Garbage In, Garbage Out kaha jata hai).

• Thakavat-Rahit (Diligence): Insaan ki tarah computer kabhi thakta nahi hai aur na hi iska
dhyan bhatakta hai. Yeh lagatar kai ghanton ya dinon tak bina kisi rukavat ke ek hi speed aur
accuracy se kaam kar sakta hai.

• Vividhta (Versatility): Yeh ek hi samay par alag-alag tarah ke kaam kar sakta hai. Ek taraf is
par gaane sune ja sakte hain, dusri taraf badi reporting excel sheets par kaam kiya ja sakta
hai.

Complete Computer Fundamentals Course Book 2

Chapter 2: Computer Ki Peedhiyaan
(Generations of Computer)

Computer ke vikas ka itihas kafi dilchasp raha hai. San 1940 se lekar aaj tak computer ke aakar,
gati, kshamta aur takneek mein bohot bade badlav aaye hain. In badlavon ko hum 5 mukhya
peedhiyon (generations) mein bante hain:

1. Pratham Peedhi (First Generation: 1940 - 1956)

Is peedhi ke computers mein mukhya electronic component ke roop mein Vacuum Tubes ka
istemal kiya jata tha. Inka aakar ek bade kamre ke barabar hota tha aur yeh bohot zyada garmi
paida karte the. Inme Machine Language ka upyog hota tha. Udaharand: ENIAC, EDVAC.

2. Dwitiya Peedhi (Second Generation: 1956 - 1963)

Vacuum tubes ki jagah is peedhi mein Transistors ka upyog shuru hua. Isse computers ka
aakar thoda chota hua, unki speed badhi aur bijli ki khapat kam hui. Is dauran Assembly Language
aur purani high-level languages jaise FORTRAN aur COBOL ka vikas hua.

3. Tritiya Peedhi (Third Generation: 1963 - 1971)

Is generation mein IC (Integrated Circuit) ka aavishkar hua. Ek single silicon chip par saikdo
transistors ko lagaya gaya. Isse computer table par rakhne layak chote ho gaye aur unki processing
speed mukhya roop se badh gayi. Is samay Operating System ka janam hua.

4. Chauthi Peedhi (Fourth Generation: 1971 - Present)

Fourth generation mein Microprocessors aur VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) takneek ka
upyog shuru hua, jisse ek hi chip par lakho electronic components lagaye gaye. Isne Personal
Computers (PC) aur laptops ki kranti ko janam diya jo hum aaj use karte hain.

Complete Computer Fundamentals Course Book 3

 5. Panchvi Peedhi (Fifth Generation: Present & Beyond)

Yeh peedhi AI (Artificial Intelligence) aur ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) par aadharit hai.
Iska maksad aise computers banana hai jo insaan ki tarah soch sakein, samajh sakein aur faisla le
sakein. Udaharand: Quantum computers, Robotics, aur Voice Recognition tools.

Complete Computer Fundamentals Course Book 4

Chapter 3: Computer Architecture aur
Block Diagram

Computer ka aakar ya design chahe jaisa ho, iski andruni sanrachna aur kaam karne ka dhang
humesha ek jaisa rehta hai. Isko samajhne ke liye Von Neumann Architecture ka diagram dekha
jata hai.

Mukhya Units Ka Vivaran

1. Input Unit: Yeh unit user se raw data ko collect karti hai aur use binary language (0 aur 1)
mein convert karke Central Processing Unit ko bhejti hai.

2. Central Processing Unit (CPU): CPU ko computer ka dimaag (Brain) kaha jata hai. Iske
andar teen mukhya bhag hote hain:
◦ ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit): Yeh sabhi mathematical calculations (jaise +, -, *, /) aur
logical comparisons (jaise <, >, =) karta hai.

◦ CU (Control Unit): Yeh computer ke pure management ka dhyan rakhta hai. Yeh nirdesh
deta hai ki data kab kaha jayega aur kaun sa hardware kya kaam karega.

◦ Registers (Memory Unit): CPU ke andar maujood bahut hi choti aur tez temporary
storage space hoti hai jo processing ke samay data ko hold karti hai.

3. Output Unit: Processing poori hone ke baad mile parinam ko insaan ke samajhne layak
bhasha mein badalkar screen ya paper par dikhane ka kaam iska hota hai.

Kendra Bindu (CPU Speed):

CPU ki speed ko pehle Megahertz (MHz) aur ab modern computers mein Gigahertz (GHz)
mein mapa jata hai. 1 GHz ka matlab hai ek second mein 1 arab (billion) instructions
process karna.

Complete Computer Fundamentals Course Book 5

Chapter 4: Input Devices Ka Vistar

Input devices ke bina hum computer ko koi nirdesh nahi de sakte. Yeh computer aur user ke
beech ek mahatvapurna madhyam hain. Aaiye in mukhya devices ko vistar se samajhte hain:

1. Keyboard

Keyboard sabse purana aur sabse zyada upyog hone wala text input device hai. Ek standard
keyboard mein mukhya roop se 104 keys hoti hain. Inhe alag-alag bhagon mein banta jata hai:
Alphanumeric Keys (A-Z, 0-9), Function Keys (F1-F12), Control Keys (Ctrl, Alt, Esc), aur Navigation
Keys (Arrow keys, Page Up/Down).

2. Mouse

Mouse ek pointing device hai jiska aavishkar Douglas Engelbart ne kiya tha. Isme mukhya roop
se teen buttons hote hain: Left Click (select karne ke liye), Right Click (options menu kholne ke
liye), aur beech mein Scroll Wheel (page up ya down karne ke liye). Aajkal Optical Mouse ka upyog
hota hai jo LED light ke zariye movement detect karta hai.

3. Scanner aur Uske Prakar

Scanner physical documents ko digital format mein badalta hai. Iske alag alag roop hote hain:

• Flatbed Scanner: Jo aam taur par photocopy shop par dekha jata hai jisme kanch par paper
rakha jata hai.

• OMR (Optical Mark Reader): Jo competitive exams ki answer-sheets ko check karne ke kaam
aata hai.

• MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition): Iska upyog bank ke checks par likhe gaye
special numbers ko tezi se padhne ke liye kiya jata hai.

Complete Computer Fundamentals Course Book 6

Chapter 5: Output Devices Ka Vistar

Output devices computer dwara taiyar kiye gaye final results ko digital ya physical form mein
hamare samne pesh karte hain. Inka do mukhya roop hota hai: Soft Copy (screen par dikhna) aur
Hard Copy (paper par print hona).

1. Monitors (Display Devices)

Monitor computer ka pratham aur mukhya output device hai. Iski takneek samay ke sath badalti
rahi hai:

• CRT Monitors: Yeh purane bhari aur bade monitors hote the jo Cathode Ray Tube par kaam
karte the aur zyada bijli khate the.

• LCD (Liquid Crystal Display): Yeh patle aur halkey monitors hote hain jinme liquid crystals ka
use hota hai.

• LED (Light Emitting Diode): Yeh LCD ka hi advanced roop hai, jiski picture quality bohot
behtar hoti hai aur yeh kam bijli consume karte hain.

2. Printers Aur Unke Prakar

Printer digital file ko kagaz par hard copy ke roop mein chhapta hai. Inhe do mukhya categories
mein banta jata hai:

Printer Type Mechanism (Kaam karne ka tarika) Quality / Speed

Impact Ribbon par physical hammer se chot karke text Kam quality, tez aawaz,
Printers chhapte hain (Jaise Dot Matrix Printer). sasta print.

Non-Impact Bina kisi physical impact ke ink spray ya laser Bohot high quality,
Printers beam se print karte hain (Jaise Inkjet aur Laser). shaant kaam, tez speed.

Complete Computer Fundamentals Course Book 7

Chapter 6: Computer Memory Aur Storage
Concept

Memory computer ka woh hissa hai jahan data aur programs ko store kiya jata hai. Computer
memory ko mukhya roop se do bhagon mein vibhajit kiya jata hai: Primary Memory (Internal) aur
Secondary Memory (External).

Primary Memory

Primary memory computer ki main memory hoti hai jo sidhe CPU ke sampark mein rehti hai.
Iske bina computer start nahi ho sakta.

• RAM (Random Access Memory): Yeh ek volatile (asthayi) memory hai. Jab tak computer on
hai, isme data rahega. Computer band hote hi RAM ka sara data mita diya jata hai. Yeh apps
ko chalane ke liye space deti hai.

• ROM (Read Only Memory): Yeh ek non-volatile (sthayi) memory hai. Isme computer ke
manufacture ke samay hi zaroori instructions (BIOS) save kar diye jate hain, jinhe badla nahi ja
sakta.

Secondary Memory

Data ko permanent store karne ke liye secondary memory ka use hota hai:

• HDD (Hard Disk Drive): Magnetic disks par aadharit storage device, jo badi files ko store
karne ke liye sasta madhyam hai.

• SSD (Solid State Drive): Yeh modern flash storage hai jo HDD se lagbhag 5 se 10 guna tez
hoti hai kyunki isme koi moving parts nahi hote.

Complete Computer Fundamentals Course Book 8

Chapter 7: Data Measurement Units (Bit &
Byte)

Computer ek electronic device hai isliye yeh hamari bhasha nahi samajhta. Yeh keval do hi
states ko samajhta hai: ON (1) aur OFF (0). Is bhasha ko Binary Language ya Machine Language
kaha jata hai.

Memory Measurement Chart

Data ko napne ke liye sabse choti ikai (unit) 'Bit' hoti hai. Niche diye gaye chart se aap isko poori
tarah samajh sakte hain:

• 1 Bit = 0 ya 1 (Binary Digit)

• 4 Bits = 1 Nybble

• 8 Bits = 1 Byte (Isme ek akshar ya character store hota hai)

• 1024 Bytes = 1 Kilobyte (KB)

• 1024 KB = 1 Megabyte (MB)

• 1024 MB = 1 Gigabyte (GB)

• 1024 GB = 1 Terabyte (TB)

• 1024 TB = 1 Petabyte (PB)

Aam taur par hum jo internet pack use karte hain ya mobile ka storage dekhte hain, woh GB
(Gigabyte) mein hota hai.

Complete Computer Fundamentals Course Book 9

Chapter 8: Computer Software Ke Prakar

Software instructions ka ek set hota hai jo hardware ko kam karne ke kabil banata hai. Agar
hardware sharir hai, to software uski aatma hai. Software mukhya roop se do prakar ke hote hain:

1. System Software

Yeh software computer ke internal operations ko manage aur control karte hain. Inke bina
computer hardware chalaya hi nahi ja sakta. Sabse bada udaharand hai Operating System (OS).
OS computer on hote hi hardware ko activate karta hai aur application software ko chalne ke liye
platform deta hai.

2. Application Software

Yeh software user ke kisi vishesh (specific) kaam ko karne ke liye banaye jate hain. Agar aapko
document likhna hai to aap MS Word use karenge, agar photo edit karni hai to Photoshop, aur agar
net chalana hai to Google Chrome. Inka computer ke basic system operations se koi sidha rishta
nahi hota.

Utility Software:

Ek aur category hoti hai jise utility software kehte hain, jaise Antivirus aur Disk Cleanup.
Inka kaam computer ki suraksha aur maintenance karna hota hai.

Complete Computer Fundamentals Course Book 10

Chapter 9: Operating System Ka
Karyapranali (Function)

Operating System (OS) computer system ka sabse mahatvapurna hissa hai. Yeh computer ke
pura administrative handling dekhta hai. Aaiye iske mukhya functions ko detail mein samajhte hain:

Operating System Ke Mukhya Kaam

• Processor Management: CPU kis process ko pehle execute karega aur kisko kitna samay
dega (Jise Process Scheduling kaha jata hai).

• Memory Management: RAM ke kis hisse mein kaun sa program load hoga aur kaam khatam
hone par memory ko kaise khali kiya jayega.

• File Management: Files aur folders ko sahi tarike se directory structure mein organize karna,
delete karna aur save karna.

• Device Management: Keyboard, Mouse, Printer jaise sabhi input-output devices ke drivers ko
manage karna aur unhe sahi se chalana.

• Security: User accounts par password lagana aur unka data unauthorized access se bachana.

Sheddueling aur management ke isi behtar coordination ki wajah se hum multitasking kar pate
hain.

Complete Computer Fundamentals Course Book 11

Chapter 10: Computer Networking Aur
Internet Basics

Jab do ya do se zyada computers ko aapas mein data aur resources ko share karne ke liye joda
jata hai, to use Computer Network kehte hain. Internet isi tarah ka duniya ka sabse bada network
hai jo lakho karodo computers ko aapas mein jodta hai.

Networks Ke Prakar (Types of Networks)

1. LAN (Local Area Network): Yeh ek chote area jaise ek ghar, school, ya office ke andar
maujood computers ka network hota hai. Iski speed bohot tez hoti hai.

2. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): Yeh ek pure shehar (city) ko cover karta hai. Iska sabse
acha udaharand Cable TV network ya pure city ka bank network hai.

3. WAN (Wide Area Network): Yeh pure desh ya poori duniya ko aapas mein jodta hai. Internet
sabse bada WAN ka udaharand hai. Isme computer cables ya satellite ke zariye judte hain.

Internet par kaam karne ke liye hume Web Browser (jaise Chrome) aur data dhoodhne ke liye
Search Engine (jaise Google) ki zaroorat hoti hai.

Complete Computer Fundamentals Course Book 12

Chapter 11: Cyber Security Aur Computer
Virus

Jaise-jaise computer aur internet ka use badh raha hai, waise-waise digital suraksha (Cyber
Security) ka mahatva bhi badh gaya hai. Computer mein hamara bohot sa personal aur financial
data hota hai jise safe rakhna zaroori hai.

Computer Virus Kya Hai?

Virus ka poora naam Vital Information Resources Under Siege hai. Yeh asal mein ek chota
malicous software program hota hai jo aapke computer mein bina aapki ijazat ke prashvesh karta
hai aur aapki files ko delete, corrupt ya chura sakta hai.

Suraksha Ke Upay (Prevention Tips)

• Humesha ek achha aur updated Antivirus Software use karein.

• Kisi bhi unknown ya suspicious link aur email attachments par click na karein.

• Apne har ek profile aur computer password ko strong (mix of symbols, numbers, and letters)
rakhein.

• Apne operating system aur applications ko hamesha regular update karte rahein taaki security
loopholes band ho sakein.

Complete Computer Fundamentals Course Book 13

Chapter 12: Microsoft Office Ki Buniyadi
Jankari

MS Office duniya ka sabse lokpriya office productivity suite hai jise Microsoft company dwara
banaya gaya hai. Kisi bhi job ya basic office work ke liye iski jankari hona bohot zaroori hai. Iske
teen mukhya tools hain:

1. Microsoft Word (MS Word)

Yeh ek Word Processing software hai. Iska use letters, resume, reports, essay aur books likhne
aur unhe achhi design (formatting) dene ke liye kiya jata hai. Iska file extension .docx hota hai.

2. Microsoft Excel (MS Excel)

Yeh ek Spreadsheet software hai jo Rows aur Columns (Cells) se milkar banta hai. Iska use
mathematical calculation karne, bills banane, financial data organize karne aur graphs banane ke
liye hota hai. Isme automatic formulas lagaye ja sakte hain.

3. Microsoft PowerPoint (MS PPT)

Yeh ek Presentation software hai. Iska upyog slides ke madhyam se kisi concept ko logon ke
samne pesh karne ke liye hota hai. Isme animation, audio, aur video jodkar presentation ko
aakarshak banaya jata hai.

Complete Computer Fundamentals Course Book 14

Chapter 13: Important Keyboard
Shortcuts

Computer par jaldi aur smartly kaam karne ke liye keyboard shortcuts ka gyan hona bohot
zaroori hai. Niche rozana kaam aane wale shortcuts diye gaye hain:

Shortcut Key Action / Kaam

Ctrl + C Selected text ya file ko Copy karna.

Ctrl + X Selected text ya file ko Cut (Move) karna.

Ctrl + V Cut ya Copy kiye gaye data ko Paste karna.

Ctrl + Z Undo karna (Pichle action ko cancel karna).

Ctrl + S Chalu document ya file ko Save karna.

Ctrl + A Pure screen ke content ko ek sath Select All karna.

Alt + F4 Current app ko Close karna ya computer Shutdown karna.

Ctrl + P Document ko Print karne ka option kholna.

Complete Computer Fundamentals Course Book 15

Chapter 14: Troubleshooting Aur Basic
Maintenance

Kai baar computer chalate waqt choti-moti samasyaein aa jati hain, jiske liye hamesha
mechanic ke paas jaane ki zaroorat nahi hoti. Isko hum khud basic troubleshooting se thik kar
sakte hain.

Aam Samasyaein Aur Unke Hal

• Computer Hang Hona: Agar koi program crash ho gaya hai aur computer chal nahi raha, to
keyboard par Ctrl + Shift + Esc dabakar Task Manager kholein aur us unresponsive
app ko 'End Task' kar dein.

• Display Na Aana: Agar computer chal raha hai par monitor par kuch nahi dikh raha, to pehle
monitor ki power cable aur CPU se monitor ko jodne wali VGA/HDMI cable ke connections ko
check karein aur unhe dubaara lagayein.

• System Slow Hona: Apne computer ki temporary files khali karne ke liye Run command (Win
+ R) kholkar %temp% type karein aur andar ki files delete karein.

Complete Computer Fundamentals Course Book 16

Chapter 15: Computer Ka Bhavishya Aur
Nishkarsh

Computer ka safar vacuum tubes se shuru hokar aaj hamari pockect mein maujood
smartphones tak pahunch chuka hai. Lekin vikas ki yeh raftar rukne wali nahi hai. Bhavishya mein
computer takneek aur zyada advanced hone wali hai.

Aane Wali Mukhya Technologies

• Quantum Computing: Yeh aam computer se arabon guna tez honge jo complex scientific
problems ko kuch seconds mein solve kar denge.

• Cloud Computing: Jahan data ko kisi hard disk mein nahi balki internet server par store kiya
jata hai jisse aap use duniya mein kahi se bhi access kar sakein.

• Advanced Artificial Intelligence: Aise autonomous systems jo insaano ki madad bina kisi
supervision ke kar sakein.

Nishkarsh (Conclusion)

Is book ke madhyam se aapne computer ke buniyadi tatvon, hardware, software, networking aur
suraksha ke baare mein vistar se jana. Aaj ke digital yug mein computer sikhna keval ek option
nahi balki aage badhne ke liye sabse mahatvapurna zaroorat hai. Lagatar naye tools seekhte
rahein aur technology ka sahi upyog karein.

Complete Computer Fundamentals Course Book 17