CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS
<
Chemical Properties of Carbon
1) Combustion Reaction - When Methane burns in sufficient
supply of air, then carbon dioxide and water vapour are
formed, and a lot of heat is produced.
Combustion
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O + Heat + Light
Methane Oxygen
(From Air)
2) Substitution Reaction - Hydrogen Atoms Replaced by
other Atoms like (Chlorine).
a) Methane with Chlorine :
Sunlight
CH4 + Cl2 CH3CCl + HCl
Chloromethane
(or Methyl
Chloride)
Important Note
By Providing more Chlorine - It is possible to replace all
the hydrogen atoms of Methane by chlorine, one by one.
Sunlight
CH3Cl + Cl2 CH2Cl2 + HCl
Chloromethan Chlorine Dichloro
e Methane
Adding more Chlorine -
Sunlight
CH2Cl2 + Cl2 CHCl3 + HCl
H
Dichloro Chlorine Trichloro
Methane Methane
Adding more and more Chlorine -
Sunlight
CHCl3 + Cl2 CCl4 + HCl
Trichloro Chlorine Tetrachloro
Methane Methane
3) Addition Reaction - Like Addition of Hydrogen, Chlorine,
Bromine for Unsaturated Hydrocarbon.
a) Ethene with Hydrogen :
Ni Catalyst
CH2 CH2 + H2 CH3 CH3
Heat
Ethene Ethane
(Unsaturated) (Saturated)
b) Hydrogenation of Oils : Addition of Hydrogen to the
vegetable oil leads to the formation of Vegetable
Ghee.
R R R R
Ni Catalyst
C C + H2 H C CH
Heat
R R R R
Vegetable Oil Vegetable Ghee
(Unsaturated (Saturated Fat)
Fat) (Liquid (Solid State)
State)
Chemical Properties of Ethanol
1) Combustion - Ethanol burns readily in Air to form
Carbon dioxide and water vapour, and releasing a lot of
heat and light.
Combustion
(Burning)
C2H5OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O + Heat + Light
Ethanol Oxygen
(From Air)
2) Oxidation - When Ethanol is heated with Alkaline
Potassium Permanganate Solution (or Acidified
Potassium Dichromate Solution), it gets oxidised to
Ethanoic Acid.
Alkaline: KMnO4
CH3CH2OH + 2[O] CH3COOH + H2O
Acidified: K2Cr2O7
Ethanol Nascent Ethanoic
Oxygen Acid
[From Oxidizing
Agent]
3) Reaction with Sodium Metal - Ethanol reacts with
Sodium to form Sodium Ethoxide and Hydrogen Gas.
2C2H5OH + 2Na 2C2H5O-Na+ + H2
Ethanol Sodium Sodium
Ethoxide
4) Dehydration (Removal of water molecules) - When
Ethanol is heated with excess of concentrated sulphuric
acid at 170°C (443K), it gets dehydrated to form Ethene
Conc. H2SO4
CH3CH2OH CH2 = CH2 + 3H2O
170°C
Ethanol Ethene Water
Esterification
Ethanol reacts with Ethanoic Acid on Warming in the
presence of a few drops of concentrated Sulphuric Acid to
form a sweet smelling Ester, Ethyl Ethanoate
Conc. H2SO4
CH3COOH + C2H5OH CH3COOC2H5 +
H2O
Ethanoic Acid Ethanol Ethyl Ethanoate
(Ethyl Acetate)
(Sweet Smelling Ester)
Chemical Properties of Ethanoic Acid
1) Reaction with Sodium Carbonate - Ethanoic Acid reacts
with Sodium Carbonate to form Sodium Ethanoate and
Carbon dioxide Gas.
2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 2CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O
Ethanoic Acid Sodium Sodium
Carbonate Ethanoate
2) Reaction with Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate - Ethanoic
Acid reacts with Sodium Hydrogen carbonate to evolve
Brisk Effervescence of Carbon dioxide gas.
CH3COOH + NaHCO3 CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O
Sodium Sodium
Hydrogen Ethanoate
Carbonate
3) Reaction with Sodium Hydroxide - Ethanoic Acid reacts
with Bases (or Alkalis) to form salts and water.
CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O
Sodium Sodium
Hydroxide Ethanoate
4) Reaction with Alcohols - Ethanoic Acid reacts with
Alcohols in the presence of a little of concentrated
sulphuric acid to form Esters.
Conc. H2SO4
CH3COOH + C2H5OH CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
Ethanoic Acid Ethanol Ethyl Ethanoate
(Ethyl Acetate)
(Sweet Smelling Ester)
Saponification
The Alkaline Hydrolysis of Esters (using Alkali like Sodium-
Hydroxide) is known as Saponification (Soap Making)
Heat
CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH CH3COONa + C2H5OH
Ethyl Ethanoate Sodium Sodium Ethanol
Hydroxide Ethanoate
Examples of the Soaps are -
i) Sodium Stearate: C17H35COO-Na+
ii) Sodium Palmitate: C15H31COO-Na+