BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING - SOLVED QUESTION
PAPER
SECTION-A
1(a) Function of a Contactor:
A contactor is an electrically operated switch used to control electrical power circuits. It is widely used
Functions:
• Switching ON/OFF high current circuits
• Remote operation
• Automatic control in industries
• Used with protection devices
1(b) Apparent Power and Power Triangle:
Apparent power is the total power in an AC circuit.
S = VI
Real Power:
P = VI cosφ
Reactive Power:
Q = VI sinφ
Relation:
S² = P² + Q²
1(c) Demerits of Low Power Factor:
• Higher line current
• Increased copper losses
• Poor voltage regulation
• Larger conductor size required
• Reduced efficiency
1(d) Dependent Voltage and Current Sources:
Dependent sources depend on another voltage/current in the circuit.
Types:
• VCVS
• CCVS
• VCCS
• CCCS
1(e) Step Down Auto Transformer:
An autotransformer that decreases voltage from input to output.
1(f) Active and Passive Elements:
Active elements supply power while passive elements absorb/store power.
1(g) Principle of Single Phase Induction Motor:
Works on the principle of rotating magnetic field.
1(h) Types of Batteries:
• Primary battery
• Secondary battery
1(i) B-H Curve:
Shows relation between magnetic flux density and magnetizing force.
1(j) Three Phase Balanced Circuit:
A circuit where all three phases have equal magnitude and 120° phase difference.
SECTION-B
2. Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB)
Definition:
ELCB is a protective device used to prevent electric shock due to earth leakage current.
Construction:
An ELCB consists of:
• Relay mechanism
• Current transformer
• Trip circuit
• Switch contacts
Working Principle:
Under normal condition:
Current in phase wire = Current in neutral wire.
If leakage occurs:
Current becomes unbalanced.
The difference is detected by current transformer.
Relay trips the circuit immediately.
Advantages:
• Protects human life
• Prevents fire hazards
• Fast operation
Applications:
• Domestic wiring
• Industrial installations
• Commercial buildings
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3. Superposition Theorem
Statement:
In a linear bilateral network containing several independent sources, the voltage/current in any branch equ
Procedure:
Step 1: Consider one source at a time.
Step 2: Replace other voltage sources by short circuit.
Step 3: Replace current sources by open circuit.
Step 4: Calculate branch response.
Step 5: Repeat for all sources.
Step 6: Add all responses algebraically.
Advantages:
• Simplifies circuit analysis
• Useful for complex circuits
Limitations:
• Applicable only to linear circuits
• Cannot calculate power directly
Example:
If source-1 gives 2A current and source-2 gives 3A current:
Total current = 2 + 3 = 5A
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4. EMF Equation of DC Machine
Definition:
The generated EMF in a DC machine depends on flux per pole and rotational speed.
Let:
P = Number of poles
φ = Flux per pole
Z = Total armature conductors
N = Speed in rpm
A = Number of parallel paths
Derivation:
Flux cut by one conductor in one revolution = Pφ
Time for one revolution:
t = 60/N seconds
Average emf induced in one conductor:
e = Pφ / (60/N)
e = PφN / 60
Total generated EMF:
E = (PφZN)/(60A)
Therefore:
E ∝ φN
Hence, EMF is directly proportional to flux and speed.
Applications:
• DC generators
• DC motors
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5. Capacitor Reactance and Current
Given:
C = 30 µF
V = 440V
Formula:
Xc = 1/(2πfC)
Case 1:
f = 25Hz
Xc = 212.2 Ω
Current:
I = V/Xc
I = 440/212.2
I = 2.07A
Case 2:
f = 50Hz
Xc = 106.1 Ω
Current:
I = 440/106.1
I = 4.15A
Conclusion:
As frequency increases, capacitive reactance decreases and current increases.
SECTION-C
6. Series Resonance Circuit
Given:
C = 200 µF
V = 250V
I = 50A
f = 100Hz
At resonance:
XL = XC
Resistance:
R = V/I = 250/50 = 5Ω
Capacitive Reactance:
XC = 1/(2πfC)
XC = 7.96Ω
Inductance:
XL = 2πfL
L = 12.7mH
Voltage across capacitor:
VC = IXC
VC = 398V
Q-factor:
Q = XL/R
Q = 1.59
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7. Purpose of Earthing
Purpose:
• Protection against electric shock
• Equipment safety
• Leakage current path
• Fire prevention
Pipe Earthing Procedure:
1. Dig pit
2. Insert GI pipe
3. Fill charcoal and salt
4. Connect earth wire
5. Water regularly
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8. Voltage Regulation of Transformer
Given:
Resistance drop = 2%
Reactance drop = 4%
Power factor = 0.8 lagging
sinφ = 0.6
Voltage regulation:
VR = Rcosφ + Xsinφ
VR = 2(0.8) + 4(0.6)
VR = 4%
Significance:
Smaller voltage regulation indicates better transformer performance.
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9. Current in Network
Using KCL:
(V-10)/4 + (V-12)/6 + V/10 = 0
Solving:
15(V-10) + 10(V-12) + 6V = 0
31V - 270 = 0
V = 8.71V
Current:
I = V/10
I = 0.87A
Final Answer:
I = 0.87A