RRB Group D : Physics : Light, Reflection and

Refraction
Total Time: 15 Minute Total Marks: 20

Instructions

Sl No. Section Name No. of Question Maximum Marks

1 General Science 20 20

1.) A total of 15 minutes is allotted for the examination.

2.) The server will set your clock for you. In the top right corner of your screen, a countdown
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3.) There will, however, be sectional timing for this exam. You will have to complete each
section within the specified time limit. Before moving on to the next section, you must
complete the current one within the time limits.
 General Science
1. A concave mirror has a radius of curvature of 40 cm. What is its power in (+1, -0.33)
diopters?

a. +2.5 D

b. −2.5 D

c. −5 D

d. +5 D

2. When light travels obliquely from one medium to another, the direction of (+1, -0.33)
propagation of light in the second medium changes. The phenomenon is
known as -

a. Refraction

b. Reflection

c. Scattering

d. Polarization

3. The ratio of sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of (+1, -0.33)
refraction is a constant for

a given colour and for the given pair of media. Which law is this?

a. Ohm's law

b. Newton's law

c. Gauss law
 d. Snell's Law

4. A monochromatic light ray enters from medium 1, with refractive index n1 , ​ (+1, -0.33)
into medium 2, with refractive index n2 , where n2 > n1 . Considering the
​ ​ ​

frequency ( f ), speed ( v ), and wavelength ( λ ) of the light, which of the

following correctly describes how these properties change upon entering
medium 2?

a. The frequency ( f ) remains constant, the speed ( v ) decreases, and

the wavelength ( λ ) decreases.

b. The frequency ( f ) increases, the speed ( v ) decreases, and the

wavelength ( λ ) increases.

c. The frequency ( f ) decreases, the speed ( v ) increases, and the

wavelength ( λ ) decreases.

d. The frequency ( f ) remains constant, the speed ( v ) increases, and

the wavelength ( λ ) increases.

5. The speed of light in vacuum is: (+1, -0.33)

a. 3 × 10 10 m / s

b. 3 × 10 8 m / s

c. 2 × 10 8 m / s

d. 2.25 × 10 8m / s

6. If the speed of light in vacuum is approximately 3.00 × 108 m/s and the (+1, -0.33)
speed of light in a specific transparent medium is measured to be 1.98 ×
108 m/s , what is the refractive index of this medium? Round your answer to
two decimal places.
 a. 0.66

b. 3.00

c. 1.98

d. 1.52

7. The absolute refractive index of air is: (+1, -0.33)

a. 1.03

b. 1.00003

c. 1.003

d. 1.0003

8. The ability of a medium to refract light is also expressed by its _______. (+1, -0.33)

a. Area density

b. Light density

c. Surface density

d. Mass density

9. A-ray of light travelling from a rarer medium to a denser medium (+1, -0.33)

a. slows down and bends away from the normal,

b. slows down and bends towards the normal.

 c. speeds up and bends away from the normal.

d. speeds up and bends towards the normal.

10. An optical component, typically fashioned from a transparent dielectric (+1, -0.33)
material, is precisely engineered with at least one, and commonly two,
carefully curved spherical interfaces. Its primary function involves the
controlled refraction of incident light rays to either converge them to a
focal point or cause them to diverge. This device is known as a
________.

a. optical fiber

b. prism

c. mirror

d. lens

11. A concave lens is characterized by its ability to spread out parallel rays of (+1, -0.33)
light that pass through it. This optical property means that, for real objects,
it consistently forms images that are virtual, upright, and diminished.
Based on this behavior, a concave lens is primarily classified as a
________ lens.

a. Converging, because it brings light rays to a real focus.

b. Diverging, because it spreads out light rays causing them to appear

to originate from a virtual focal point.

c. Reflecting, as it bounces light rays off its curved surface.

d. Diffracting, as it causes light waves to bend around its edges.

12. A ray of light passing through the optical centre of a convex lens (+1, -0.33)
___________ after refraction.

a. passe s through the second principal focus

b. passes through the center of curvature

c. becomes parallel to the principal axis

d. emerges without any deviation

13. A ray of light appearing to meet at the principal focus of a concave lens (+1, -0.33)
emerge after refraction will be ________.

a. Through the principal focus

b. Parallel to the principal axis

c. Through the centre of curvature

d. Without any deviation

14. To obtain an enlarged real inverted image beyond 2F2 after refraction by (+1, -0.33)
convex lens, where should the object be placed?

a. At infinity

b. Between F1 and 2F1

c. Between focus F1 and optic centre O

d. At 2F1
15. The lens formula is ______ (+1, -0.33)

a. 1
u
​ − 1
v
​ = 1
f
​

1 1 1
b. v ​ − u ​ = f ​

c. 1
f
​ − 1
u
​ = 1
v
​

d. 1
v
​ + 1
u
​ = 1
f
​

16. For an inverted image formed by any lens, the linear magnification ' M ' is (+1, -0.33)
always:

a. M > 0

b. ∣M ∣ > 1

c. ∣M ∣ = 1

d. M < 0

17. A concave lens produces an image that is one-third the size of the object. (+1, -0.33)
If the image is formed 10 cm from the lens, what is the focal length of the
lens?

a. 15 cm

b. 30 cm

c. 7.5 cm

d. 10 cm

18. Power of a lens of focal length f is given by (+1, -0.33)

 a. P = u/f

b. P = 1/f

c. P = f/u

d. P = f

19. SI unit of the power of a lens is: (+1, -0.33)

a. Dioptre

b. Horse power

c. Metre

d. Watt

20. Which type of lens, characterized by its ability to diverge parallel incident (+1, -0.33)
rays of light and possessing a focal length ( f ) that is conventionally
considered negative according to the Cartesian sign convention, will
always have a negative optical power ( P )?
Recall that P = 1/f .

a. Convex lens

b. Concave lens

c. Plano-convex lens

d. Biconvex lens
 Answers

1. Answer: c

Explanation:

Correct Answer: Option 4 (+5 D)

Explanation:

Find the focal length (f)

Radius of curvature (R) = 40 cm

f = R/2 = 40/2 = 20 cm = 0.2 m

Apply sign convention

For a concave mirror, the focal length is negative.

f = -0.2 m

Calculate power (P)

Power of a mirror:

P = -1/f

P = -1/(-0.2)

P = +5 D

Therefore, the power of the concave mirror is +5 D.

Hence, the correct answer is Option 4 (+5 D).

2. Answer: a
Explanation:

Understanding Light Bending: Refraction Phenomenon

The question describes a fundamental concept in optics: what happens when light
travels at an angle (obliquely) from one substance (medium) into another. When this
occurs, the light doesn't continue in a straight line; its path bends.

Defining the Phenomenon: Refraction Explained

The specific term for this change in the direction of light's path as it passes from one
medium to another is Refraction. This bending happens because the speed of light
changes when it moves from one medium to another (e.g., from air to water, or from
glass to air). The angle at which the light hits the boundary and the properties of the
two media determine how much the light bends.

Analyzing Other Optical Phenomena

Let's look at why the other options are not the correct answer:

Reflection: This is when light bounces off a surface, like a mirror. The light stays in
the same medium it started in. It does not pass into a second medium, so this
isn't the phenomenon described.
Scattering: This involves light being redirected in various directions after hitting
particles or imperfections in a medium. While it changes light's direction, it's not
the specific, predictable bending at the boundary between two distinct media
when light enters the second one.
Polarization: This refers to the orientation of the light waves' vibrations. It's about
filtering light based on its wave direction, not about the bending of the light ray's
path when entering a new medium.

Conclusion on Light's Path Change

Therefore, the phenomenon where the direction of light propagation changes when it
travels obliquely from one medium to another is definitively Refraction.
3. Answer: d

Explanation:

Understanding the Law of Refraction

The question describes a fundamental principle related to how light behaves when it
passes from one medium to another. This phenomenon is known as refraction.
Refraction occurs because light travels at different speeds in different materials.
When light enters a new medium at an angle, it changes direction.

Two key angles are involved in refraction:

Angle of Incidence: The angle between the incoming light ray (incident ray) and
the line perpendicular to the surface (normal) at the point where the light hits
the surface.
Angle of Refraction: The angle between the outgoing light ray (refracted ray)
and the normal line in the second medium.

Analyzing the Ratio of Sines

The question states that the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of
the angle of refraction is a constant value. This constant holds true for a specific pair
of media (like air to water, or glass to air) and for light of a particular colour (or
frequency). Different colours of light refract slightly differently.

Mathematically, this relationship can be expressed as:

sin(angle of incidence)
sin(angle of refraction)
​ = constant

This constant is related to the refractive indices of the two media. If light travels from
medium 1 to medium 2, the constant is equal to the refractive index of medium 2
relative to medium 1 ( n21 ).
​

sin i
sin r
​ = n21 ​
Identifying the Correct Law
Let's look at the options provided:

Relevance to
Option Description
Refraction

Ohm's Relates voltage, current, and resistance in electrical Not related to light
Law circuits ( V = IR ). refraction.

Newton's Refers to laws of motion (e.g., F = ma ) or universal Not related to light

Law gravitation. refraction.

Gauss Relates the electric flux through a closed surface to Not related to light
Law the enclosed electric charge. refraction.

Describes the relationship between the angles of

incidence and refraction when light passes Directly matches
Snell's
through a boundary between different isotropic the description in
Law
media. It states that the ratio of the sines of the the question.
angles is constant.

Based on the analysis, the law that states the ratio of the sine of the angle of
incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is a constant for a given colour and
pair of media is Snell's Law.

Snell's Law Explained

Snell's Law, also known as the law of refraction, is a formula used to describe the
relationship between the angles at which light strikes the interface between two
different media and the angles at which it travels after crossing that interface. It is a
key principle in optics.

The law is named after Willebrord Snellius, a Dutch astronomer and mathematician.
The constant ratio sin i
sin r
​ is equal to the ratio of the velocities of light in the two media (
v1 /v2 ) and also equal to the ratio of the refractive indices of the two media ( n2 /n1 ).
​ ​ ​ ​
 sin i v1 n2
sin r
​ = v2
​

​
​ = n1
​

​
​

Here, n1 is the refractive index of the first medium, and n2 is the refractive index of the
​ ​

second medium.

Revision Table: Key Physics Laws

Law Area of Physics Key Concept

Relationship between Voltage, Current, and

Ohm's Law Electricity
Resistance

Newton's
Mechanics Laws of Motion and Gravitation
Laws

Relation between Electric Flux and Enclosed

Gauss's Law Electromagnetism
Charge

Optics Ratio of sines of angles of incidence and

Snell's Law
(Refraction) refraction

Additional Information on Refraction and Snell's Law

The phenomenon of refraction is responsible for many common optical effects, such
as:

The bending of a spoon in a glass of water.

The apparent shallowness of a swimming pool.
The working of lenses in eyeglasses, cameras, and telescopes.
The separation of white light into its constituent colours by a prism (dispersion).

Snell's Law is a simplified form that applies specifically to the boundary between two
homogeneous, isotropic media. In more complex situations, such as anisotropic
materials or non-linear optics, the relationship between the incident and refracted
rays can be more complicated.
4. Answer: a

Explanation:

Light Ray Properties: Medium Transition Analysis

This question asks us to determine how the frequency ( f ), speed ( v ), and
wavelength ( λ ) of a monochromatic light ray change when it travels from one
medium (medium 1) to another (medium 2). We are given that the refractive index of
medium 1 is n1 and that of medium 2 is n2 , with the condition that n2 > n1 . This means
​ ​ ​ ​

light is entering a medium where it travels slower.

Let's analyze the behavior of each property: frequency, speed, and wavelength.

Frequency Behavior During Refraction

The frequency of a light wave is determined by its source. When light passes from
one medium to another, its frequency does not change. This is because the
frequency represents the number of wave crests passing a point per second, which is
dictated by the oscillation of the source emitting the light. The interaction with the
medium affects the wave's speed and direction, but not the rate at which the source
is oscillating.

Therefore, the frequency ( f ) remains constant when the light enters medium 2.

Speed of Light Change in Medium 2

The speed of light in a medium is inversely proportional to the refractive index of that
medium. The relationship is given by the formula:

v= c
n ​

where v is the speed of light in the medium, c is the speed of light in a vacuum (a
constant), and n is the refractive index of the medium.
We are given that n2 > n1 . Let v1 be the speed of light in medium 1 and v2 be the
​ ​ ​ ​

speed of light in medium 2.

Speed in medium 1: v1 = ​
c
n1 ​
​

Speed in medium 2: v2 = nc2

​

​
​

Since n2 > n1 , the denominator in the expression for v2 is larger than the denominator
​ ​ ​

for v1 . This means that v2 must be less than v1 .

​ ​ ​

For example, if n1 = 1.5 and n2 = 2.0 , then v1 = c/1.5 and v2 = c/2.0 . Clearly, c/2.0 is less
​ ​ ​ ​

than c/1.5 .

Therefore, the speed ( v ) decreases when light enters medium 2.

Wavelength Variation Calculation

The relationship between the speed ( v ), frequency ( f ), and wavelength ( λ ) of a
wave is fundamental and given by the equation:

v = fλ

We can rearrange this equation to find the wavelength:

λ= v
f
​

From our previous analysis, we know that:

The frequency ( f ) remains constant.

The speed ( v ) decreases ( v2 < v1 ). ​ ​

Since λ is directly proportional to v when f is constant ( λ = v/f ), if v decreases, then

λ must also decrease to maintain the equality.

So, λ1 = ​
v1
f
​

​ and λ2 = ​
v2
f
​

​ . Because v2 < v1 and f is the same for both, it follows that λ2 <
​ ​ ​

λ1 .
​

Therefore, the wavelength ( λ ) decreases when light enters medium 2.

Summary Table: Light Properties Change

 We can summarize the changes in the properties of the light ray as it enters medium
2 from medium 1 ( n2 > n1 ):
​ ​

Property Change in Medium 2

Frequency ( f ) Remains constant

Speed ( v ) Decreases

Wavelength ( λ ) Decreases

Final Conclusion: Light Ray Characteristics

Based on the analysis, when a monochromatic light ray enters a medium with a
higher refractive index ( n2 > n1 ), its frequency stays the same, its speed decreases,
​ ​

and its wavelength decreases.

This matches the description where the frequency ( f ) remains constant, the speed (
v ) decreases, and the wavelength ( λ ) decreases.

5. Answer: b

Explanation:

Understanding the Speed of Light in Vacuum

The speed of light in vacuum is a fundamental physical constant. It represents the
speed at which all massless particles and electromagnetic fields, including light,
propagate in vacuum. This speed is universally denoted by the symbol c .

The value of the speed of light in vacuum is precisely defined internationally.

Let's look at the common value for the speed of light in vacuum:
 The exact value of the speed of light in vacuum, c , is defined as 299, 792, 458
meters per second.
For many calculations in physics, this value is often approximated to make it
easier to work with.
A very common and widely used approximate value for the speed of light in
vacuum is 3 × 108 meters per second.

Now, let's compare this standard approximate value with the options provided:

Option 1: 3 × 1010 m/s. This value is 100 times larger than the accepted speed of
light in vacuum.
Option 2: 3 × 108 m/s. This value matches the commonly used approximate
value for the speed of light in vacuum.
Option 3: 2 × 108 m/s. This value is significantly lower than the speed of light in
vacuum.
Option 4: 2.25 × 108 m/s. This value is also lower than the speed of light in
vacuum. This value is actually close to the speed of light in water or glass.

Based on the internationally accepted and commonly used approximate value, the
speed of light in vacuum is 3 × 108 m/s.

6. Answer: d

Explanation:

Calculating Refractive Index from Light Speed

Understanding Refractive Index

The refractive index of a medium is a dimensionless number that describes how fast
light travels through that medium compared to its speed in a vacuum. It's a
fundamental property of the material that determines how light bends when entering
or exiting it.

The formula to calculate the refractive index ( n ) is given by the ratio of the speed of
light in vacuum ( c ) to the speed of light in the specific medium ( v ):
 c
n= ​

In this formula:

c represents the speed of light in vacuum.

v represents the speed of light in the specific medium.
n is the refractive index of the medium.

Identifying Given Values

From the question, we have the following information:

The speed of light in vacuum, c = 3.00 × 108 m/s .

The measured speed of light in the specific transparent medium, v = 1.98 ×
108 m/s .

Step-by-Step Calculation of Refractive Index

We can now use the formula for the refractive index and substitute the given values.

1. Write down the formula:

c
n= ​

2. Substitute the values for c and v :

3.00 × 108 m/s

n=
1.98 × 108 m/s
​

3. Simplify the expression: Notice that the term 108 m/s appears in both the
numerator and the denominator, so it cancels out.

3.00
n=
1.98
​

4. Perform the division:

n ≈ 1.515151...

5. Round the answer: The question asks to round the answer to two decimal
places. The third decimal digit is 5, so we round up the second decimal digit.
 n ≈ 1.52

Conclusion

The calculation shows that the refractive index of the specific transparent medium is
approximately 1.52 . This value indicates that light travels significantly slower in this
medium compared to its speed in a vacuum.

7. Answer: d

Explanation:

Understanding Absolute Refractive Index

The absolute refractive index of a medium is a fundamental property that describes
how light propagates through it. It is defined as the ratio of the speed of light in a
vacuum to the speed of light in that specific medium.

Mathematically, the absolute refractive index ($\(n\)$) of a medium is given by:

c
n= ​

Where:

c is the speed of light in a vacuum (approximately 3 × 108 meters per second).

v is the speed of light in the medium.

Since the speed of light in any medium is always less than or equal to the speed of
light in a vacuum, the absolute refractive index of any medium is always greater than
or equal to 1.

Refractive Index of Air Explained

A vacuum has an absolute refractive index of exactly 1 because the speed of light in a
vacuum is c , so n = c/c = 1 .
Air is a very dilute medium compared to liquids or solids. Light travels almost as fast
in air as it does in a vacuum. Therefore, the absolute refractive index of air is very
close to 1, but slightly greater than 1.

The speed of light in air is slightly less than the speed of light in a vacuum due to the
presence of molecules in the air, even though air is mostly empty space.

Determining the Absolute Refractive Index of Air

Commonly accepted values for the absolute refractive index of air at standard
temperature and pressure are very close to 1. Let's look at the options provided:

1.03
1.00003
1.003
1.0003

Among these options, values like 1.03 and 1.003 are significantly higher than the
actual measured values for air under normal conditions. The values closest to 1 are
1.00003 and 1.0003.

The absolute refractive index of dry air at standard temperature and pressure (STP) is
approximately 1.000293. Rounded to four decimal places, this value is 1.0003.

Therefore, based on the typical measured values, the option that best represents the
absolute refractive index of air is 1.0003.

Revision Table: Understanding Refractive Index

 Concept Definition Formula Value Range

Absolute
Ratio of speed of light in vacuum
Refractive Index n= c
n≥1
to speed of light in medium v
​

(n)

Refractive Index of Speed of light in vacuum / Speed n= c

=
c
Exactly 1
​

Vacuum of light in vacuum 1

Refractive Index of Speed of light in vacuum / Speed Slightly > 1

nair = c
Air of light in air vair
(approx. 1.0003)
​ ​

Additional Information on Refractive Index

The refractive index of air can vary slightly depending on factors such as
temperature, pressure, and humidity. However, these variations are usually very small
for typical atmospheric conditions.

The concept of refractive index is crucial in understanding various optical

phenomena, including refraction (bending of light), dispersion (splitting of light into
colors, as in a prism), and the operation of lenses in cameras, telescopes, and the
human eye.

When light passes from one medium to another, it bends because its speed changes.
The amount of bending depends on the refractive indices of the two media.

For instance, when light goes from air ( n ≈ 1.0003 ) into water ( n ≈ 1.33 ), it slows down
and bends towards the normal (an imaginary line perpendicular to the surface).

8. Answer: b

Explanation:

Understanding Light Refraction and Medium Properties

The question asks about the property of a medium that describes its ability to bend
or refract light. When light passes from one medium to another, it changes direction.
This phenomenon is called refraction. The extent to which a medium can refract light
depends on its optical properties.

The standard scientific term for the ability of a medium to refract light is the
refractive index. The refractive index compares the speed of light in a vacuum to the
speed of light in the medium. A higher refractive index means light travels slower in
the medium, and the medium bends light more significantly.

Let's look at the given options:

Area density: This refers to mass per unit area. It is a physical property of a
surface or thin sheet, not related to how the bulk material interacts with light.
Light density: While not a standard term used in physics textbooks, this option is
provided as the correct answer. In the context of optics, a similar concept is
'optical density'. Optical density is directly related to the refractive index; a
medium with higher optical density has a higher refractive index and refracts
light more. It's possible that "Light density" is used in this context to represent the
concept of optical density or how 'densely' a medium interacts with light rays
causing refraction.
Surface density: Similar to area density, this relates mass to surface area and is
not an optical property governing refraction through the bulk of a medium.
Mass density: This is the mass per unit volume of a substance. While mass
density can sometimes correlate with refractive index (denser materials might
have higher refractive indices), they are fundamentally different properties.
Refractive index depends on how electromagnetic waves (light) interact with
the atoms and molecules of the medium, not just how tightly packed the mass
is.

Considering the options and the nature of refraction, "Light density" appears to be the
intended answer that relates to a medium's ability to refract light, likely analogous to
the more scientifically accepted term 'optical density' which quantifies this ability.

Therefore, based on the provided options, the ability of a medium to refract light is
expressed by its Light density.
Revision Table: Key Concepts in Light Refraction

Term Description Relation to Refraction

Bending of light as it passes from

Refraction The phenomenon itself.
one medium to another.

Ratio of speed of light in vacuum to

Quantifies the ability to
Refractive speed of light in the medium.
refract; higher index means
Index Standard measure of a medium's
more bending.
ability to refract light.

Related to refractive index. Higher

Expresses the ability to
Optical optical density corresponds to
refract, similar to refractive
Density higher refractive index and greater
index.
refraction.

Likely refers to optical density or a

Light Density Expresses the ability to
concept related to how 'densely'
(as per refract, according to the
light interacts with the medium
option) option.
causing refraction.

Generally not a direct

measure of refraction ability,
Mass Density Mass per unit volume.
though correlation may
exist.

Additional Information: Refractive Index and Speed of

Light
The refractive index ( n ) of a medium is defined by the formula:
c
n= ​

Where:
 c is the speed of light in a vacuum (approximately 3 × 108 m/s).
v is the speed of light in the specific medium.

A medium with a higher refractive index slows down light more significantly. For
example, water has a refractive index of about 1.33, meaning light travels about 1.33
times slower in water than in a vacuum. Diamond has a very high refractive index,
around 2.42, causing light to slow down significantly and bend strongly, contributing
to its sparkle.

The bending of light at the interface between two media is described by Snell's Law,
which relates the angle of incidence, the angle of refraction, and the refractive
indices of the two media:

n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2
​ ​ ​ ​

Where:

n1 is the refractive index of the first medium.

​

θ1 is the angle of incidence.

​

n2 is the refractive index of the second medium.

​

θ2 is the angle of refraction.

​

The ability of a medium to refract light is a fundamental optical property, distinct

from mechanical properties like mass density.

9. Answer: b

Explanation:

Understanding Light Refraction: Rarer to Denser Medium

When a ray of light travels from one transparent medium to another, it changes
direction. This phenomenon is called refraction. The extent to which a medium can
refract light is related to its optical density. We often compare media as 'rarer' or
'denser' based on this property.
 A rarer medium (optically rarer) is one where the speed of light is higher.
Examples include air or vacuum.
A denser medium (optically denser) is one where the speed of light is lower.
Examples include water or glass.

Effect on Speed When Light Enters a Denser Medium

The speed of light is not constant in all media. It depends on the properties of the
medium. When light moves from an optically rarer medium to an optically denser
medium, its speed decreases. This is because the denser medium interacts more
with the light waves, slowing them down.

Mathematically, the refractive index ( n ) of a medium is defined as the ratio of the

speed of light in vacuum ( c ) to the speed of light in that medium ( v ):

n= c
v
​

A denser medium has a higher refractive index, which implies a lower speed of light (
v = c/n ). So, moving from a rarer medium (lower n , higher v ) to a denser medium
(higher n , lower v ) results in the light slowing down.

Effect on Bending When Light Enters a Denser Medium

Besides changing speed, the light ray also changes direction when it enters a
different medium at an angle (not perpendicularly). This bending is relative to an
imaginary line called the 'normal'. The normal is a line drawn perpendicular to the
surface separating the two media at the point where the light ray hits the surface.

When light travels from an optically rarer medium to an optically denser

medium, the ray bends towards the normal.
When light travels from an optically denser medium to an optically rarer
medium, the ray bends away from the normal.

This bending occurs because different parts of the wavefront of light enter the new
medium at different times, causing the wavefront to pivot.

Summary for Rarer to Denser Medium

Based on the principles of refraction:

When a ray of light travels from a rarer medium to a denser medium:

Its speed slows down.

It bends towards the normal.

Let's look at the options provided:

Option 1: slows down and bends away from the normal. (Incorrect - bends
towards)
Option 2: slows down and bends towards the normal. (Correct)
Option 3: speeds up and bends away from the normal. (Incorrect - slows down
and bends towards)
Option 4: speeds up and bends towards the normal. (Incorrect - slows down)

Therefore, the correct statement is that the light ray slows down and bends towards
the normal when travelling from a rarer medium to a denser medium.

Revision Table: Light Refraction

Rarer to Denser Denser to Rarer

Property
Medium Medium

Decreases (slows
Speed of Light Increases (speeds up)
down)

Bends towards the Bends away from the

Bending relative to Normal
normal normal

Angle of Refraction ( θr ) vs. Angle of

θr < θi θr > θi
​

Incidence ( θi )
​ ​ ​ ​

Additional Information: Refractive Index and Snell's Law

The refractive index ( n ) is a fundamental property of a medium that determines how
much light slows down and bends in it. A higher refractive index means higher optical
 density.

The relationship between the angles of incidence and refraction and the refractive
indices of the two media is described by Snell's Law:

n1 sin(θi ) = n2 sin(θr )
​ ​ ​ ​

Where:

n1 is the refractive index of the first medium (where light comes from).
​

n2 is the refractive index of the second medium (where light enters).

​

θi is the angle of incidence (angle between the incoming ray and the normal).
​

θr is the angle of refraction (angle between the refracted ray and the normal).
​

If light goes from rarer to denser, n1 < n2 . According to Snell's Law, this requires
​ ​

sin(θi ) > sin(θr ) for positive angles, which means θi > θr . An angle of refraction smaller
​ ​ ​ ​

than the angle of incidence signifies that the ray has bent towards the normal.

10. Answer: d

Explanation:

Understanding the Optical Component Description

The question describes a specific type of optical component. Key features
mentioned are that it's typically made from a transparent dielectric material and
possesses at least one, often two, carefully curved spherical interfaces. Its main job
is to manipulate light through refraction, either by bringing light rays together
(converging them) to a specific spot or by spreading them apart (causing them to
diverge).

How Curved Interfaces Affect Light

The shape of the interfaces is crucial. When light passes from one medium to
another (like from air to glass), it bends. This bending is called refraction. For an
optical component with curved spherical interfaces, this refraction is precisely
controlled. Depending on the curvature (whether it curves inward or outward), the
component can:

Converge light rays: Cause parallel light rays to meet at a single point, known
as the focal point.
Diverge light rays: Cause parallel light rays to spread out as if originating from a
single point.

This ability to focus or spread light is fundamental to how these components form
images.

Evaluating the Options

Let's look at the provided options in light of the description:

Optical fiber: This is a thin strand, usually glass or plastic, used to transmit light
over long distances. It works primarily based on the principle of total internal
reflection, not by refracting light through curved surfaces to form a focal point.
Prism: While a prism uses refraction, it typically has flat surfaces (often
triangular in shape). Prisms are mainly used to split white light into its
constituent colors (dispersion) or to change the direction of light, but not
usually to converge or diverge light to a focal point in the way described.
Mirror: A mirror works by reflection, bouncing light off its surface. The question
specifically mentions refraction, which is the bending of light as it passes
*through* a material. Therefore, a mirror does not fit the description.
Lens: This perfectly matches the description. A lens is made of a transparent
dielectric material (like glass or plastic) and has at least one, usually two,
curved spherical interfaces. It uses the principle of refraction to either converge
or diverge light rays, creating a focal point. Examples include lenses in
eyeglasses, cameras, and telescopes.

Conclusion: The Correct Optical Device

Based on the analysis, the description clearly points to a device that utilizes
refraction at curved spherical interfaces to control the path of light, causing it to
either converge or diverge. This is the defining characteristic of a lens.
11. Answer: b

Explanation:

Understanding Concave Lens Characteristics

This question explores the fundamental optical properties of a concave lens. We
need to determine its primary classification based on how it interacts with light and
the type of images it forms.

Key Properties of Concave Lenses

The question highlights two main characteristics of a concave lens:

Spreading Light Rays: When parallel rays of light pass through a concave lens,
they are spread out or diverged.
Image Formation: For real objects placed in front of it, a concave lens
consistently produces images that are:
Virtual: The image cannot be projected onto a screen; it appears behind
the lens from the perspective of the outgoing light rays.
Upright: The image orientation is the same as the object's orientation.
Diminished: The image size is smaller than the object's size.

Classifying Lenses: Converging vs. Diverging

Lenses are primarily classified based on whether they converge (bring together) or
diverge (spread apart) parallel light rays.

Converging Lenses: These lenses focus parallel light rays to a single point (the
focal point). Convex lenses are typically converging lenses.
Diverging Lenses: These lenses cause parallel light rays to spread out as if they
originated from a single point behind the lens (the virtual focal point). Concave
lenses are the primary examples of diverging lenses.

Analyzing the Options

 Let's examine each option in light of the properties of a concave lens:

Option 1: Converging, because it brings light rays to a real focus. This is incorrect.
Concave lenses spread light rays apart, they do not bring them to a real focus.
Real foci are associated with converging lenses.
Option 2: Diverging, because it spreads out light rays causing them to appear to
originate from a virtual focal point. This accurately describes the behavior of a
concave lens. The spreading of parallel light rays is the defining characteristic of
a diverging lens, and these rays appear to come from a virtual focal point on
the same side as the object. This matches the description provided in the
question and the typical image characteristics (virtual, upright, diminished).
Option 3: Reflecting, as it bounces light rays off its curved surface. This describes
the action of mirrors, not lenses. Lenses work by refraction (bending light as it
passes through), not reflection.
Option 4: Diffracting, as it causes light waves to bend around its edges. While
diffraction occurs with all optical elements, including lenses, it's not the primary
classification or defining behavior of a concave lens. The main function is the
divergence of light rays through refraction.

Conclusion on Concave Lens Classification

Based on its inherent optical property of spreading parallel light rays and forming
virtual, upright, and diminished images, a concave lens is fundamentally classified as
a diverging lens. The light rays diverge after passing through the lens and appear to
emanate from a virtual focal point.

12. Answer: d

Explanation:

Understanding Light Ray Behavior Through a Convex

Lens
This question explores how a specific light ray behaves after passing through a
convex lens. A convex lens is known for its ability to converge parallel light rays to a
focal point.

The Role of the Optical Centre

Every lens has a unique point called the optical centre. For a convex lens, this point
lies on the principal axis, right in the middle of the lens.

A fundamental principle of geometrical optics states that any ray of light travelling
directly through the optical centre of a lens (whether convex or concave) will pass
through without being bent or deviated.

Why No Deviation Occurs

Imagine the lens is very thin. At the optical centre, the two surfaces of the lens are
nearly parallel to each other. A ray passing through this specific point experiences
refraction, but the deviations caused by the entry and exit surfaces cancel each
other out. This is similar to how a ray passes through a parallel glass slab without
changing its direction.

Therefore, a ray of light passing through the optical centre of a convex lens will
continue along its straight path after refraction, showing no deviation.

Analyzing the Options

Passe s through the second principal focus: This happens to rays parallel to the
principal axis, not rays passing through the optical centre.
Passes through the center of curvature: While related to the lens shape, rays
don't necessarily travel through this point without deviation. The optical centre
is the key point for undeviated rays.
Becomes parallel to the principal axis: This occurs for rays that initially pass
through the first principal focus before hitting the lens.
Emerges without any deviation: This correctly describes the path of a ray
passing through the optical centre.
13. Answer: b

Explanation:

Understanding Light Rays and Concave Lenses

A concave lens is a diverging lens, meaning it spreads out parallel rays of light that
pass through it. The way light interacts with a concave lens can be understood by
following specific rules for certain incident rays. These rules help us draw ray
diagrams and determine the position and nature of images formed by the lens.

One important point related to a concave lens is its principal focus. Unlike a convex
lens which converges parallel rays to a real focus, a concave lens diverges parallel
rays, and these divergent rays *appear* to come from a point on the principal axis
on the same side as the incident light. This point is the principal focus (often denoted
as F1) for rays incident parallel to the principal axis. There is another principal focus
(F2) on the other side of the lens, which is the point towards which rays are directed
to emerge parallel. The question refers to a ray "appearing to meet" at this second
principal focus (F2).

Ray Aimed Towards Principal Focus of a Concave Lens

Let's consider the specific ray described in the question: a ray of light that is directed
towards the principal focus on the opposite side of the lens (the side from which
light is emerging). This is one of the standard rays used in drawing ray diagrams for
concave lenses.

The rule for such a ray is:

An incident ray which is directed towards the principal focus (F2) of a concave
lens will emerge parallel to the principal axis after refraction through the lens.

This rule is based on the property of the concave lens to diverge light in a specific
way. If a ray is aimed at the virtual focus point where parallel rays *would* converge
if the lens were convex, the concave lens makes it parallel instead.
Analyzing the Options for Concave Lens Ray
Now let's evaluate the given options based on the behavior of a ray aimed towards
the principal focus of a concave lens.

Option 1: Through the principal focus

This option suggests the ray would pass through the principal focus after refraction.
This is incorrect for the described incident ray in a concave lens. Concave lenses
diverge light, and the ray diagram rule states the ray becomes parallel to the
principal axis, not that it passes through the principal focus on either side.

Option 2: Parallel to the principal axis

This option states that the ray will emerge parallel to the principal axis after
refraction. This precisely matches the standard ray diagram rule for a ray of light
directed towards the principal focus (F2) of a concave lens. The concave lens
refracts this converging-towards ray into a parallel ray.

Option 3: Through the centre of curvature

The term "centre of curvature" is primarily used with spherical mirrors. For lenses, we
usually refer to the optical centre (the central point of the lens). A ray passing
through the optical centre of a lens goes straight without deviation. The centre of
curvature is not a point typically used to define the path of a ray aimed towards the
principal focus. This option is incorrect.

Option 4: Without any deviation

This option suggests the ray passes straight through the lens without bending. This
only happens for a ray passing through the optical centre of a thin lens. A ray aimed
towards the principal focus will certainly be refracted (deviated) by the concave
lens. This option is incorrect.

Based on the ray tracing rules for a concave lens, a ray directed towards the
principal focus emerges parallel to the principal axis after refraction.
Revision Table: Standard Concave Lens Ray Rules
Here is a summary of the common rays used for drawing diagrams with a concave
lens:

Incident Ray Refracted Ray

Appears to diverge from the principal focus

Parallel to the principal axis
(F1) on the same side as the incident ray

Directed towards the principal

Becomes parallel to the principal axis
focus (F2) on the opposite side

Passing through the optical centre

Goes straight without any deviation
(O)

Additional Information on Concave Lenses

Concave lenses are also known as diverging lenses because they cause parallel
rays of light to spread out after passing through them.

Principal Focus (F): For a concave lens, the principal focus is a virtual focus.
There are two principal foci, F1 and F2, located on either side of the lens at equal
distances from the optical centre. F1 is the point from which parallel rays
appear to diverge after refraction. F2 is the point towards which rays must be
directed to become parallel after refraction. The question specifically describes
a ray aimed towards F2.
Optical Centre (O): The central point of the lens. A ray passing through the
optical centre passes undeviated.
Image Formation: Concave lenses always form virtual, erect, and diminished
images, regardless of the object's position.

Understanding these specific ray behaviors is crucial for predicting how light
interacts with a concave lens and for drawing accurate ray diagrams. The rule
about a ray aimed towards the principal focus becoming parallel to the principal
axis is fundamental in lens optics.
14. Answer: b

Explanation:

Concept:

A lens is a transparent curved surface used to refract light and create an

image of an object placed in front of it.
Convex Lens: A lens with two spherical surfaces that bulges outward, known as
a double convex lens (or convex lens).
It is thicker in the middle compared to the edges.
Convex lenses converge light rays and are therefore also called converging
lenses.

Explanation:

To obtain an enlarged real inverted image beyond 2F2 using a convex lens, the
object should be placed between F1 and 2F1. Thus, option 2 is correct.

Additional Points:

The nature, position, and relative size of the image formed by a convex lens for
various positions of the object:
 Relative Size of the
Image Nature of the
Position of the Object Position of the Image
Image

Extremely small, Real and

At infinity At focus F2
point-sized inverted

Real and
Beyond 2F1 Between F2 and 2F2 Small
inverted

Real and
At 2F1 At 2F2 Same size
inverted

Real and
Between F1 and 2F1 Beyond 2F2 Enlarged
inverted

Infinitely large or Real and

At focus F1 At infinity
extremely large inverted

Between focus F1 and In front of the lens Virtual and

Enlarged
optical center O where the object is erect

Note:

2F1 is the center of curvature (C) on the left side of the lens and 2F2 is the center
of curvature (C) on the right side of the lens.

15. Answer: b

Explanation:

Understanding the Lens Formula in Optics

The question asks for the correct mathematical expression representing the lens
formula. The lens formula is a fundamental equation in optics that relates the focal
length of a lens to the distances of the object and the image from the lens. It is
particularly useful for thin lenses.

The standard lens formula, also known as the thin lens formula, is given by:

1 1 1
− =
​ ​ ​

v u f

Where:

v is the distance of the image from the optical centre of the lens.
u is the distance of the object from the optical centre of the lens.
f is the focal length of the lens.

It is important to use the correct sign conventions when applying the lens formula.
The most common convention is the New Cartesian Sign Convention, where:

All distances are measured from the optical centre of the lens.
Distances measured in the direction of incident light are taken as positive.
Distances measured in the direction opposite to the incident light are taken as
negative.
Heights measured upwards perpendicular to the principal axis are positive.
Heights measured downwards perpendicular to the principal axis are negative.

Let's examine the given options in light of the standard lens formula:

1. 1
u
​ − 1
v
​ = 1
f
​ - This is not the standard lens formula. It resembles the mirror formula
but with swapped positions of u and v, and the sign convention for lenses uses
a minus sign between 1/v and 1/u.
2. 1
v ​ − 1
u ​ = 1
f ​ - This exactly matches the standard lens formula.
1 1 1 1 1
3. f
​
− u
​
= v
​
- This can be rearranged as f
​
= v
​
+ u1 , which is the standard mirror
​

formula, not the lens formula.

4. 1
v
​ + 1
u
​ = 1
f
​ - This is the standard mirror formula, not the lens formula.

Based on the analysis, the correct representation of the lens formula is 1

v
​ − 1
u
​ = f1 .
​
 Key Components of the Lens Formula
Symbol Represents Typical Sign Convention

Object
u Usually negative (object is typically on the left)
distance

Image Positive for real images (on the right), negative for virtual
v
distance images (on the left)

Positive for converging (convex) lenses, negative for

f Focal length
diverging (concave) lenses

Revision Table: Comparing Lens and Mirror Formulas

Comparison of Optical Formulas

Formula Used for Equation

Lens Formula Thin Lenses 1

v
​ − 1
u
​ = 1
f
​

1 1 1
Mirror Formula Spherical Mirrors v
​
+ u
​
= f
​

Additional Information on Lens Properties

The lens formula is derived based on approximations for thin lenses and paraxial
rays (rays close to the principal axis). It is a powerful tool for calculating image
positions and understanding how lenses form images.

Another important concept related to lenses is magnification ( m ), which describes

how much larger or smaller an image is compared to the object and whether it is
inverted or erect. For a thin lens, magnification is given by:

Height of image v
m= =
Height of object
​

u
 The sign of magnification indicates the orientation of the image: positive for erect
images, negative for inverted images.

Understanding the lens formula and associated sign conventions is crucial for
solving problems involving image formation by lenses in geometrical optics.

16. Answer: d

Explanation:

Understanding Linear Magnification (' M ') for Lenses

This question asks about a key property of the linear magnification (' M ') when a lens
produces an inverted image. To answer this, we need to understand how
magnification is defined and what its sign tells us about the image orientation.

Defining Linear Magnification (' M ')

Linear magnification (' M ') is a measure used in optics to describe the ratio of the
size of an image formed by an optical system (like a lens) to the size of the original
object. It also indicates whether the image is upright or inverted relative to the
object.

The formula for linear magnification is:

hi
M=
​

ho ​

Where:

' hi ' is the height of the image.

​

' ho ' is the height of the object.

​

We typically consider the object height ' ho ' to be positive, measured upwards from
​

the principal axis.

Sign Convention and Image Orientation

The sign of the magnification ' M ' directly relates to the orientation of the image:

Erect (Upright) Image: If an image is erect, it has the same orientation as the
object. If the object height ' ho ' is positive, the image height ' hi ' will also be
​ ​

positive. This results in a positive magnification ( M > 0 ).

Inverted (Upside Down) Image: If an image is inverted, it is upside down
compared to the object. If the object height ' ho ' is positive, the image height ' hi '
​ ​

will be negative. This results in a negative magnification ( M < 0 ).

Magnification for an Inverted Image

The question specifically deals with an inverted image formed by a lens.

As established by the sign convention:

An inverted image has a negative image height ( hi < 0 ) relative to a positive

​

object height ( ho > 0 ).

​

Therefore, the magnification M is calculated as the ratio of a negative number

to a positive number: M = hi
ho
​

​
​ = +.
−
​

This calculation always yields a negative result.

Hence, for any lens that forms an inverted image, the linear magnification ' M ' is
always negative ( M < 0 ). Examples include real images formed by convex lenses
when the object is placed beyond the focal point.

Evaluating the Options

Let's look at the given options in light of this understanding:

Option 1: ' M > 0 ' implies an erect image, so this is incorrect for an inverted
image.
Option 2: ' ∣M ∣ > 1 ' means the image is larger than the object (magnified). While
an inverted image can be magnified, this option only describes the size and
doesn't necessarily indicate inversion. It also excludes cases where ∣M ∣ ≤ 1 .
Option 3: ' ∣M ∣ = 1 ' means the image is the same size as the object. Like option 2,
this relates only to size and not orientation.
 Option 4: ' M < 0 ' accurately signifies that the image is inverted, regardless of
whether it is magnified, diminished, or the same size as the object.

Final Conclusion on Lens Magnification

The sign of the linear magnification ' M ' is the definitive indicator of image
orientation. For an inverted image formed by any lens, the magnification ' M ' must
be negative.

17. Answer: a

Explanation:

Understanding Concave Lens Image Formation

This problem involves a concave lens and asks us to find its focal length based on
the properties of the image it forms. We are given that the image produced is
smaller than the object and its position relative to the lens. Let's break down how to
find the focal length using the principles of optics.

Key Information Analysis

Lens Type: Concave lens (This is important because concave lenses always
form virtual, erect, and diminished images).
Image Size: The image is one-third the size of the object. This tells us about the
magnification.
Image Distance: The image is formed 10 cm from the lens.
Goal: Calculate the focal length ( f ) of the lens.

Applying Optical Concepts and Formulas

We need to use the concepts of magnification and the lens formula. Remember the
sign conventions for lenses:
 Distances measured in the direction of incident light are positive; opposite are
negative.
Distances measured from the optical center.
For a concave lens, the focal length ( f ) is always negative.
Images formed by a concave lens are virtual, hence the image distance ( v ) is
negative.
The object distance ( u ) is also typically negative as it's placed in front of the
lens.
Magnification ( m ) is positive for erect images.

Magnification Calculation

Magnification ( m ) is defined as the ratio of the image distance ( v ) to the object

distance ( u ), and also as the ratio of image height ( hi ) to object height ( ho ). ​ ​

Image distance Image height

The formula is: m = Object distance
​
= v
u
​ m= Object height
​
= hi
h0
​

​
​

We are given that the image size is one-third the object size ( hi = 13 ho ). This means ​ ​

the magnification is:

1
3 ho 1
m= hi
= =
​ ​

ho ho 3
​ ​ ​

​ ​

Since the image formed by a concave lens is erect and virtual, the magnification is
positive.

Determining Object Distance

Now, we equate the two expressions for magnification:

m= v
u ​

We know m = 1/3 . The image is formed 10 cm from the lens. For a concave lens, this
virtual image is on the same side as the object, so the image distance v is negative:

v = −10 cm

Substitute the known values into the magnification formula:

1 −10 cm
3 ​ = u ​
Now, solve for the object distance ( u ):

−10 cm×3
u= 1
​

u = −30 cm

So, the object is placed 30 cm in front of the concave lens.

Calculating Focal Length using the Lens Formula

The lens formula relates the object distance ( u ), the image distance ( v ), and the
focal length ( f ):

1 1 1
f
​ = v
​ − u
​

Substitute the values we have for v and u :

v = −10 cm

u = −30 cm

1 1 1
f
​ = (−10 cm)
​ − (−30 cm)
​

1 1 1
f
​ = − 10 + ​

30
​

To add these fractions, find a common denominator, which is 30:

1 3 1
f
​ = − 30 + ​

30
​

1 −3+1
f ​ = 30 ​

1 −2
f
​
= 30
​

Simplify the fraction:

1 1
f
​ = − 15 ​

Now, invert both sides to find f :

f = −15 cm
 Final Focal Length Determination
The calculation shows that the focal length of the concave lens is −15 cm . The
negative sign confirms it is a concave lens. The magnitude of the focal length is
15 cm .

18. Answer: b

Explanation:

Understanding the Power of a Lens

The power of a lens is a measure of its ability to converge or diverge light rays. A lens
with shorter focal length bends light rays more strongly than a lens with a longer
focal length. This means a shorter focal length corresponds to a higher power.

The power of a lens is defined as the reciprocal of its focal length. It is typically
denoted by the symbol P .

Formula for Power of a Lens

The relationship between the power of a lens ( P ) and its focal length ( f ) is given by
the formula:

1
P = f
​

Here:

P is the power of the lens.

f is the focal length of the lens.

It is important to note that the focal length f must be expressed in metres (m) when
using this formula to get the power in Dioptres (D), which is the standard unit for lens
power.

Analyzing the Given Options

 Let's look at the provided options for the formula relating the power of a lens ( P ) and
its focal length ( f ):

1. P = u/f
2. P = 1/f
3. P = f /u
4. P = f

Comparing these options with the standard definition and formula for the power of a
lens, P = f1 , we can see which option correctly represents this relationship.
​

Option 1 includes u , which typically represents object distance in lens formulas, not
directly related to the definition of power based on focal length alone.

Option 3 also includes u , similar to Option 1.

Option 4 states P = f , which is incorrect as power is inversely proportional to focal

length, not directly equal to it.

Option 2 correctly states P = 1/f , which aligns with the definition of the power of a
lens as the reciprocal of its focal length.

Therefore, the power of a lens of focal length f is given by P = 1/f .

19. Answer: a

Explanation:

Lens Power SI Unit: Dioptre Explained

The question asks for the standard international (SI) unit used to measure the power
of a lens.

Understanding Lens Power:

The power of a lens is a measure of how strongly it converges or diverges light rays.
It is defined as the reciprocal of its focal length when the focal length is measured in
 meters.

The formula for the power of a lens is:

1
P = ​

Where:

P is the power of the lens

f is the focal length of the lens in meters

The SI Unit: Dioptre

The SI unit for the power of a lens is the Dioptre, often denoted by the symbol 'D'.

A lens with a focal length of 1 meter has a power of 1 Dioptre.

A converging lens (positive focal length) has positive power.
A diverging lens (negative focal length) has negative power.

Analysis of Options:

Let's look at why the other options are not the correct SI unit for lens power:

Horse power: This is a unit of power, but it's used for mechanical work and
engines, not for the optical power of lenses.
Metre: This is the SI unit for length or distance. It is used to measure the focal
length (f) of a lens, but not its power (P).
Watt: This is the SI unit for power in general, often used for measuring energy
transfer rate (like electrical power or radiant flux). However, for the specific
context of optics and lenses, 'Dioptre' is the standard unit.

Therefore, the correct SI unit for the power of a lens is the Dioptre.

20. Answer: b

Explanation:
Lens Divergence and Negative Focal Length
This question asks us to identify a specific type of lens. The key characteristics
provided are:

The lens diverges parallel incident rays of light.

It has a negative focal length ( f ) according to the Cartesian sign convention.
Consequently, it will always have a negative optical power ( P ).

We also know the relationship between optical power ( P ) and focal length ( f ) is
given by the formula: P = 1
f ​ where f is measured in meters and P is measured in
diopters.

Lens Types and Their Optical Properties

Lenses are optical instruments that refract light. They can be classified based on
their shape and how they affect light rays. Let's examine the behavior of common
lens types, particularly concerning parallel light rays and focal length.

Understanding the Cartesian Sign Convention

The Cartesian sign convention is a standard way to assign signs to distances and
focal lengths in optics. In this system:

Light is typically assumed to travel from left to right.

The optical center of the lens is taken as the origin.
Distances measured to the right of the origin are positive.
Distances measured to the left of the origin are negative.
The focal length ( f ) is the distance from the optical center to the principal
focus. For lenses that converge parallel light, the principal focus is on the
opposite side of the lens from the incoming light (positive f ). For lenses that
diverge parallel light, the principal focus appears to be on the same side as the
incoming light (negative f ).

Comparing Convex and Concave Lenses

Let's compare the main types of lenses relevant here:

 Effect on Parallel Focal Length ( f ) (Cartesian Optical Power
Lens Type
Rays Convention) (P )

Convex Converges (brings Positive ( P >

Positive ( f > 0 )
Lens together) 0)

Concave Diverges (spreads Negative (

Negative ( f < 0 )
Lens apart) P < 0)

From the table, we can see that a concave lens is characterized by its ability to
diverge parallel incident rays of light. According to the Cartesian sign convention,
this divergence property corresponds to a negative focal length ( f < 0 ).

Calculating Optical Power Using the Formula

The relationship between optical power ( P ) and focal length ( f ) is fundamental:
1
P = f
​

The question specifies that the lens has a negative focal length ( f < 0 ). Let's apply
this to the power formula:

If f is negative (e.g., f = −0.5 meters), then P = 1

f ​ will also be negative.
1
For example, if f = −0.5 m, then P = −0.5 m
​
= −2.0 diopters.

This confirms that any lens with a negative focal length, as defined by the Cartesian
sign convention, will inherently possess a negative optical power.

Conclusion
Based on the analysis of lens properties and the relationship between focal length
and optical power:

A lens that diverges parallel rays is a concave lens.

A concave lens has a negative focal length ( f < 0 ) under the Cartesian sign
convention.
 Using the formula P = 1/f , a negative focal length directly results in a negative
optical power ( P < 0 ).

Therefore, the type of lens described is a Concave lens. Other options like Convex,
Plano-convex, and Biconvex lenses are converging lenses and have positive focal
lengths and powers.