YOUTH ACADEMY 10TH MATHEMATICS

BY SIR USAMA MOST IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS

 YOUTH ACADEMY 10TH MATHEMATICS
BY SIR USAMA MOST IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS

01
CHAPTER

01
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
Quadratic Equation
“A polynomial equation, which contains the square of the unknown (variable) quantity, but no higher power,
is called a quadratic equation, or an equation of degree two is called quadratic equation”.
i.e., ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a, b, c  R and a  0 .
For example: 5x2 + 2 x + 1 = 0, x2 −1 = 0 etc.

General or Standard Form of Quadratic Equation

Standard form of quadratic equation in one variable x is: ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a, b, c  R and a  o . Here
a is the coefficient of x 2 , b is coefficient of x and c is constant term.

Pure Quadratic Equation

A quadratic equation in which coefficient of ‘x’ is zero is called pure quadratic equation.
OR
In standard form of quadratic equation ax + bx + c = 0 , if b = 0 , then it is called pure quadratic equation. i.e.
2

ax2 + c = 0
For example: x2 −1 = 0

Linear Equation
An equation of degree one is called linear equation, or if a = 0 in standard form of quadratic equation
ax2 + bx + c = 0 then it reduces to linear equation. i.e. bx + c = 0 where b, c  R  b  0 . For example
3x + 2 = 0

Methods to Solve a Quadratic Equation

There are three methods to solve a quadratic equation.
(i) Factorization method
(ii) Completing square method
(iii) Using quadratic formula

Note
➢ For factorization of ax2 + bx + c = 0 , we make two factors r and s of ac, such that
r + s = b  rs = ac .
➢ Cancelling of x on both sides of an equation (for example 5x2 = 30 x ) means the loss of one root.
i.e. x = 0
➢ For convenience, in the method of completing square, we make the coefficient of x2 equal to 1.

Quadratic Formula
For a standard quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a  0
−b + b 2 − 4ac
x=
2a

Use of Quadratic Formula

The quadratic formula is useful tool for solving all those equations which can or cannot be factorized.

Derivation of Quadratic Formula by using Completing Square Method

The quadratic equation in standard form is
 YOUTH ACADEMY 10TH MATHEMATICS
BY SIR USAMA MOST IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS

ax2 + bx + c = 0, a  0
Shifting constant term c to the right, we have
ax2 + bx = −c
Dividing each term by a
b c
x2 + x = −
a a
2
 b 
Adding   on both sides
 2a 
2 2
b  b   b  c
x2 + x+  =   −
a  2a   2a  a
2
 b  b2 c
 x +  = −
 2a  4a 2 a
2
 b  b 2 − 4ac
Or  x +  =
 2a  4a 2
Taking square root on both sides
2
 b  b 2 − 4ac
x+  =+
 2a  4a 2
b b 2 − 4ac
Or x + =+
2a 2a
−b b − 4ac
2
x= +
2a 2a
−b + b 2 − 4ac
x=
2a
−b + b 2 − 4ac
Thus, x = , a  0 is known as “Quadratic Formula”.
2a

Reciprocal Equation
1
An equation, which remains unchanged when ‘x’ is replaced by is called reciprocal equation.
x
 1   1
e.g. a  x 2 + 2  + b  x +  + c = 0
 x   x
ax + bx + cx + bx + a = 0
4 3 2

Exponential Equation
An equation, in which a variable or an algebraic expression occurs in exponent is called exponential equation.
e.g. 2x + 64.2− x − 20 = 0
Or
2 x+2
3 = 12.3 − 3 etc.
x

Radical Equation
An equation in which a variable or an algebraic expression occurs under radical sign is called radical
equation.
e.g. ax + b = cx + d , 2 x − 3 = 0 etc.

Extraneous Root
Value of variable obtained by solving the equation not satisfying it is called extraneous root.
 YOUTH ACADEMY 10TH MATHEMATICS
BY SIR USAMA MOST IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS

Note
➢ Roots of radical equation must be verified.
➢ Extraneous is introduced by either squaring the given equation or clearing it of fractions.
 YOUTH ACADEMY 10TH MATHEMATICS
BY SIR USAMA MOST IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS

THEORY OF QUADRATIC
02
CHAPTER

Discriminant
01 EQUATIONS
“For a standard quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 , the value of the expression b2 − 4ac is called
discriminant.”
It is used to find the nature of roots without solving the equation.

Nature or Characteristics of the Roots

Nature of a quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 , when a, b, c  Q and a  0 as:
(i) If b2 − 4ac = 0 , then the roots are rational (real) and equal.
(ii) If b2 − 4ac  0, then the roots are complex conjugate or imaginary.
(iii) If b 2 − 4ac  0, and is a perfect square, then the roots are rational (real) and unequal.
(iv) If b 2 − 4ac  0, and is not a perfect square, the roots are irrational (real) and unequal.

Note
If given polynomial expression is a perfect square then discriminant is 0.

Derivation of Cube Roots of Unity

Let x = 3 1
Taking cube on both sides
x3 = 1
x3 − 1 = 0
( x ) − (1) = 0
3 3

( x − 1) ( x 2 + x + 1) = 0
( x − 1) ( x 2 + x + 1) = 0 Either
x –1= 0 or x2 + x + 1 = 0
x=1
Here a = 1, b = 1, c = 1
−b  b 2 − 4ac
x=
2a
(1) − 4 (1)(1)
2
−1 
x=
2 (1)
−1  1 − 4
=
2
−1  −3 −1  3i
= =  −1 = i
2 2
Either
−1 + 3i −1 − 3i
x= , x=
2 2
= = 2

 Cube root of unity are 1, ,  2

 YOUTH ACADEMY 10TH MATHEMATICS
BY SIR USAMA MOST IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS

Note
We can write anyone complex cube root as
 (Omega), then other will be  2 .

Properties of Cube Root of Unity

(i) Proving that each complex cube root of unity is the square of other.
2
 −1 + −3  −1 − −3
i.e.   =
 2  2
2
 −1 − −3  −1 + −3
and   =
 2  2
(ii) Proving that product of three cube root of unity is one.
i.e. 1.. 2 = 1
(iii) Proving that sum of three cube roots of unit is zero.
i.e. 1 +  +  2 = 0

Important Results
(i) 1+  + 2 = 0
 1 +  = − 2
1 +  2 = −
 +  2 = −1
(ii) 1.. 2 = 1
 3 = 1
(iii) 1.. 2 = 1
. 2 = 1
1 1
 = 2 or 2 =
 

Note:
Complex cube roots are reciprocal of each other.
(iv)  4 =  3. = 1. = 
5 = 3. 2 = 1. 2 =  2
 6 = ( 3 ) = (1) = 1 and so on
2 2

1 1 1 1 1
 −16 = = = = = = 2
 16
 
15
( ) . 1. 
3 5

Relation between Roots and Co-efficient of a Quadratic Equation

Roots of standard quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are
−b + b 2 − 4ac −b − b 2 − 4ac
and
2a 2a
−b + b2 − 4ac −b − b 2 − 4ac
If  = and  =
2a 2a
b Coefficient of x
Sum of roots = S = − = −
a Coefficent of x 2
 YOUTH ACADEMY 10TH MATHEMATICS
BY SIR USAMA MOST IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
c Constant term
Product of roots = P = =
a Coefficient of x 2

Quadratic Equation with Given Roots

A quadratic equation whose roots are given can be obtained by using formula
x2 − Sx + P = 0 Or x 2 − ( Sum of roots ) x + Product of roots = 0

Symmetric Function of the Roots of Quadratic Equation

A function in which the roots involved are such that the value of the expression remains same, when roots are
interchanged is called symmetric function. i.e. f ( ,  ) = f (  ,  )

Synthetic Division
It is the process of finding the quotient and remainder, when a polynomial is divided by a linear polynomial.
It is a short cut of long division.

Simultaneous Equation
A system of equations having a common solution is called a system of simultaneous equations.
For example x + 2 y = 3, 2 x − y = 1
having same solution (1,1).

Solution Set
The set of all the ordered pairs ( x, y ) , which satisfies the system of equations is called the solution set of the
system.

Ordered Pair
An ordered pair of real numbers x and y is a pair ( x, y ) in which elements are written in specific order.
For example: ( x, y ) is an ordered pair in which first elements (abscissa) is x and second element (ordinate)
is y.

Note
( x, y )  ( x, y ) . For example ( 2,3) and ( 3, 2 ) are two different ordered pairs.
 YOUTH ACADEMY 10TH MATHEMATICS
BY SIR USAMA MOST IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS

03
CHAPTER

01
VARIATION
Ratio
Ratio is a relation between two quantities of same kind. It tells what part one quantity of an other or how much
time one quantity of other.
a
For any two quantities a and b of the same kind, it is represented as, a : b = , where b  0 .
b
4
For example, if a hockey team wins 4 games and losses 5, then the ratio of the games won to lost is 4 : 5 or
5

Antecedent
In ratio a : b , the first term a is called antecedent.
For example: In 2:3, 2 is antecedent.

Consequent
In the ratio a : b , the second term b is called consequent.
For example: In 2:3, 3 is consequent.

Proportion
The statement of equality of two ratios is called proportion. If two ratios a : b and c : d are equal then, we can
write it as a : b :: c : d or a : b = c : d , where quantities a and d are called extremes, while b and c are called
means proportions.

Note
• Ratio has no unit.
• The order of elements in ratio is important. i.e. a:b  b:a
• Product of extremes = Product of means

Variation
Change in one quantity due to change in other quantity(s) is called variation.

Types of Variations
There are two types of variations.
(i) Direct variation
(ii) Inverse variation

Direct Variation
A relation of two quantities, such that increase in one quantity causes the increase in the other or decrease
in one quantity causes the decrease in other is called direct variation.
For any two quantities x and y, it is written as: y  x or y = kx where k  0 is constant of proportionality.
For example: radius and circumference or faster the speed longer the distance etc.

Inverse Variation:
“A relation between two quantities, such that increase in one quantity causes the decrease in the other or vice versa
1 k
is called inverse variation”. For any two quantities x and y, it is written as: y  or y = or yx = k where
x x
k  0 is constant of proportionality.
For example:
Increase in worker will decrease the days or
 YOUTH ACADEMY 10TH MATHEMATICS
BY SIR USAMA MOST IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
Increase the speed will decrease the time.

Finding 3rd, 4th, Mean and Continued Proportion

Third Proportional
For three quantities a, b and c are related as, a : b :: b : c , then c is called the third proportional.
b2
i.e. c =
a

Mean Proportional
If three quantities a, b and c are related as a : b :: b : c , then b is called mean proportional. i.e. b2 = ac

Continued Proportion
If three quantities a, b and c are related as a : b :: b : c where a is first, b is mean and c is the third proportional,
then a, b and c are in continued proportion.
i.e. b2 = ac

Fourth Proportional
If four quantities a, b, c and d are related as a : b :: c : d , then d is called fourth proportional.
bc
i.e. d =
a

Theorems on Proportions
❖ Invertedo Theorem.
If a : b = c : d then b : a = d : c
❖ Alternendo Theorem.
If a : b = c : d then a : c = b : d
❖ Componendo Theorem
If a : b = c : d then
(i) a + b : b = c + d : d
(ii) a : a + b = c : c + d
❖ Dividendo Theorem
If a : b = c : d then
(i) a – b : b = c – d : d
(ii) a : a – b = c : c – d
❖ Componendo–Dividendo Theorem
If a : b = c : d then

Joint Variation
A combination of direct and inverse variations of one or more than one variables forms joint variation.
Symbolically
If a variable y varies directly as x and varies inversely as z, then
1
y  x and y 
z
In joint variation,
x kx
y  , or y = ;k0
z z

K-Method
If a : b :: c : d is a proportion, then
a c
Let = = k
b d
 YOUTH ACADEMY 10TH MATHEMATICS
BY SIR USAMA MOST IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
a c
Or =k, =k
b d
a = bk , c = dk
These equations are used to evaluate certain expression more easily. Using these equations is called K-
Method.
 YOUTH ACADEMY 10TH MATHEMATICS
BY SIR USAMA MOST IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS

04
CHAPTER

01
PARTIAL FRACTIONS
Fraction
The quotient of two numbers or algebraic expressions is called a fraction. The quotient is indicated by a bar
( − ) . The dividend is written on the top of the bar and divisor below the bar.
2 x2 + 4
For example: , where x  2
3 x−2

Note
If x = 2 in second example then the fraction is not defined because x = 2 makes the denominator zero.

Rational Fraction
N ( x)
An expression of the form , where N(x) and D(x) are polynomials in x with real coefficients is called a
D ( x)
rational fraction. The polynomial D ( x )  0
x2 + 4
For example where x  2
x−2

Types of Fractions
There are two types of fractions.
(i) Proper Fraction
(ii) Improper Fraction

Proper Fraction
N ( x)
A rational fraction , where D(x)  0 is
D ( x)
called proper fraction, if degree of the polynomial N(x) is less than degree of the polynomial D(x)
2 5x − 3
For example: , etc.
x + 1 x2 + 4

Improper Fraction
N ( x)
A rational fraction , where D(x)  0 is called an improper fraction, if degree of the polynomial N(x) is
D ( x)
greater than or equal to degree of the polynomial D(x).
5x 6x4
For example: , etc.
x + 2 x3 + 1

Identity
An identity is an equation, which is satisfied by all the values of the variables involved
For example: ( x + 3) = x 2 + 6 x + 9 , 2 ( x + 1) = 2 x + 2 etc.
2

Conditional Equation
An equation which is true for some specific value(s) of the variable involved.
For example: x + 2 = 3 is true only for x = 1 .

Partial Fraction
 YOUTH ACADEMY 10TH MATHEMATICS
BY SIR USAMA MOST IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
Decomposition of resultant fraction into its components or into different fractions is called partial fraction.

Note
N ( x)
, is as follows:
General method applicable to resolve all rational fractions of the form
D ( x)
• The numerator N(x) must be of lower degree than the denominator D(x).
• Make substitutions constant accordingly.
• Multiply both sides by L.C.M.
• Arrange terms on both sides by decreasing order.
• Make the equations and solve to find constants.

Resultant Fraction
Sum of two or more than two proper fractions in the form of a single fraction is called the resultant fraction.
For example:
1 2 −x + 3
− = is resultant fraction.
x − 1 x + 1 ( x − 1)( x + 1)
 YOUTH ACADEMY 10TH MATHEMATICS
BY SIR USAMA MOST IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS

05
CHAPTER

01
SET AND FUNCTIONS
Set
A well define collection of distinct objects is called Set. A set is represented by capital English alphabets.
For example: A= Set of integers,
B = {1, 2,3,...,10} etc.

Presentation of Sets
A set is presented by 3 ways
(i) Tabular form
(ii) Descriptive Form
(iii) Set builder notation

Some Important Sets

N = The set of natural numbers={1,2,3,…}
W = The set of whole numbers={0,1,2,3,…}
Z = The set of all integers= 0, 1, 2, 3,...
E = The set of all even integers
= 0, 2, 4, 6,...
O = The set of all odd integers
= 1, 3, 5,...
P = The set of prime numbers={2,3,5,7,…}
Q = The set of rational numbers
 m 
=  x /x = , where m, n Z  n  0 
 n 
/
Q = The set of irrational numbers
 m 
=  x /x  , where m, n Z  n  0 
 n 
R = The set of real numbers = Q  Q

Empty Set or Null Set

A set having no element in it is called an empty set. It is represented by  (phi) or { }.

Singleton Set
A set having only one element in it is called singleton set.
For example: {a}, {3} etc.

Subset
“If A and B are two sets, such that every element of set A is present in set B, then set A is called subset of set
B”. It is represented as AB.
For Example
If A = {1,2,3}, B = {1,2,3,4,5}
Then A  B.

Note
• Number of all possible subsets = 2n
• Number of all possible proper subsets = 2n − 1 .
 YOUTH ACADEMY 10TH MATHEMATICS
BY SIR USAMA MOST IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
• Number of improper subsets = 1

Proper Subset
“If A and B are two sets, such that every element of set A is present in set B and there is at least one element
in set B which is not in set A, then set A is called proper subset of set B”. It is represented as AB.
For example:
If A = {1,2,3} and B={1,2,3,4,5}
Then set A  B.

Improper Subset
If A and B are two sets, such that every element of set A is present in set B and there is no more element in set B
which is not in set A, then set A is called improper subset of set B.
For example: A = 1, 2,3 , B = 3, 2,1
Then A is improper subset of set B.

Equal Sets
If A and B are two sets, such that A  B and B  A then A = B
For example
If A = {1,2,3}, B = {1,2,3}
Then A = B

Power Set
A set consisting of all possible subsets of a set A is called power set of set A represented as P(A).
For example:
If A = {1,2} then P(A)={, {1}, {2}, {1,2}}

Note
• Formula to find number of elements in the power set = 2n

Disjoint Sets
Two sets having no common elements are called disjoint sets.
i.e. If AB= then A and B are called disjoint sets.
For example
If A = 1, 2 B = a, b , then A and B are disjoint sets.

Overlapping Sets
Two sets are called over lapping sets if they have:
• At least one element is common
• Neither set is subset of other.
For example
If A = {1,2,3}, B={2,4,6,8,10}
Then A and B are over lapping sets.

Operation on Sets
Union of Two Sets
The union of two sets A and B written as A  B (read as A union B) is a set consisting of all the elements which
are either in A or in B or in both.
A  B =  x | x  A or x  B or x  A and B both For example
If A = 1, 2,3 , B = 2, 4, 6,8,10
Then A  B = 1, 2,3, 4,5,8,10

Intersection of Two Sets

 YOUTH ACADEMY 10TH MATHEMATICS
BY SIR USAMA MOST IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
If A and B are two sets then a set consisting of common elements of set A and B is called A intersection B,
represented by A  B .
A  B =  x | x  A and x  B
For example:
If A = 1, 2,3 , B = 2, 4, 6,8,10
Then A  B = 2

Difference of Two Sets

If A and B are two sets then their difference written as A − B or A \ B is a set consisting of all the elements of A
which are not in B.
A − B =  x | x  A and x  B
B − A =  x | x  B and x  A
For example:
If A = 1, 2,3 , B = 2, 4, 6,8,10
Then A – B = 1,3

Universal Set
A set consists of all the elements of the sets under consideration is called universal set. It is represented by
capital English alphabet U or X.
For example:
U= Set of integers, A = {1,2,3},
B={2,4,6,8,10},then U is universal set.

Complement of a Set
If U is a universal set and A is its subset then U − A is called complement of A, represented as A/ or Ac.
For example:
If U= {1,2,3,4,5},A = {1,2,3}
A/ = U − A
= 1, 2,3, 4,5 − 1, 2,3
= 4,5

Properties of Union and Intersection of Sets

• Commutative property of Union
A B = B  A
• Commutative property of intersection
A B = B  A
• Associative property of union
A  ( B  C) = ( A  B)  C
• Associative property of intersection
A  ( B  C) = ( A  B)  C
• Distributive property of union over intersection
A  ( B  C) = ( A  B)  ( A  C)
• Distributive property of intersection over union
A  ( B  C) = ( A  B)  ( A  C)
• De-Morgan’s laws
(A B) = A B
(A B) = A B

Commutative Property of Union

 YOUTH ACADEMY 10TH MATHEMATICS
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For any two sets A and B, prove that A  B = B  A .

Commutative Property of Intersection

For any two sets A and B, prove that A  B = B  A

Associative Property of Union

For any three sets A, B and C, prove that ( A  B) C = A  ( B C)

Associative Property of Intersection

For any three sets A, B and C, prove that ( A  B )  C = A  ( B  C )

Distributive Property of Union over Intersection

A  ( B  C ) = ( A  B)  ( A  C )
For any three sets A, B and C, prove that

Distributive Property of Intersection over Union

For any three sets A, B and C, prove that
A  (B C) = ( A  B )  ( A  C )

De-Morgan’s Laws
For any two sets A and B belonging from universal set U.
( A  B)= A B → ( i )
( A  B ) = A B → ( ii )

Venn Diagram
British mathematician John Venn introduced Venn Diagrams.
“A graphical method to represent sets in which Universal Set is represented by a rectangle and its
subsets by a closed shaped (i.e. circle or oval) in it, is called Venn Diagram”.

Operations on Sets Through Venn Diagrams

Union of Two Sets
When A and B are Disjoint

When A and B are overlapping

When A  B
 YOUTH ACADEMY 10TH MATHEMATICS
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Intersection of Two Sets

When A and B are Disjoint

When A and B are overlapping

When A  B

Compliment of a Set

Ordered Pairs
Any two numbers x and y, written in the form ( x, y ) is called an ordered pair. In an ordered pair ( x, y ) , the
order of numbers is important.
For example: ( 3, 2 ) is different from ( 2,3) . Hence ( x, y )  ( y, x ) unless x = y .

Cartesian Product
(FSD 2015, D.G.K 2015, 17)
 YOUTH ACADEMY 10TH MATHEMATICS
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Cartesian product of two non-empty sets A and B denoted by A  B consists of all the ordered pairs ( x, y ) such
that x  A and y  B i.e A  B = ( x, y ) | x  A  y  B
For example:
If A = 1, 2 , B = 3, 4
Then A  B = (1,3) , (1, 4 ) , ( 2,3) , ( 2, 4 )

Binary Relation
If A and B are any two non-empty sets then a subset R  A  B is called a binary relation from set A into set
B.
i.e A = 1, 2 , B = a
Then A  B = (1, a ) , ( 2, a ) and
R1 = (1, a ) , R2 = ( 2, a )
R3 = (1, a ) , ( 2, a ) , R4 = 
Are all possible relations.

Note
Formula to find number of binary relations is 2mn where m = number of elements in set A and n = number
of elements in set B.

Domain of Relation
Domain of a relation denoted by Dom(R) is a set consisting of all the first elements of each ordered pair in
the relation.
For example:
If R = ( 0, 2 ) , ( 2,3) , ( 3,3) , ( 3, 4 )
Then Dom ( R ) = 0, 2,3

Range of a Relation
Range of a relation is a set containing all the second elements of each ordered pair of the relation.
For Example:
If R = ( 0, 2 ) , ( 2,3) , ( 3,3) , ( 3, 4 )
Then Range (R) = 2,3, 4

Function
Suppose A and B are two non-empty sets, then relation f : A → B is called a function if
(i) Dom ( f ) = A
(ii) Every x  A appears in one and only one ordered pair in f.
Example:
f

A B

Types of Function
Into Function
A function f : A → B is called an into function, if at least one element in set B is not an image of some element
of set A i.e., Range of f  B .
For example, if A = 0,1,2,3 and B = 1,2,3 , then f : A → B such that f = ( 0,1) , (1, 2 ) , ( 2,1) , ( 3, 2 ) .
 YOUTH ACADEMY 10TH MATHEMATICS
BY SIR USAMA MOST IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
 Range ( f ) = 1, 2  B . Thus f is an into function.

Onto Function
A function f : A → B is called an onto function, if every element of set B is an image of at least one element
of set A i.e., Range of f = B .
For example, if A = 0,1,2,3 and B = 1,2,3 , then f : A → B such that f = ( 0,1) , (1, 2 ) , ( 2,3) , ( 3, 2 ) .
 Range ( f ) = 1, 2,3 = B . Thus f is an onto function.

One-to-One Function
A function f : A → B is called one-one function if all distinct elements of A have distinct images
in B, i.e., f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 )  x1 = x2  A
or x1  x2  A x1  A  f ( x1 )  f ( x2 )
For example, if A = 0,1, 2,3 and B = 1, 2,3, 4,5 , then we define a function f : A → B such that
f = ( 0,1) , (1, 2 ) , ( 2,3) , ( 3, 4 )
f is one-one function because no element in B is repeated.

Bijective Function
A function f : A → B is called bijective function iff function f is one-one and onto.
For example, if A = 0,1, 2,3, and B = 1, 2,3, 4 Then f = ( 0,1) , (1, 2 ) , ( 2,3) , ( 3, 4 )

Note
• Every function is ration but converse may not be true.
• Every function may not be one-one.
• Every function may not be onto.
 YOUTH ACADEMY 10TH MATHEMATICS
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06
CHAPTER

01
BASIC STATEMENTS
Statistics
The branch of mathematics which deals with collection and manipulation of the numeric data.

Information Handling
To present the information in a manageable way so that some useful conclusions can be drawn is called
information handling.

Data
The numerical figure obtained from any field of study is known as data.

Types of Data
There are two types of data
(i) Primary data,
(ii) Secondary data

Primary Data
The data directly collected from its source is called primary data.
For example:
Prices of fruits collected from market.

Secondary Data
The data which have been passed through some statistical treatment at least once is called secondary data.
For example:
Office records, printed materials.

Constant
Any quantity that has a single value is known as constant.
Example:
All real numbers can be taken as constant.

Variables
Any quantity whose value is not fixed is called variable.
Examples:
Age of person, weight of person, height of person.

Types of Variable
There are two types of variable.
(i) Discrete variable
(ii) Continuous variable.

Discrete Variable
A variable which can take / assume some specific values in the given data is called discrete variable.

Note
(i) A discrete variable usually takes the values which are integers or whole numbers
i.e. 0,1,2,3.
(ii) It represents the countable data.
Examples:
 YOUTH ACADEMY 10TH MATHEMATICS
BY SIR USAMA MOST IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
(1) Numbers of heads appeared in tossing 5 coins.
(2) No of children in a family.
(3) No of students in a class.

Continuous Variable
A variable which can take / assure every possible value with in the given range or interval i.e. (a to b) is called
continuous variable.

Note
(1) It may be a whole figure or a fraction.
(2) It represents the measurable data.
Examples:
(i) Age of an employee.
(ii) Temperature of a place.
(iii) Height / weight of an individual.

Ungrouped Data
The numerical facts obtained on first hand and record as they stand are called ungrouped data.

Grouped Data
The data which have gone / passed through some statistical process is called grouped data. It may be classified
into certain groups or into rows and columns.

Classification
The process of arranging the data into certain groups or classes having similar characteristics is called
classification.

Note about Number of Classes

(i) More than 15 groups or classes are generally not advisable.
(ii) There is no hard and fast rule to find exact number of classes.
(iii) Groups / classes should be between 5 and 15.
(iv) Too small number of groups / classes results into loss of important information.
(v) Taking too many groups do not pay for the labour involved condensing the information.
Example:
Marks obtained in maths out of [Link] a frequency distribution.
60, 62, 65, 66, 67, 68, 66, 60, 73, 69, 70, 63, 64, 63, 67
Given Data:
Total number of observations = 15
The smallest number = 60,
The largest number = 73
Frequency Distribution
Groups No of Students
60 −−−−−− 62 3
63 −−−−−− 65 4
66 −−−−−− 68 5
69 −−−−−− 71 2
72 −−−−−− 74 1
n = 15

Class Limits
 YOUTH ACADEMY 10TH MATHEMATICS
BY SIR USAMA MOST IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
Each class / group is defined by two values one small and other large these values are called class limits. The
smaller one is called lower class limit.
The large one is called upper class limit.

Size of Class Interval

The difference between lower or upper class limits of any two consecutive classes / groups is called size or
length of class interval. It is denoted by h.
Groups No. of Students Class Marks (X) Class Boundaries
60 + 62 122
60 −−−−− 62 3 = 2 = 61 59.5 - 62.5
2
63 + 65 128
63 −−−−− 65 4 = 2 = 64 62.5 - 65.5
2
66 + 68 134
66 −−−−− 68 5 = 2 = 67 65.5 - 68.5
5

Class Mark / Mid Point

The average value of lower and upper class limits of any class interval is called class mark, it is the mid point
of any class. Class marks are represented by X.
For C.I, 60 − 62,63 − 65,....
60 + 62 122
Class mark = (X) = = 2 = 61
2

Class Boundaries
The values which describe true class limits of a class are called class boundaries.
The smaller value is called lower class boundary.
The larger value is called upper class boundary.

Class Frequency
The number of occurrence of items corresponding to the class interval is called class frequency. It is denoted
by f.

Frequency Distribution
The tabular arrangement of data in which various items are arranged into classes and the number of items
lying in each class is called frequency distribution.

Formation of Frequency Distribution

By Tally Bar Method
By Direct Method

Cumulative Frequency
The total of frequency upto an upper class limit or boundary is called the cumulative frequency.

Histogram
A histogram is a graph of adjacent rectangle constructed on XY-plane. It is a graph of frequency distribution,
on which class boundaries or class marks are marked on x-axis and frequency on y-axis.

Frequency Polygon
Frequency polygon is a many sided closed figure on XY plane, on which class marks are marked on X-axis and
frequencies on Y-axis.

Cumulative Frequency Polygon / Ogive

A cumulative frequency polygon or ogive is a graph of many sided closed figure of less than cumulative frequency
distribution, in which cumulative frequencies are marked on Y-axis and upper class boundaries on X-axis.
 YOUTH ACADEMY 10TH MATHEMATICS
BY SIR USAMA MOST IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS

Average
A single value which represents the data is called average.

Types of Average
(i) Arithmetic mean
(ii) Median
(iii) Mode
(iv) Geometric mean
(v) Harmonic mean
(vi) Quartiles

Arithmetic Mean
A value obtained by dividing the sum of all the observations by their number of observations is called
arithmetic mean it is denoted by X
Let X1, X2, X3,−−−− ,Xn be the values of a data thus the A.M is defined as:
n

X 1 + X 2 + X 3 + ...... + X nX i
X= = i =1
n n
where, i= 1,2,3,4,…,n

X=
X
(For ungrouped data)
n

X =
 fx (For grouped data)
f
Arithmetic Mean
(By short cut method)
D
X =A+ (For ungrouped data.)
n
 fD
X =A+ (For grouped data)
f
where D = X − A
A = Provisional Mean or Assumed Mean and X= Mid point of a class

Arithmetic Mean (By Coding Method)

u
X = A+ h (For ungrouped data) where ‘h’ is common difference / size of C-I
n

 fu X −A
X = A+  h (For grouped data) where u=
f h

Median
A value which divides an arranged data into two equal parts (i.e., 50% data before the median and 50% after
it is called median.
Or
Median is the middle most observation in an arranged data set. It divides the data set into two equal parts.
It is represented on x .

Formulas
 YOUTH ACADEMY 10TH MATHEMATICS
BY SIR USAMA MOST IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
(For ungrouped data)
(i) If “n” is odd number
th
n +1
Median = term
2
If “n” is even number
1  n  
th th
n+2
Median =   item +   item 
2  2   2  
(For grouped data)
hn 
Median = l +  − c 
f 2 
where
l = lower class boundary of median class
h = Size of median class
f = Frequency of median class
c = Preceding commutative frequency of median class
n 2 is used to decide the median class
n= f

Mode
The most repeated value or most frequent value in the given data is called mode.
Formula:
For Ungrouped data
Mode = the most repeated value in given data. (No Formula)
For Grouped data
( f m − f1 )
Mod e = l + h
2 f m − f1 − f 2
Where
l = lower class boundary of modal class.
fm = Frequency of mode class
f1= Preceding frequency of modal frequency class.
f2 = Following frequency of modal class.
h = size of modal class.

Empirical relation among Mean, Median and Mode

Mode = 3 Median − 2 Means

Geometric Mean
Geometric mean of a variable X is the nth positive root of the product of the x1 , x2 , x3 ,..., xn observation. In
symbols, we write
1
G.M. = ( x1 , x2 , x3 ,..., xn ) n
The above formula can also be written by using logarithm.
For Ungrouped data
  logX 
G.M. = Anti log  
 n 
For Grouped data
  f logX 
G.M. = Anti log  
 f 

Harmonic Mean
Harmonic Mean refers to the value obtained by reciprocating the mean of the reciprocal of x1 , x2 , x3 ,..., xn
observations. In symbols,
 YOUTH ACADEMY 10TH MATHEMATICS
BY SIR USAMA MOST IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
For ungrouped data,
n
H.M. =
1
X
For Grouped data,
f
H.M. =
f
X
Properties of Arithmetic Mean
(i) Mean of a variable with similar observations say constant k is the constant k itself.
(ii) Mean is affected by change in origin.
(iii) Mean is affected by change in scale.
(iv) Sum of the deviations of the variable X from its mean is always zero.

The Weighted Arithmetic Mean

The relative importance of a number is called its weight. When numbers x1, x2 ,..., xn are not equally important,
we associate them with certain weight, w1 , w2 , w3 ,..., wn depending on the importance or significance. Average
of such data is called weighted arithmetic mean. It can be calculated by the formula
 wx
xw =
w

Moving Averages
Moving averages are defined as the successive averages (arithmetic means) which are computed for a
sequence of days/months/years at a time. Place the average of each period against the mid of the each period.
Dropping first value and adding succeeding value to this group and continue the process until all values from
first to last are used.

Quartiles
It divides the data in four equal parts.
Formula: (for grouped data)
h in 
Qi = l +  − c  ; i = 1, 2,3
f 4 

Note
i) Q2 = Median
ii) Q1 = Lower Quartiles
iii) Q3 = Upper Quartiles

Deciles
It divides the data in ten equal parts.
Formula: (for grouped data)
h in 
Di = l +  − c  ; i = 1, 2,...,9
f  10 

Note
D5 = Median

Median using Formula

 YOUTH ACADEMY 10TH MATHEMATICS
BY SIR USAMA MOST IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
th
n
Median =   observation
2
th
 27 
=   observation
 2 
= 13.5th observation
h n 
Median = l +  − C 
f 2 
Putting the values
10
Median = 30 + (13.5 − 7 )
9
10
= 30 + ( 6.5 )
9
= 30 + 7.22
 Median=37.22

Quartiles using Formula

First Quartile
n
Q1 = th observation
4
27
= th observation
4
= 6.75th observation
h n 
Q1 =l +  − C 
f 4 
Putting the values
10
= 20 + ( 6.75 − 2 )
5
= 20 + 2 ( 4.75 )
= 20 + 9.50
 Q1 = 29.50
Third Quartile ( Q3 )
3n
Q3 = th observation
4
27
= 3  th observation
4
81
= th observation
4
= 20.25 th observation
h  3n 
Q3 =l +  − C 
f  4 
Putting the values
10
= 40 + ( 20.25 − 16 )
6
10
= 40 + ( 4.25 )
6
= 40 + 7.80
 Q3 = 47.08
 YOUTH ACADEMY 10TH MATHEMATICS
BY SIR USAMA MOST IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS

Mode
f m − f1
Mode=l + h
2 f m − f1 − f 2
Putting the values
9−5
= 30 + 10
2 (9) − 5 − 6
4
= 30 + 10
18 − 11
40
= 30 +
7
= 30 + 5.71
 Mode = 35.71

Mode Using Histogram

Histogram
Scale:
On X-axis
1 big box = 20
On Y-axis
1 big box =5

Cumulative Frequency Polygon

Scale:
On X-axis
1 big box = 20
On Y-axis
1 big box =5

DISPERSION
Spread or scatter ness of the data is known as dispersion.

Types of Dispersion
(i) Range
(ii) Variance
(iii) Standard deviation

Measure of Dispersion
 YOUTH ACADEMY 10TH MATHEMATICS
BY SIR USAMA MOST IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
The techniques that are used to determine the degree or extent of variation in a data set is called measure of
dispersion.

Range
The difference between the largest and smallest value in a given data is called range.
Mathematically it is defined as:
Range (R) = Xm − X1
Xm = The largest value
X1 = The smallest value
Example:
Given
16, 5, 6, 10, 11
Xm = 16, X1 = 5
Range = Xm − X1
= 16 − 5
= 11

Variance
A value obtained by dividing the sum of squares of deviations taken form arithmetic mean by the number of
observations in the given data is called variance. It is denoted by S2.
Formulae
( X − X )
2

(i) S =
2

n
(Proper mean formula)
2
X2 X 
(ii) S =
2
− 
n  n 
(Direct Formula)

Standard Deviation
The positive square root of variance is called standard deviation. It is abbreviated as S.D and is denoted by
S.
Formulae
( X − X )
2

(i) S=
n
(Proper mean formula)
2
X2 X 
(ii) S= − 
n  n 
(Direct formula)
 YOUTH ACADEMY 10TH MATHEMATICS
BY SIR USAMA MOST IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS

07
CHAPTER

01
INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY
Angle
Two non-collinear rays with a common end point form an angle. The rays are called arms of the angle and the
common point is called vertex of the angle. The original position of the ray is called initial side and the final position
of the ray is called the terminal side of the angle.

Sexagesimal System
System of measurement of an angle in degrees, minutes and seconds is called sexagesimal system.

Degree
If we divide a circle/ circumference into 360 equal parts/arcs then central angle of one arc is called
degree it is denoted by 1°.

Radians
The angle subtended at the centre of the circle by an arc, whose length is equal to its radius is called one
radian.


mAOB = 1 radians if mOA = m AB

Circular System
System of measurement of an angle in radians is called circular system.

Relationship between Radians and Degrees

180 =  radians

 1 = radians
180
x
 x = radians
180
And
180
 1 radian =

x(180)
 x radians =


Note
 YOUTH ACADEMY 10TH MATHEMATICS
BY SIR USAMA MOST IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
180
• 1 radians =  57.295795  5717'45"


• 1 = radians  0.0175 radians
180

Important Formulae
x
x = radians
180
x(180)
x radians =

l = r
1
A = r 2
2

Relation between Length of Arc and Radius of a Circle

Statement:
Establish the rule l = r , where l is the length of an arc, r is radius of a circle and  is the central
angle measured in radians.
Proof:
Let an are AB denoted by l, subtends a central angle  radians. Consider an other are  AC whose length is
equal to its radius then its central angle will be equal to 1 radian. In plane geometry, measure of central
angles of the arcs of a circles are proportional to the lengths of their arcs.

mAOB mAB 
 =
mAOC mAC 
θ radians l
=
1 radion r
Or r = l
Or l = r

Area of Sector
1
A = r 2
2
Find area of sector of a circle whose radius is r and central angle is  radians.

Consider a sector AOB, whose central angle is  radians. In plane geometry

Area of Sector Angle of theSector
=
Area of Circle Angle of the Circle
 YOUTH ACADEMY 10TH MATHEMATICS
BY SIR USAMA MOST IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
Area of Sector 
 =
 r2 2

Area of sector AOB=  r2
2
1
Area of sector AOB = r 2
2

Coterminal Angles
Two or more angles with the same initial and terminal sides are called coterminal angles. For example 30°,
390°, 750°, ….. are coterminal angles ( + 360k ) , k  Z

Angle in Standard Position

A general angle is said to be in standard position if its vertex is at the origin and its initial side is directed
along the positive direction of the x-axis of a rectangular coordinate system.
For example, angle below is in standard position.
o
90

o
o 30 o
180 0 0

o
270

Quadrantal Angles
If the terminal side of an angle in standard position falls on x-axis or y-axis then it is called a quadrental
angle i.e. 0°, 90°, 180°, 270°, 360° are quadretal angles

Angle of Elevation
Angle of elevation is the angle between the horizontal line and the line of sight to an object above the
horizontal line.

Angle between horizontal line OA and a line segment OB from eye O to object B above point A is called angle
of elevation.

Angle of Depression
Angle of depression is the angle between the horizontal line and the line of sight to an object below the
horizontal line.

Angle between horizontal line OA and a line segment OC from eye O to object C below point A is called
angle of depression.
 YOUTH ACADEMY 10TH MATHEMATICS
BY SIR USAMA MOST IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS

PROJECTION OF A SIDE OF A
08
CHAPTER

01 TRIANGLE
Acute Angled Triangle
A triangle having all angles less then 90o is called acute angled triangle.
i.e In the fig,  ABC is an acute angle triangle.

Obtuse Angled Triangle

A triangle having one of its angles greater than 90 is called obtuse angle triangle.

Right Angled Triangle

A triangle having one of its angles equal to 90 is called right angle triangle.

Pythagoras’s Theorem
It states that “In a right angled triangle, square of hypotenuse is equal to, sum of squares of other two sides”.
From the ABC , b2 = a2 + c2
 YOUTH ACADEMY 10TH MATHEMATICS
BY SIR USAMA MOST IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS

Apollonius Theorem
It states that “In any triangle, the sum of the squares on any two sides is equal to twice the square on half the
third side together with twice the square on the median which bisects the third side”.

Projection 
Image on Footing is called projection. CD is projection of AB on XY .
 YOUTH ACADEMY 10TH MATHEMATICS
BY SIR USAMA MOST IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS

09
CHAPTER

01
CORDS OF A CIRCLE
Circle
“It is a set of points on a plane which are equidistant from a fixed point from a circle”.
Or
Locus of a point in a plane equidistant from a fixed point is called a circle.

Centre of the Circle

“The fixed point is called center of the circle”. In the given figure, O is centre.

Radius of the Circle

“The distance between the centre to any point of the circle is called radius of the circle”. In the given figure,
mOA is radius.

Radial Segment
“A line segment which joins centre to any point of the circle is called radial segment”. In the given figure,
OA is radial segment.

Circumference
“Boundary of the circle is called circumference”.
OR
“It is the length of the segment joining all the points of circle is called circumference”. Circumference is
measured by the formula 2 r , where r is the radius.

Arc of a Circle
“It is the part of circumference”.

Major Arc
"An arc which is greater than semi-circle is called major arc”. In the given figure, ACB is major arc.

Minor Arc
“An arc which is less than semi-circle is called minor arc”. In the given figure, 
ADB is minor arc.

Chord of the Circle

 YOUTH ACADEMY 10TH MATHEMATICS
BY SIR USAMA MOST IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
“A line segment whose two end points are any two points of the circle”.
OR
“A line segment which joins two points of the circle”. In the given figure, AB and PQ are chords.

Diameter
“A chord passing through centre of the circle is called diameter”.
OR
“The largest chord is called diameter”. In the given figure, PQ is diameter.

Segment of a Circle
“A chord divides a circular region in two parts called segment of a circle”. In the given figure, AB divides
the circle into two segments.

Minor Segment
“Circular region bounded by a chord and minor arc is called minor segment”. In the given figure, shaded
part is minor segment.

Major Segment
“Circular region bounded by a chord and major arc is called major segment”. In the given figure, non shaded
part is major segment.

Sector of a Circle
“Circular region bounded by an arc and its two corresponding radial segments is called sector of a circle”.
In the given figure, AOB is a sector of the circle.

Central Angle of an Arc

“An angle subtended by an arc at the center of the circle is called central angle”.
Or
“An angle formed by two radial segments at the centre of the circle is called central angle”.
In the given figure, AOB is central angle of 
AB .
 YOUTH ACADEMY 10TH MATHEMATICS
BY SIR USAMA IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS

10
CHAPTER

01
TANGENT TO A CIRCLE
Tangent Line
A line which has one point common with a circle is called tangent line.
Or
A straight line which touches the circumference of circle at one point only is called tangent line.


In the figure PIQ is tangent line.

Secant Line
A line which has two points common with a circle is called secant line.
Or
A straight line which cuts the circumference of a circle at two points.

In the figure, PQ is secant line.

Length of Tangent
If a tangent is drawn from a point out side a circle, then distance between that point and the point of contact
of the circle is called length of tangent.

In the figure mPA = mPB is length of tangent.

Concentric Circles
Circles having same centres and different radii are called concentric circles.
 YOUTH ACADEMY 10TH MATHEMATICS
BY SIR USAMA IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS

In the above figure, circles having centre O are concentric circles.

 YOUTH ACADEMY 10TH MATHEMATICS
BY SIR USAMA IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS

11
CHAPTER

01
CHORDS AND ARCS
Congruent Circles
Circles having different centres but same radii are called congruent circles.

In the given figure, circles with centre A and C are congruent, if mAB = mCD .

Congruent Arcs

Two arcs of same circle or of different circles are congruent, if their central angles are congruent.

 and QR
In the given figure, arcs BC  are congruent, if CAB  RPQ .
 YOUTH ACADEMY 10TH MATHEMATICS
BY SIR USAMA IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS

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CHAPTER

01
ANGLE IN A STATEMENT OF A CIRCLE
Zone
Circular region bounded by two parallel chords is called zone.

Cyclic Quadrilateral
A quadrilateral whose vertices lie on the circumference of a circle is called cyclic quadrilateral.
Or
A quadrilateral is called cyclic when a circle can be drawn through its four vertices.

Circum Angle
The angle subtended by an arc of a circle at its circumference is called circum angle.
Or
An angle whose vertex lies on the circumference and whose arms pass through end points of the arc.

In the figure, ACB is the circum angle.

Central Angle
The angle subtended by an arc of a circle at its centre is called circum angle.
Or
“An angle formed by two radial segments at the centre of the circle is called central angle”.
In the given figure, AOB is central angle of AB .

Note
 YOUTH ACADEMY 10TH MATHEMATICS
BY SIR USAMA IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
(i) The measure of a central angle of a minor arc of a circle, is double that of the angle subtended by the
corresponding major arc.
(ii) Any two angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.
(iii) The angle
• in a semi-circle is a right angle,
• in a segment greater than a semi circle is less than a right angle,
• in a segment less than a semi-circle is greater than a right angle.
(iv) The opposite angles of any quadrilaterel inscribed in a circle are supplementary.
 YOUTH ACADEMY 10TH MATHEMATICS
BY SIR USAMA IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS

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CHAPTER

01
PARTICAL GEOMETRY - CIRCLES
Geometry
The word geometry is derived from two Greek words Geo (earth) and Matron (measurement). Therefore the word
geometry means measurement of earth. It deals with the shape, size and position of geometrical figures.

Circumcircle
A circle passing through the vertices of a triangle is called circumcircle. Its radius is circumradius and centre is
circumcentre. Circumcentre is denoted by ‘O’ and circum radius by ‘R’.

Inscribed Circle
A circle which touches the three sides of a triangle internally is known as incircle. Its radius is in-radius and
its centre is in-centre. In centre is denoted by I and in-radius by r.

Escribed Circle
A circle touching one side of a triangle externally and two produced sides internally is called escribed circle
or e-circle. Its centre is represented by I1, I2, I3 and radius by r1, r2 and r3 and depending upon the vertex
opposite to it.

Direct Common Tangent

If points of contact of common tangents to the two circles lie on the same side of line segment joining their
centres then such tangents are called direct common tangents.
 YOUTH ACADEMY 10TH MATHEMATICS
BY SIR USAMA IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS

Transverse common tangents

If the points of contact of common tangents to the two circles lie on opposite sides of line segment joining their centres,
then such tangents are called transverse common tangents.

Note
Greeks Mathematicians contributed a lot, in particular “Euclid’s Elements” have been taught.