MATHEMATICS PROJECT

FILE

ISC CLASS-11TH
 STUDENT INFORMATION

Name:

Class: 11th

Section: A

Roll Number:

Subject: Mathematics Project File

Session: 2026-2027

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 PREFACE

I, , have successfully completed this project of Math-

ematics under the guidance of my teacher, Mr. Vikas Singh, in partial
fulfillment of the requirement of the ISC Examination conducted by the
Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations for the academic
session 2026-2027.

Signature of Student

3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my sincere gratitude to my Mathematics teacher, Mr. Vikas

Singh, for his valuable guidance, encouragement, and continuous support
throughout the completion of this project.
His suggestions and constructive advice helped me to understand the
topic in a better manner and complete the work successfully.
I am also thankful to my school for providing the necessary facilities
and resources required for the preparation of this project.
The opportunity to work on this topic has enhanced my knowledge of
Mathematics and helped me develop a deeper understanding of quadratic
functions and their significance in algebra.
I would also like to express my gratitude to my parents and friends
for their encouragement, cooperation, and support during the preparation
of this project. Their motivation inspired me to complete the work with
sincerity and dedication.
Finally, I thank everyone who directly or indirectly contributed to the
successful completion of this project.

STUDENT’S NAME
Class XI-A

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QUADRATIC FUNCTION: GRAPH, EXTREMA,
AND SIGN ANALYSIS

INDEX

S. No. Topic Page No.

1. Core Definitions & Extrema 6
2. Sign of the Function 7
3. Graphical Analysis 1 (I) 8
4. Graphical Analysis 1 (II) 9
5. Graphical Analysis 1 (III) 10
6. Graphical Analysis 2 (I) 11
7. Graphical Analysis 2 (II) 12
8. Graphical Analysis 2 (III) 13
9. Graphical Analysis 3 (I) 14
10. Graphical Analysis 3 (II) 15
11. Graphical Analysis 3 (III) 16
12. Conclusion 17
13. Bibliography 18

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1. Core Definitions
Standard Form & Discriminant
Standard Form:
f (x) = ax2 + bx + c, (a ̸= 0)
Discriminant:
∆ = b2 − 4ac

2. Vertex and Extrema

Maximum/Minimum Values

Vertex Coordinates (V ):
 
b ∆
V = − ,−
2a 4a

Extrema Conditions:

• If a > 0 (Upward Parabola):

∆ b
Minimum value = − 4a at x = − 2a .

• If a < 0 (Downward Parabola):

∆ b
Maximum value = − 4a at x = − 2a .

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3. Sign of the Function
Let the real roots be α and β (where α < β).

Case I: ∆ > 0 (Two Distinct Real Roots)

• When a > 0:

– f (x) < 0 for x ∈ (α, β)

– f (x) > 0 for x ∈ (−∞, α) ∪ (β, ∞)

• When a < 0:

– f (x) > 0 for x ∈ (α, β)

– f (x) < 0 for x ∈ (−∞, α) ∪ (β, ∞)

Case II: ∆ = 0 (One Repeated Root α)

• When a > 0:
f (x) ≥ 0 for all x ∈ R. (Zero only at x = α)

• When a < 0:
f (x) ≤ 0 for all x ∈ R. (Zero only at x = α)

Case III: ∆ < 0 (No Real Roots)

• When a > 0:
f (x) > 0 for all x ∈ R. (Graph is entirely above x-axis)

• When a < 0:
f (x) < 0 for all x ∈ R. (Graph is entirely below x-axis)

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4. Graphical Analysis
Graph 1 (I): Upward Parabola with Real Roots (a > 0, ∆ > 0)
6 f (x)

4
f (x) > 0 f (x) > 0
2

α β x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4

f−2
(x) < 0

−4
b ∆


V − 2a , − 4a

Mathematical Analysis: f (x) = x2 − 4

• Coefficients & Discriminant: a = 1, b = 0, c = −4.

∆ = b2 − 4ac = (0)2 − 4(1)(−4) = 16. Since ∆ > 0, real roots exist.

• Roots (x-intercepts): Set f (x) = 0 =⇒ x2 − 4 = 0 =⇒ x2 = 4 =⇒

x = ±2.
Roots are α = −2 and β = 2.

• Vertex (V ): xv = − 2ab 0
= − 2(1) = 0.
2
yv = f (0) = (0) − 4 = −4. Hence, V = (0, −4).

• Extrema: Since a = 1 > 0, parabola opens upwards. Minimum value is −4.

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Graph 1 (II): Upward Parabola with Real Roots (a > 0, ∆ > 0)

6 f (x)

f (x) > 0 3 f (x) > 0

1
α β x
−3 −2 −1 f (x) < 0 1 2 3
−1
V (0, −1)
−2

Mathematical Analysis: f (x) = x2 − 1

• Coefficients & Discriminant: a = 1, b = 0, c = −1.

∆ = b2 − 4ac = (0)2 − 4(1)(−1) = 4. Since ∆ > 0, real roots exist.

• Roots (x-intercepts): Set f (x) = 0 =⇒ x2 − 1 = 0 =⇒ x2 = 1 =⇒

x = ±1.
Roots are α = −1 and β = 1.

• Vertex (V ): xv = − 2ab
= 0.
2
yv = f (0) = (0) − 1 = −1. Hence, V = (0, −1).

• Extrema: Since a = 1 > 0, parabola opens upwards. Minimum value is −1.

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Graph 1 (III): Upward Parabola with Real Roots (a > 0, ∆ > 0)
10 f (x)

6
f (x) > 0 f (x) > 0
4

2
α β x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
−2

f−4
(x) < 0
−6

−8

−10 V (0, −9)

Mathematical Analysis: f (x) = x2 − 9

• Coefficients & Discriminant: a = 1, b = 0, c = −9.

∆ = b2 − 4ac = (0)2 − 4(1)(−9) = 36. Since ∆ > 0, real roots exist.

• Roots (x-intercepts): Set f (x) = 0 =⇒ x2 − 9 = 0 =⇒ x2 = 9 =⇒

x = ±3.
Roots are α = −3 and β = 3.

• Vertex (V ): xv = − 2ab
= 0.
2
yv = f (0) = (0) − 9 = −9. Hence, V = (0, −9).

• Extrema: Since a = 1 > 0, parabola opens upwards. Minimum value is −9.

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Graph 2 (I): Downward Parabola with Real Roots (a < 0, ∆ > 0)
f (x)
V (0, 4)
4

f (x)
2 >0

α β x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4

−2
f (x) < 0 f (x) < 0
−4

−6

Mathematical Analysis: f (x) = −x2 + 4

• Coefficients & Discriminant: a = −1, b = 0, c = 4.

∆ = b2 − 4ac = (0)2 − 4(−1)(4) = 16. Since ∆ > 0, real roots exist.

• Roots (x-intercepts): Set f (x) = 0 =⇒ −x2 + 4 = 0 =⇒ x2 = 4 =⇒

x = ±2.
Roots are α = −2 and β = 2.

• Vertex (V ): xv = − 2a
b
= 0.
2
yv = f (0) = −(0) + 4 = 4. Hence, V = (0, 4).

• Extrema: Since a = −1 < 0, parabola opens downwards. Maximum value

is 4.

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Graph 2 (II): Downward Parabola with Real Roots (a < 0, ∆ > 0)

2 f (x)
V (0, 1)
1
f (x) > 0
x
−3 −2 α−1 1β 2 3
−1

−2

f (x) < 0 −3 f (x) < 0

−4

−5

−6

Mathematical Analysis: f (x) = −x2 + 1

• Coefficients & Discriminant: a = −1, b = 0, c = 1.

∆ = b2 − 4ac = (0)2 − 4(−1)(1) = 4. Since ∆ > 0, real roots exist.

• Roots (x-intercepts): Set f (x) = 0 =⇒ −x2 + 1 = 0 =⇒ x2 = 1 =⇒

x = ±1.
Roots are α = −1 and β = 1.

• Vertex (V ): xv = − 2a
b
= 0.
2
yv = f (0) = −(0) + 1 = 1. Hence, V = (0, 1).

• Extrema: Since a = −1 < 0, parabola opens downwards. Maximum value

is 1.

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Graph 2 (III): Downward Parabola with Real Roots (a < 0, ∆ > 0)
10 V (0, 9)
f (x)
8
6
f (x) > 0
4
2
x
−5 −4 α−3 −2 −1 1 2 3β 4 5
−2
−4
f (x) < 0 f (x) < 0
−6
−8
−10
−12

Mathematical Analysis: f (x) = −x2 + 9

• Coefficients & Discriminant: a = −1, b = 0, c = 9.

∆ = b2 − 4ac = (0)2 − 4(−1)(9) = 36. Since ∆ > 0, real roots exist.

• Roots (x-intercepts): Set f (x) = 0 =⇒ −x2 + 9 = 0 =⇒ x2 = 9 =⇒

x = ±3.
Roots are α = −3 and β = 3.

• Vertex (V ): xv = − 2a
b
= 0.
2
yv = f (0) = −(0) + 9 = 9. Hence, V = (0, 9).

• Extrema: Since a = −1 < 0, parabola opens downwards. Maximum value

is 9.

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Graph 3 (I): Upward Parabola with No Real Roots (a > 0, ∆ < 0)

8 f (x)

Entire Graph:
5 f (x) > 0

2
V (0, 2)
1
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1

Mathematical Analysis: f (x) = x2 + 2

• Coefficients & Discriminant: a = 1, b = 0, c = 2.

∆ = b2 − 4ac = (0)2 − 4(1)(2) = −8. Since ∆ < 0, no real roots exist.

• Roots (x-intercepts): Set f (x) = 0 =⇒ x2 + 2 = 0 =⇒ x2 = −2 =⇒

x∈
/ R.
The curve never intersects the x-axis.

• Vertex (V ): xv = − 2ab
= 0.
2
yv = f (0) = (0) + 2 = 2. Hence, V = (0, 2).

• Sign Analysis: Since a = 1 > 0 and ∆ < 0, f (x) > 0 for all x ∈ R.

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Graph 3 (II): Upward Parabola with No Real Roots (a > 0, ∆ < 0)
10 f (x)

Entire Graph:
6 f (x) > 0

V (0, 1) x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4

Mathematical Analysis: f (x) = x2 + 1

• Coefficients & Discriminant: a = 1, b = 0, c = 1.

∆ = b2 − 4ac = (0)2 − 4(1)(1) = −4. Since ∆ < 0, no real roots exist.

• Roots (x-intercepts): Set f (x) = 0 =⇒ x2 + 1 = 0 =⇒ x2 = −1 =⇒

x∈
/ R.
The curve never intersects the x-axis.

• Vertex (V ): xv = − 2ab
= 0.
2
yv = f (0) = (0) + 1 = 1. Hence, V = (0, 1).

• Sign Analysis: Since a = 1 > 0 and ∆ < 0, f (x) > 0 for all x ∈ R.

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Graph 3 (III): Upward Parabola with No Real Roots (a > 0, ∆ <
0)
14 f (x)

12

10
Entire Graph: f (x) > 0
8

4
V (0, 4)
2
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4

Mathematical Analysis: f (x) = x2 + 4

• Coefficients & Discriminant: a = 1, b = 0, c = 4.

∆ = b2 − 4ac = (0)2 − 4(1)(4) = −16. Since ∆ < 0, no real roots exist.

• Roots (x-intercepts): Set f (x) = 0 =⇒ x2 + 4 = 0 =⇒ x2 = −4 =⇒

x∈
/ R.
The curve never intersects the x-axis.

• Vertex (V ): xv = − 2a b
= 0.
yv = f (0) = (0)2 + 4 = 4. Hence, V = (0, 4).

• Sign Analysis: Since a = 1 > 0 and ∆ < 0, f (x) > 0 for all x ∈ R.

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 CONCLUSION

Quadratic functions and their graphical representations are important

mathematical concepts that explain many properties of algebraic equations
around us. The graph of a parabola is responsible for visually representing
the vertex, extrema, and the behavior of several important mathematical
models.
Graphical analysis explains characteristic properties of functions such as
intervals of positivity, negativity, maximums, and minimums. This project
shows that the properties of an equation depend not only on the variables
present, but also on the graphical relation between their coordinates.
A clear understanding of quadratic functions helps in explaining both
everyday mathematical observations and important scientific applications.
These concepts form an essential part of Mathematics and provide a strong
foundation for further study.

STUDENT’S NAME
Class XI-A

17
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. ISC Mathematics Textbook, Class 11th, [Link]

2. ChatGPT

3. Overleaf

END OF PROJECT FILE

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