CHAPTER 4

REACTIONS IN AQUEOUS
SOLUTIONS

Aqueous
Reactions
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
 CONTENTS

• INTRODUCTION
• DISSOCIATION
• SOLUTIONS
• DILUTUTION
• TITRATION

Aqueous
Reactions
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
INTRODUCTION

Aqueous
Reactions
 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

• Solutions are defined as homogeneous

mixtures of two or more pure substances.

• The solvent is present in greatest abundance.

• All other substances are solutes.

Aqueous
Reactions
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In aqueous solutions (aq)
*solvent is water
*solute can be ionic compounds, aqueous acids,
bases, or molecular compounds

 Water is one of the most common solvent

 It’s a polar molecule

O -
a hydrogen bond

H +
Aqueous

H + Reactions
 “Likes dissolve likes”

A solvent such as water is needed to

dissolve polar solutes such as sugar and
ionic solutes such as NaCl.

A solvent such as hexane (C6H14) is needed

to dissolve nonpolar solutes such as oil or
grease.

Aqueous
Reactions
DISSOCIATION

Aqueous
Reactions
Dissociation

• When an ionic
substance dissolves
in water, the solvent
pulls the individual
ions from the crystal
and solvates them.
• This process is
called dissociation.
Aqueous
Reactions
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Dissociation

• An electrolyte
is a substances
that dissociates
into ions when
dissolved in
water.

Aqueous
Reactions
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SOLUTIONS

Aqueous
Reactions
 Solutions

• A nonelectrolyte
may dissolve in
water, but it does
not dissociate into
ions when it does
so.

Aqueous
Reactions
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 Molarity
• Two solutions can contain the same
compounds but be quite different because the
proportions of those compounds are different.
• Molarity is one way to measure the
concentration of a solution:

moles of solute
Molarity (M) =
volume of solution in liters

Aqueous
Reactions
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Exercise Calculating Molarity

Calculate the molarity of a solution made by

dissolving 23.4 g of sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) in
enough water to form 125 mL of solution.

• No of moles=mass/molar mass
• Formula in last slide
Exercise Calculating Molar Concentrations of Ions

A) What is the molar concentration of each ion

present in a 0.025M aqueous solution of calcium
chloride (CaCl2)? B) How many Ca2+ ions are
present in 0.02 L of that solution?

• 0.025M Ca+ whereas 0.025x2 Cl=0.05M

• Now use the molarity formula and rearrange to find the moles of solute
• This should be 0.025x1L=0.025 for Calcium and 0.05x1L=0.05 for Cl
• For part B use molarity formula again and rearrange it to find mole of Ca+ in 0.02L
• Formula will be Moles=molarity x vol in L so 0.025 x 0.02 = 0.0005
• No of ions= molesxAvogados
So 0.0005 x 6.023x1023 =
Exercise Using Molarity to Calculate Grams of Solute

How many grams of Na2SO4 are required to make

0.350 L of 0.500M Na2SO4?

moles of solute
Molarity (M) =
volume of solution in liters

No of moles=mass/molar mass
DILUTIONS
 Dilution
• One can also dilute a more concentrated
solution by:
25x10=250
1.00/10=0.1

Aqueous
Reactions
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 Dilution
The molarity of the new solution can be determined
from the equation

M1  V 1 = M2  V2,

where M1 and M2 are the molarity of the concentrated

and dilute solutions, respectively, and V1 and V2 are
the volumes of the two respective solutions.

Aqueous
Reactions
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Exercise Preparing a Solution by Dilution
How many milliliters of 3.0M H2SO4 are needed
to make 450 mL of 0.10M H2SO4?

Chemistry, The Central Science, 12th Edition © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine J. Murphy; and Patrick Woodward
 Titration
Titration is
an analytical
technique in
which one
can calculate
the
concentration
of a solute in
a solution.

Aqueous
Reactions
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
TITRATION

Aqueous
Reactions
 Titration
What is the concentration of an HCl solution if 10-mL
of the solution reacted with 15-mL of 2.0 M NaOH to
reach the end point?
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O

M1  V1 = M2  V2,

Aqueous
Reactions
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Exercise Using Mass Relations in a Neutralization Reaction

How many grams of Ca(OH)2 are needed to

neutralize 25.0 mL of 0.100M HNO3?
Ca(OH)2 + 2 HNO3 Ca(NO3)2 + 2 H2O
From the above equation
MW of Ca(OH)2 = 74.1 whereas of HNO3 = 63 and due to balancing 63 x 2 = 126
Molarity formula for HNO3 after rearranging:
Moles of HNO3= molarity/vol in liter so
0.1 x 0.025 liter = 0.0025 moles of HNO3 now
Rearranging moles formula so
Mass of HNO3 = moles x mol mass
0.0025 x 63 = 0.16 gm so now
If 126 gm of HNO3 reacts with 74.1 gm
Then 0.16 g of HNO3 will make 74.1/126 x 0.16 = Answer
Exercise Determining Solution Concentration by an
Acid–Base Titration
One commercial method used to peel potatoes is to soak them in a NaOH
solution for a short time, then remove them and spray off the peel. The NaOH
concentration is normally 3 to 6 M, and the solution must be analyzed
periodically. In one such analysis, 45.7 mL of 0.500M H2SO4 is required to
neutralize 20.0 mL of NaOH solution. What is the concentration of the NaOH
solution?
2 NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2 H2O

Mol of NaOH/mol of H2SO4 = 2/1

Cross multiply
M V (of h2so4) x 2 = M V (of naoh) x 1
0.500 x 45.7 x 2 = M x 20
M = Answer
Exercise Determining the Quantity of Solute by Titration

The quantity of Cl– in a municipal water supply is determined by titrating the sample with Ag +. The
precipitation reaction taking place during the titration is
Ag+(aq) + Cl–(aq) AgCl(s)

The end point in this type of titration is marked by a change in color of a special type of indicator. (a)
How many grams of chloride ion are in a sample of the water if 20.2 mL of 0.100 M Ag+ is needed to
react with all the chloride in the sample? (b) If the sample has a mass of 10.0 g, what percent Cl–
does it contain?

Mol of Cl = mol of Ag
=M V (in liter)
= 0.100 x 0.0202
= Answer

a) Mass of Cl = mol x mol mass

= Answer x 35.5
= 0.072 g
b) % of Cl = mass of Cl/mass of sample x 100%
= 0.072/10 x 100
= 0.72%