Module 4
Sampling Theory
Test of Significance for Large Samples:
1. Test for Single Proportion
i. A dice is thrown 9000 times and a throw of 3 or 4 is observed 3240 times. Show
that the dice cannot be regarded as an unbiased one and find the limits between
which the probability of a throw of 3 or 4 lies. (Hint: use note point 3 to calculate
limits)
ii. In a sample of 1,000 people in Maharashtra, 540 are rice eaters and the rest are
wheat eaters. Can we assume that both rice and wheat are equally popular in this
State at 1% level of significance? (Use note point: 1)
iii. In a big city 325 men out of 600 men were found to be smokers. Does this
information support the conclusion that the majority of men in this city are
smokers?
iv. In a random sample of 125 cool drinkers, 68 said they prefer thumsup to pepsi.
Test the null hypothesis 𝑝 = 0.5 against the alternative hypothesis 𝑝 > 0.5.
2. Test of significance of the difference between two sample proportions
i. Random samples of 400 men and 600 women were asked whether they would
like to have a fly-over near their residence. 200 men and 325 women were in
favour of the proposal. Test the hypothesis that proportions of men and women
in favour of the proposal are same against that they are not, at 5% level.
ii. In a large city A, 20% of a random sample of 900 school boys had a slight
physical defect. In another city B, 18.5% of a random sample of 1600 schools
boys had the same defect. Is the difference between the proportions significant?
iii. In two large populations, there are30%, and 25% respectively of fair-haired
people. Is this difference likely to be hidden in samples of 1200 and 900
respectively from the two populations?
iv. In a sample of 600 students of a certain college, 400 are found to use ball pens.
In another college from a sample of 900 students, 450 were found to use ball
pens. Test whether two colleges are significantly different w.r.t. the habit of
using ball pens?
3. Test of Significance for Single Mean
i. A sample of 900 members has a mean of 3.4 cms and S.D 2.61 cms. Is this
sample has been taken from a large population of mean 3.25 cm and S.D 2.61
cms. If the population is normal and its mean is unknown find the 95% fiducial
limits of true mean.
ii. A sample of 400 items is taken from a population whose standard deviation is
10. The mean of the sample is 40. Test whether the sample has come from a
population with mean 38. Also calculate 95% confidence interval for the
population.
iii. An ambulance service claims that it takes on the average less than 10 minutes
to reach its destination in emergency calls. A sample of 36 calls has a mean of
11 minutes and the variance of 16 minutes. Test the claim at 0.05 level
significance.
4. Test of Significance for Difference of Means
i. The means of two large samples of sizes 1000 and 2000 members are 67.5
inches and 68.0 inches respectively. Can the samples be regarded as drawn
from the same population of S.D 2.5 inches.
ii. Samples of students were drawn from two universities and from their weights
in kilograms, mean and standard deviations are calculated and shown below.
Make a large sample test to test the significance of the difference between the
means.
iii. A researcher wants to know the intelligence of students in a school. He selected
two groups of students. In the first group there are 150 students having mean
IQ of 75 with a S.D. of 15. In the second group there are 250 students having
mean IQ of 70 with S.D. of 20. Is there a significant difference between the
means of two groups?
iv. The average marks scored by 32 boys is 72 with a S.D. of 8. While that for 36
girls is 70 with a S.D. of 6. Does this indicate that the boys perform better than
girls at level of significance 0.05?
Small Sample Test
Student’s 𝒕-test
1. Test of Significance of the Difference Between Sample Mean and Population Mean
i. A sample of 26 bulbs gives a mean life of 990 hours with a S.D. of 20 hours.
The manufacturer claims that the mean life of bulbs is 1000 hours. Is the
sample not up to the standard?
ii. Tests made on the breaking strength of 10 pieces of a metal gave the following
results: 578, 572, 570, 568, 572, 570, 570, 572, 596 and 584 kg. Test if the
mean breaking strength of the wire can be assumed as 577 kg.
iii. A certain injection administered to each of 12 patients resulted in the following
increases of blood pressure: 5, 2, 8, -1, 3, 0, 6, -2, 1, 5, 0, 4. Can it be concluded
that the injection will be, in general, accompanied by an increase in BP?
iv. The heights of 10 males of a given locality are found to be 175, 168, 155, 170,
152, 170, 175, 160, 160 and 165 cms. Based on this sample, find the 95%
confidence limits for the height of males in that locality.
v. Eight students were given a test in PROBABILITY & STATISTICS and after
one month coaching, they were given another test of the similar nature. The
following table gives the increase of their marks in the second test over the
first.
Do the marks indicate that the students have gained from the coaching?
2. 𝒕 −Test for Difference of Sample Means
i. Two independent samples of sizes 8 and 7 contained the following values:
Sample 1: 19, 17, 15, 21, 16, 18, 16, 14
Sample 2: 15, 14, 15, 19, 15, 18, 16
Is the difference between the sample means significant?
ii. The following data represent the biological values of protein from cow's milk and
buffalo's milk at a certain level.
Cow's milk: 1.82, 2.02, 1.88, 1.61, 1.81, 1.54
Buffalo's milk: 2.00, 1.83, 1.86, 2.03, 2.19, 1.88
Examine if the average values of protein in the two samples significantly differ.
iii. The following data relate to the marks obtained by 11 students in 2 tests, one held
at the beginning of a year and the other at the end of the year after intensive
coaching.
Test 1: 19, 23, 16, 24, 17, 18, 20, 18, 21, 19, 20
Test 2: 17, 24, 20, 24, 20, 22, 20, 20, 18, 22, 19
Do the data indicate that the students have benefited by coaching?
iv. Below are given the gain in weights (in lbs) of pigs fed on two diets A and B.
Diet A 25 32 30 34 24 14 32 24 30 31 35 25 - - -
Diet B 44 34 22 10 47 31 40 30 32 35 18 21 35 29 22
Test, if the two diets differ significantly as regards their effect on increase in weight.
v. Ten soldiers participated in a shooting competition in the first week. After intensive
training they participated in the competition in the second week. Their scores
before and after training are given as follows:
Score before 67 24 57 55 63 54 56 68 33 43
Scores after 70 38 58 58 56 67 68 75 42 38
Do the data indicate that the soldiers have been benefited by the training.
Chi-square (𝝌𝟐 ) test
1. Chi-square (𝝌𝟐 ) test as a test of goodness of fit
i. The following data represent the monthly sales (in Rs) of a certain retail store in
a leap year. Apply chi-square test to examine if there is any seasonality in the
sales: 6100, 5600, 6350, 6050, 6250, 6200, 6300, 6250, 5800, 6000, 6150, 6150
ii. A pair of dice are thrown 360 times and the frequency of each sum is indicated
below:
Sum 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
frequency 8 24 35 37 44 65 51 42 26 14 14
Would you say that the dice are fair on the basis of the chi-square test at 5% level
of significance?
iii. The following figures show the distribution of digits in numbers chosen at random
from a telephone directory.
Digits 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
frequency 1026 1107 997 966 1075 933 1107 972 964 853
Apply the chi-square test to check whether the digits may be taken to occur
equally frequently in the directory at 5% level of significance?
2. Chi-square (𝝌𝟐 ) test for Independence of Attributes
i. Two researchers adopted different sampling techniques while
investigating some group of students to find the number of students falling
into different intelligence level. The results are as follows:
Below
Researchers Average Above average Genius Total
average
X 86 60 44 10 200
Y 40 33 25 2 100
Total 126 93 69 12 300
Apply the chi-square test to test significance of sampling techniques adopted by the two
researchers at 5% level of significance?
ii. The following table gives for a sample of married women, the level of
education and the marriage adjustment score:
Marriage adjustment
Very low Low High Very high Total
College 24 97 62 58 241
High 22 28 30 41 121
Level of school
Education Middle 32 10 11 20 73
school
Total 78 135 103 119 435
Apply the chi-square test to check the relation between level of education and the
marriage adjustment score of married women.
iii.
Given the following contingency table for hair colour and eye colour.
Calculate the value of chi-square. Is there good association between the
two?
Hair colour
Fair Brown Black Total
Blue 15 5 20 40
Eye colour Grey 20 10 20 50
Brown 25 15 20 60
Total 60 30 60 150