Modulus Function [Link].

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Introduction Graphing Harder Functions – Quadratics, Logs and Exponentials Solving Inequalities
Modulus is a function that takes a number and returns it non negative value (removes the sign of the number and returns a positive always. It simply eats the negative J See my how to graph cheat sheet first if you’re not comfortable with graphing all types of func:ons. Watch out of these! Here you NEED to GRAPH and do one more step than with equalities. After finding the solutions, check where the left
Example 1: Example 2: Example 3: Example 1: Quadra=c Example 2: Exponen=als Example 3: Quadra=c Example 4: Logarithmic hand side graph is above (if > or ≥) or below (if < or ≤) the right hand side graph
Sketch * = |& " − 1| Sketch | 2J ( − 5 | * = |4ln (& − J)| Sketch MN |3& − 6| Example 1: Modulus on one Example 2: Modulus on one Example 3: Modulus on one side Example 4: Modulus on one side
|7| | − 7| |& + 2| First use your knowledge of First use your knowledge of exp First use your knowledge of log graphs First use your knowledge of log graphs to draw side side (unusual solu=on)
)
quadra:c grapgs to draw & " − 1 graphs to draw 2J ( − 5 to draw 4ln (& − J) MN |3& − 6| Solve |& − 4| < 3 Solve |3 − &| ≥ 4 Solve |4& − 3| > 2 − 2& Solve |4& − 3| > − 2&
"
7 The positive version of −7 is 7 Since this has a variable in and we You don’t really need to know this, but |& − 4| < 3 |3 − &| ≥ 4 |4& − 3| > 2 − 2&
don’t’ know what this is we have to actually a modulus is just a piecewise y asymptote
take cases function :=5
y intercept −3
Plus case: +(& + 2) = & + 2 & + 2, & ≥ −2 '(# ! asymptote ! = ;
$(&) = B ! intercept
Negative case: −(& + 2) = −& − 2 −& − 2, & ≤ −2 & ! intercept 1 + ;
Link this to the graph in example 1 below to
understand the orange part better This is now just a $(|&|) type
This is now just a |$(&)| type This is now just a |$(&)| type
This is now just a |$(&)| type
Graphing Basics &−4=3 ⟹ & =1 & + 4 = 2& − 3 ⟹ & = 7
1 4& − 3 =
3
− 2& ⟹ & =
3
The graph of |&| looks like −& + 4 = 3 ⟹, & = 7 3 − & = 4 ⟹ & = −1 2 4
−& − 4 = 2& − 3 ⟹ & = −
< means where is LHS BELOW? 3 3 3
1<&<7 −3 + & = 4 ⟹, & = 7 1 −(4& − 3) = − 2& ⟹ & =
− ≤&≤7 2 4
≥ means where is LHS ABOVE? 3 They meet on the x axis
3
& ≤ −1, & ≥ 7 & ∈ ℝ, & ≠

You will probably be taught the transformation method, but the method below is far better for when the questions get harder
Solving Equalities Important Example
Example 5: Modulus on both
Important Example
Example 6:
Example 7:
With A Log
4
Example 8: With a quadra=c
(hard - carefully consider graph
Important tips: There are 3 ways to deal with these
• Step 1: Find the vertex Note: Way 1: Replace the modulus with the plus and minus case and solve (check your answers at the end in case some need to be ignored)
sides With a Quadra=c and its intersec=ons)
ü # coordinate of vertex: Set what is inside the modulus equal to zero You can of course either Way 2: Square both sides and solve (check your answers at the end in case some need to be ignored) (careful with cases)
ü & coordinate of vertex: This is the number added or subtracted outside the modulus vertex (like for a quadratic) use other methods. Way 3: graph both sides of the equation. This is a bit harder, but it becomes important for when you solve inequalities later so learn it.
• Step 2: Take cases of the modulus for the lines 1)transformations Tip 1: If two modulus graphs on the same axis, have the line with a steeper gradient looking steeper Solve |& + 4|≥ |2& −3| Solve |2& − 3| < & " Solve |4 ln(& − J)| ≥ 4 Solve 3& + 3|< |& " − 1|
Tip 2: Make sure the solution you get makes sense in terms of the ! axis region the line relates to. If not, we ignore it. |& + 4|≥ |2& −3| |2& − 3| < & "
ü plus case (replace the modulus sign with a bracket and simplify). 2)write the function as a
Example 1: Modulus on one side Example 2: Modulus on one side Example 3: Modulus on both sides IMPORTANT EXAMPLE
ü minus case (reverse the sign of what is inside the modulus and simplify) piecewise function and
Example 4: Ignoring Solu=ons that
• Step 3: Find the y intercept use piecewise function
are not valid
ü Set x = 0 (this will just be the orange point if the vertex is on the x axis) knowledge.
Solve |5& −3|=7 Solve |8−2&|= & + 5 Solve |5& −5|=|3& −5| Solve |2& + 1| = 3& − 2
However, experience
• Step 4: Draw the lines (green and pink) and use the y intercept as a guid
tells me that students do Way 1: Take cases Way 1: Take cases Way 1: Take cases Way 1: Take cases Careful, there are 3 intersections. Your
The positive gradient line goes upwards and the negative gradient line goes downwards. Write the equation on each line Positive case Negative case Positive case Negative case Positive, Positive Positive, Negative Positive case Negative case graph might not make that obvious, but
much better with this 2& − 3 = & " ⟹ & = −3 4 ln(& − J) = 4 ⟹ & = J
• Step 5: Find the x intercept(s) 5! −3 = 7 −(5! −3) = 7 8 − 2! = ! + 5 −(8 − 2!)=! + 5 5! − 5 = 3! − 5 5! − 5=−(3! − 5) 2! + 1 = 3! − 2 −(2! + 1)=3! − 2
1 the solutions below will
method shown %=& ( 3! = 3 −8 + 2! = ! + 5 2! = 0 8! = 10 %=5 5! = 1 −(2& − 3) = & " ⟹ & = 1
%=− −4 ln(& − J) = 4 ⟹ & = + J 3" + 3 = " & − 1 ⟹ " = −1, 4
ü Set y =0 in both lines IF you can see the lines crosses the x axis (be sure to use the correct line) ) %=0 % = 03 %=3 !=
! 0 & + 4 = 2& − 3 ⟹ & = 7 & < −3 ]^ & > 1 J
" %=
1 −(3" + 3) = " & − 1 ⟹ " = −2, −1
Check with original ques0on: Check with original ques0on: Negative, Positive Negative, Negative
) 1 " < −2, " > 4
Example 1: Vertex on x axis Example 2: Vertex on x axis Example 3: Vertex above x axis When " = 2 : When " = 1 : & + 4 = −(2& − 3) ⟹ & = − J < & ≤ + J, & ≥ 2J
−(5! − 5) = 3! − 5 −(5! − 5)=−(! − 5) 3 J
* = |& + 2| * = |2& − 4| * = 2|& − 4| + 3 |5(2) −3|=7 |8 − 2(1)|= 1 + 5 −8! = −10 −2! = 0 Check with original ques0on: 1
7 = 7 ∴ true since true statement 6 = 6 ∴ true since true statement !=
! !=3 When " = 3 : − ≤&≤7
Step 1: Step 1: Step 1: Careful here, only use the modulus part !
"
|2(3) + 1|= 3(3) − 2 3
When " = − : When " = 13 :
&+2=0 2& − 4 = 0 &−4=0 "
Check with original ques0on: 7 = 7 ∴ true since true statement Example 9 (Between)
! |8 − 2(13)|= 13 + 5
& = −2 &=2 &=4 |5+− , −3|=7
" 18 = 18 ∴ true since true statement When " = 0 : When " = :
# Solve 1≤ |& − 4| ≤ 3
Nothing added or subtracted outside so * = 0 Nothing added or subtracted outside so * = 0 3 is added outside hence * = 3 7 = 7 ∴ true since true statement |5(0) − 5)|= |3(0) − 5|
"
# # We can separate it into two inequalities:
|2 + , + 1|= 3 + , − 2 |" − 4| ≥ 1 and |" − 4| ≤ 3
Hence (−2,0) Hence (2,0) Hence (4,3) 5 = 5 ∴ true since true statement " "

Step 2: Step 2: Step 2: Careful here, consider all parts When " = :
" 1.4 ≠ −1.4 ∴ NOT TRUE The results we got are " ≤ 3, " ≥ 5, 1 ≤ " ≤ 7. Now we take the overlap which is
! " = 3 is the only solu-on 1 ≤ " ≤ 3, 5 ≤ " ≤ 7
• Plus case: & + 2 • Plus case: 2& − 4 • Plus case: 2(& − 4) + 3 = 2& − 5 "
|5 + , − 5)|= |3 + , − 5|
"
Extra to try: 89 − :! = ;|! − <| + =
! !
• Negative case: −(& + 2) = −& − 2 • Negative case: −(2& − 4) = −2& + 4 • Negative case: −2(& − 4) + 3 = −2& + 11 $%

Hard Exam Questions

1.25 = 1.25 ∴ true since true statement (! = is the only solu-on)
%
Step 3: Step 3: Step 3:
Way 2: Square both sides Way 2: Square both sides Way 2: Square both sides Way 2: Square both sides
Let & = 0: Let & = 0: Let & = 0: (5" − 3)& = 7& (8 − 2")& = (" + 5)& (5" − 5)& = (3" − 5)& (2" + 2)& = (3" − 2)&
* = |0 + 2| = 2 * = |2(0 − 4| = | − 4| = 4 * = 2|0 − 4| + 3 = 2|−4| + 3 = 2(4) + 3 = 11 Example 1 Example 2
25" & − 30" + 9 = 49 64 − 32" + 4" & = " & + 10" + 25 5" & − 50" + 25 = 9" & − 30" + 225 4" & + 8" + 4 = 9" & − 12" + 4
Hence (0,2) Hence (0,4) Hence (0,11) 25" & − 30" − 40 = 0 3" & − 42" + 39 = 0 4" & + 20" + 200 = 0 5" & − 20" = 0 a and b are constants and 0 < " < , . * = |& − "| − , where a and b are positive constants and a> , >
4 5 1 # #
Step 4: Step 4: Step 4: " = 1, " = 13 Solve for & in the equation |2& + "| − , = &, giving your answer in terms of 0. Find the complete set of values of & for which |& − "| − , < &.
" = 2, " = − " = 0, " = " = ," = 3 ) "
5 Check like in way 1 above 4 5
Let * = 0 for both lines Let * = 0 for both lines Let * = 0 for both lines # " and , Giving your answer for & a in terms of b
!
Check like in way 1 above Check like in way 1 above Check like in way 1 above (ignore " = )
& + 2 = 0 gives & = −2 2& − 4 = 0 gives & = 2 2& − 5 = 0 gives & = "
|2& + "| − , = &
#
|& − "| − , = &
#

−& − 2 = 0 gives & = −2 −2& + 4 = 0 gives & = 2

"
##
Way 3: Graphical Way 3: Graphical Way 3: Graphical Way 3: Graphical ) "
−2& + 11 = 0 gives & = Graph each side Graph each side Graph each side We need to graph both sides. For the left hand side use our knowledge
This is just the same as our vertex which we expect This is just the same as our vertex which we expect "
Watch out: The graph will guide you that these points are |5& −3|=7 |8−2&|= & + 5 We need to graph both sides. For the left hand side use our knowledge of of how the graph the modulus (mentioned at the beginning of this
since it lies on the & axis since it lies on the & axis
actually not possible since the graph opens upwards Note: the modulus has been split Note: the modulus has been split how the graph the modulus (mentioned at the beginning of this document). document)
Insight: A modulus up into pink and green up into pink and green
function is just a
piecewise function
" + 2, " ≥ −2
@(") = O
−" − 2, " ≤ −2 We can see posi0ve posi0ve has no solu0on.
That means when we solve it we will get a We can clearly see from the graph that
solu0on of " not in the correct " region there is only 1 solu0on on the farright
Example 4: With x axis reflection Example 5: With y axis reflection Example 6: With unknowns Positive, Positive Positive, Negative Let’s only do the case we need this 0me
5! − 5 = 3! − 5 5! − 5 = −3! + 5 Positive,
Note: we don’t need the x axis intersections to answer this question, but Note: we don’t need the x axis intersections to answer this question,
* = 2 − |& + 1| * = 2|−& + 3| + 1 * = |2& + "| − ,, 2! = 0 8! = 10 2! + 1 = 3! − 2
but let’s include them anyway
where a and b are constants and 0 < " < , !=0 !=
# !=3 let’s include them anyway
Positive Case Negative Case Positive Case Negative Case
Not true since not $
We now need to find the intersection points We find the intersection points by solving as an equality (forget about
Step 1: Careful here, only use the modulus part Step 1: Careful here, only use the modulus part Step 1: Careful here, only use the modulus part −2! + 8 = ! + 5 2! − 8 = ! + 5
in correct ! region Note: we can see there is no nega0ve 1 te inequality for now)
(5! − 3) = 7 −(5! − 3) = 7
&+1=0 −& + 3 = 0 2& + " = 0 5! − 3 = 7 −5! + 3 = 7 8 − 2! = ! + 5 −8 + 2! = ! + 5
of ! > 1 case but let’s just confirm this |2& + "| − , = & 1
" 3! = 3 ! = 13 Negative, Positive Negative, Negative Negative 3 |& − "| − , = &
& = −1 &=3 &=−
5! = 10 −5! = 4
!=1 −5! + 5 = 3! − 5 −5! + 5 = −3! + 5 −2! − 1 = 3! − 2 Remember that we take cases for the modulus (plus and minus case) 2
!=2 4
2 is added outside hence * = 2 1 is added outside hence * = 1 2 !=− −8! = −10 −2! = 0 5! = 1 # # Remember that we take cases for the modulus (plus and minus case)
b is subtracted outside hence * = ,
5 # != 0 1 (2& + ") − , = & and −2& − " − , = & # #
Hence (−1,2) Hence (3,1) " = 1, " = 13 !=
$ != ) ) (& − ") − , = & and – (& − ") − , = &
%
Hence H− , −,I 4 Not true since not 5 Positive case Negative case " "
Step 2: Careful here, only use the modulus part Step 2: Careful here, only use the modulus part " = 2, " = − This is not in the region where the [Link] case Positive case Negative case
"
5
in correct region % 1 1
• Plus case: 2−(& + 1) = −& + 1 • Plus case:2(−& + 3) + 1 = −2& + 7 Step 2: Careful here, only use the modulus part 5 occurs which is ! ≤ −
& (2& + ") − , = & −2& − " − ,−= & 1 1
! = 0, ! = 3 3 (& − ") − , = & −(& − ") − , = &
• Negative case: 2 − −(& + 1) = & + 3 • Negative case: −2(−& + 3) + 1 = 2& − 5 • Plus case: 2& + " − , 4
1 1 2 2
Step 3: Step 3: Example 7: Example 8: Example 9: Example 10: 2& − & = , − " −2& − & = " + , 1 1
• Negative case: −(2& + ") − , = −2& − " − , 3 3 &−"−, = & −& + " − , = &
Let & = 0: Let & = 0: June 2025 Paper 2 Q12 2 2
Step 3: 5 7
* = 2 − |0 + 1| = 2 − |1| = 2 − 1 = 1 * = 2|−0 + 3| + 1 = 2|3| + 1 = 2(3) + 1 = 7
@(") = 4|" − 3| − 5 @(") = |"|, B(") = 3" + 5. @(") = |2" + A| + 3A Given that |" + 3A| = 5A, & =,−" − & ="+, 1 1
Let & = 0: Given that a is a constant and ii. [Link] B(" + 2) = @(−12) B(") = 5" − 4A where a is a posi0ve constant. Find, in 3 3 &− & ="+, −& − & = −" + ,
Hence (0,1) Hence (0,7) * = |2(0) + "| − , = |"| − , = " − , 3 3 2 2
|A| = 1 [Link] the values of " for which where a is a posi0ve constant. & = (, − ") & = − (" + ,) 1 3
Step 4: Step 4: terms of a, the possible values of 5 7 & ="+, − & = −" + ,
Hence (0, " − ,) Find the possible values of @(A) " + @(") = 0 Solve for " the equa0on
Let * = 0 for both lines Let * = 0 for both lines i. BC@(")D = 31A |" + 7A| − |" − 7A|
2 2
Note: " < , hence " − , is positive & = 2(" + ,) 2
−& + 1 = 0 gives & = 1 −2& + 7 = 0 gives & =
$
Step 4: & = − (−" + ,)
" |A| = 1 i. @(") = |2" + A| + 3A |" + 3A| = 5A & = 2" + 2, 3
& + 3 = 0 gives & = −3 ! Let * = 0 for both lines means B(") = 5" − 4A
3 3 2 2
2& − 5 = 0 gives & = B(" + 2) &= (, − "), & = − (" + ,) &= "− ,
"
2& + " − , = 0 gives & =
&%&' A = 1 or A = −1 (" + 3A) = 5A −(" + 3A) = 5A 5 7 3 3
Watch out: The graph will guide you that these points = 3(" + 2) + 5
" BC@(")D = 31A " = 2A −" − 3A = 5A So, we know we intersect twice. Let’s put all this on a graph
'&% = 3" + 11
are actually not possible since the graph opens up −2& − " − , = 0 gives & = @(") = 4|1 − 3| − 5 = 3 5[|2" + A| + 3A] − 4A = 31A When " = −8A
" We need to solve the inequality part
from the vertex @(") = 4|−1 − 3| − 5 = 11 5[|2" + A| + 3A] − 4A = 31A
B(" + 2) = @(−12) 1
3" + 11 = |−12| Case 1: Case 2: Negative |& − "| − , < &
Now solve for |" + 7A| − |" − 7A|. 2
3" + 11 = 12 Positive Case Case
3 and 11 1 When " = 2A:
"= 5(2" + 4A) − 4A 5(−2" + 2A)
3 |2A + 7A| − |2A − 7A|
ii. = 31A − 4A = 31A
= 9A − |−5A|
" + |"| = 0 = 9A − 5A
10" + 20A − 4A −10" + 10A
" = −|"| = 4A
= 31A − 4A = 31A
When " = −8A: We are solving a < question, meaning modulus graph must be
|−8A + 7A| − |−8A − 7A|
10" + 16A = 31A −10" + 6A BELOW
Transformations 10" = 15A
= 31A
= |−A| − |−15A|
= A − 15A
= −14A
" "
He " − , < & < 2" + 2,
) )

! transformations – outside the modulus + transformations 10" = −25A

Hardest Exam Questions

15A 3A
(these occur outside the modulus) (these occur inside the modulus - do the opposite to what you expect) "= = 5A
Hence possible values are 4A and −14A.
10 2 "=−
$(|,& ± -|) 2
"|$(&)| ± ) • Divide & by b "≤0
3A 5A Example 1: October 2021 Pure 2 Q11 Example 2: C3 June 2017 Q6
"= HI −
• Apply modulus • Subtract/add - from/to * 2 2 The diagram shows a sketch of the graph with equa:on * = |2& – 3`|, where )
Given that the equa:on |2& − "| + , = & + 8, where a and b are
• Mul,ply * by a • Apply modulus Example 11: C3 June 2008 Q3 Example 12: C3 June 2005 Q 6 ` is a posi:ve constant.
"
posi:ve constants, has a solu:on at &=0 and & = -.
• Add/Subtract d to/from y The diagram shows the graph of * = $(&), & ∈ ℝ. The graph consists of The diagram shows part of the graph of * = $(&), & ∈ ℝ. The graph consists
Find c in terms of a
two line segments that meet at the point P. The graph cuts the * axis at of two line segments that meet at the point (1,"), " < 0. One line meets the
Given !(#) notation the point Q and the & axis at the points (−3,0) and R. & axis at (3,0). The other line meets the & axis at (−1,0) and the * axis at
Example 1: 2025 June Pure Paper 2 Q1 Example 2 (0, ,), , < 0.
The point .(6, −4) lies on the curve with equa,on, * = $(&), & ∈ ℝ The point .(−6, −4) lies on the curve with equa,on, * = $(&), & ∈ ℝ i. Sketch * = |$(&)| i. Sketch * = $(& + 1) "N) * = $(|&|)
Find the point to which P is mapped when the curve with equa,on * = $(&) is Find the point to which P is mapped when the curve with equa,on * = $(&) is ii. Sketch $(−&) and indicate clearly the coordinates i. Sketch the graph with equa:on * = $ (&) where $ (&) = ` – |2& – 3`|
transformed to the curve with equa,on * = 2|$(&)| − 3 transformed to the curve with equa,on * = $(2|&| − 3) Given that $(&) = 2 − |& + 1| ii. of any points of intersection with the axes Sta:ng
These are all * transforma,ons (we apply the modulus first) These are all & transforma,ons (we apply the modulus last) iii. Find the coordinates of the points iii. Given that $(&) = |& − 1| − 2, find the • the coordinates of the maximum point
• Apply modulus • Add 3 P, Q and R value of " and , • the coordinates of any points where the graph cuts the coordinate axes
# iv. The value of & for which $(&) = 5&
• Mul,ply by 2 • Divide by 2 iv. Solve $(&) = & ii. Find, in terms of k, the set of values of x for which
"
• Subtract 3 • Apply modulus i. * = $(|&|) means copy and ` − |2& − 3`| > & − `, giving your answer in set nota:on
i. ii.
(6, −4) → (6,4) → (6,8) → (6,5) 3 3 * = $(& + 1) means more 1 paste everything from the right iii. Find in terms of k, the coordinates of the minimum point of the graph
(−6, −4) → (−3, −4) → ;− , −4< → ; , −4< #
2 2 unit to the left side of & axis to the left side with equa:on * = 3 − 5$ H &I
"
Given !(#) graph )
|2& − "| + , = & + 8
"
Given an $(&) graph, you need to know how to draw |$(&)| and $(|&|) graphs Graph both sides of the equation
• |$(&)| reflect any negative y values up to the positive y axis.
Why? Since y can never be negative so we reflect negative values up
• $( |&| ) delete everything to the left of the line & = 0 and copy and paste anything to the right of the line onto the left of the line & = 0 iii.
Why? Since negative values of & become positive when taken the modulus so negative values of & never get seen, they just revert to the positive version $(&) = 2 − |& + 1|
• $(|& − "|) delete everything to the left of the line & = " i.e. where & − " is positive hence & > " and copy and paste anything to the right of this line onto the left of P is where the vertex is which is where what is inside the modulus equals 0
this line. Careful though as both people do not realise this last bullet point as it very rarely comes up and hence teachers usually do not mentioned it. &+1=0 ii. ii.
Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4 & = −1 $(&) = |& − 1| − 2 i. The LHS of the equa0on is already graphed. Let’s add the graph the RHS of the
When & = −1 Plug in (R, S) Plug in (T, U)
Consider the following graph of !(#) Consider the following graph of !(#) Consider the following graph of !(#) Consider the following graph of !(#) equa0on to the graph.
$(&) = 2 − 0 = 2 " = |1 − 1| − 2 , = |0 − 1| − 2 * = ` − |2& − 3k| and * = & − `
.(−1,2) " =0−2 , = |−1| − 2 = 1 − 2 = −1
Q is where & = 0 " = −2 " = −2, , = −1 To find the intersections:
$(&) = 2 − |0 + 1| = 2 − 1 = 1 We find the intersection points by solving as an equality
P(0,1) iii. 3
R is where y= 0 $(&) = 5& |2& − "| + , = &+8
2
0 = 2 − |& + 1| |& − 1| − 2 = 5& Remember that we take cases for the modulus (plus and minus
Case 1: Positive Case 2: Negative Case 1: Positive Case 2: Negative
case)
& − 1 − 2 = 5& −(& − 1) − 2 = 5& We need the intersec0on points. Don’t worry if your graph isn’t too accurate
0 = 2 − (& + 1) 0 = 2 − −(& + 1) 4& = −3 −& + 1 − 2 = 5& or you don’t know where the intersec0on points are. The algebra below will )
(2& − ") + , = & + 8 and −(2& − ") + , = & + 8
)
&+1=2 0 = 2 + (& + 1) 3 6& = −1 tell.
" "
Graph |!(#)| Graph |!(#)| Graph !(|#|) Graph !(|#|) &=− We solve each
&=1 2+&+1=0 4 1 5
& = −3 &=− −2& + 4` = & − ` ⟹ & = ` 3 3
6 3 (2& − ") + , = & + 8 −(2& − ") + , = & + 8
We already have this point shown 2 2
2& − 2` = & − ` ⟹ & = ` 3 3
on the graph Let’s indicate these points on a graph 2& − " + , = & + 8 −2& + " + , = & + 8
Note: As usual check with a graph if both of these are valid or just plug back both 2 2
Q(1,0) into the original equation |& − 1| − 2 = 5& Re-arrange for & Re-arrange for &
iv. ) ) # # 3 3
1 V− − 1V − 2 = 5 H− I and V− − 1V − 2 = 5 H− I 2& − & = " − , + 8 −2& − & = −" − , + 8
* * + + 2 2
2 − |& + 1| = &
2 1 7
Case 1: Positive Case 2: Negative $ #! $ ! & ="−,+8 − & = −" − , + 8
−2≠− and − 2 = − 2 2
* * + +
1 1 2
2 − (& + 1) = 2 − −(& + 1) = & & = (" + , − 8)
2 2 # & = 2(8 + " − ,) 7
Delete the green part and copy 1 1 Hence & = − is the only solution
+
Reflect the negative y region up Delete the green part and copy and paste the purple part 2−&−1= & 2+&+1= &
2 2 ` − |2& − 3`| > & − ` Given this case occurs when Given this case occurs when
and paste the purple part (positive x region) there instead 2 & = −6 We are solving a ques0on says > , meaning modulus graph must be ABOVE
Reflect the negative y region up &= &=- &=0
(positive x region) there instead 3 Hence for what & values is the pink graph (LHS) ABOVE the blue graph (RHS). 2
2 0 = (" + , − 8)
& = −6 , & = i.e. in the green shaded region - = 2(8 + " − ,) 7
3 5` - = 16 + 2" − 2, "+,−8=0
Note: As usual check with a graph if both of these are valid or just plug back `<&< "+, =8
#
3
both into the original equation 2 − |& + 1| = & and see if both give true ii. iii. , =8−"
"
), #
statements. They do, hence both valid. Coordinates of maximum point for $(&) is H , `I. We have 3 − 5$ H &I
" "
), Let’s solve the last 2 equations simultaneously to get c in terms of
& is mul0plied by 2: × 2 = 3` a as asked in the question
"
The graph is inverted: ` = −`
And stretched by 5: −` × 5 = −5` - = 16 + 2" − 2(8 − ")
And moved up by 3: 3 − 5` - = 16 + 2" − 16 + 2"
The minimum point is (3`, 3 − 5`) - = 4"
 Geometry Style Geometry Style Hardest Modelling
Number of solu,ons Range of Possible Values (With Gradient) 2023 June Paper 2 Q 12
Example 1 Example 2 - with a restricted domain Example 1- A Level October 2020 Pure 2 Q11 Example 2 - June 2025 Pure Paper 2 Q 12 The number of subscribers to two different music streaming companies is being monitored.
Sample Pure 2 Q11 At least one solu=on No solu=on
The equa:on 7 − |3& − 5| = `, where k is a constant has 2 dis:nct real solu:ons. $(&) = 2|3 − &| + 5, & ≥ 0 * = 2|& + 4| − 5. The func:on g is defined by The number of subscribers, t- , in thousands, to company A is modelled by the equa:on
Write down the range of possible values of ` i. State the range of $ The vertex of the graph is at the point P. $(&) = 4|& − 3| − 5, & ∈ ℝ t- = |u − 3| + 4 u≥0
ii.
#
Solve the equa:on $(&) = & + 30 i. Find the coordinates of P The func:on ℎ is defined ℎ(&) = `&, & ∈ ℝ where u is the :me in years since monitoring began.
" The number of subscribers, t. , in thousands, to company B is modelled by the equa:on
Given that the equa:on $(&) = `, where k is a constant has two dis:nct roots. ii. Solve the equa:on 3& + 40 = 2|& + 4| − 5 Where ` is a constant
A line M has equa:on * = "&, where " is a constant. Given that M intersects Given that the equa:on $(&) = ℎ(&) has no solu=ons t/ =8−|2u − 6| u≥0
iii. State the set of possible values of `
* = 2|& + 4| − 5 at least once Find the range of values of ` where u is the :me in years since monitoring began.
Way 1: Geometrical i.
iii. Find the range of possible values of ", wri:ng your answer in set Figure 2 shows a sketch of the graph of t- and the graph of t/ over a 5-year period.
Given, & ≥ 0 so only consider green por:on of graph Use the equa=ons of the models to answer all parts below
nota:on
i. Way 1:Geometric i. Find the ini:al difference between the number of subscribers to company A and the number of subscribers to company B.
P(−4, −5) vertex at (3, −5) When u = v company A reduced its subscrip:on prices and the number of subscribers increased.
ii. ii. Suggest a value for T, giving a reason for your answer
3" + 40 = 2|" + 4| − 5 iii. Find the range of values of t for which t- >t/ giving your answer in set nota:on
Remember that we take cases for the modulus (plus and minus case) iv. State a limita:on of the model used for company
We solve each case
Positive case: Negative case:
This means if we draw a horizontal line (* = ` is just a horizontal line) it should touch
the graph in 2 places only 3" + 40 = 2(" + 4) − 5 3" + 40 = 2(−" − 4) − 5
3" + 40 = 2" + 8 − 5 3" + 40 = −2" − 8 − 5
" = −37 5" = −53
At * = 7 the line will only cross the graph once (draw line * = 7) $(&) ≥ 5 " = −10.6
If you look at the graph below you can see this is not
Everywhere below the line * = 7 the line will cross graph will cross twice (at 2 possible since the positive case is only for " values
Note: See domain and range cheat sheet to properly understand this
diZerent points) bigger than −4 (or just plug this into the question
3" + 40 = 2|" + 4| − 5 and see if it makes the
ii. question true)
62 38 3(−37) + 40 = 2|−37 + 4| − 5 A line parallel to pink through the origin will always intersect the
&= ,& ≠ − −37 ≠ 61
3 5 blue and want no solutions hence consider parallel to blue this
iii. 3" + 40 = 2|" + 4| − 5
time.
2|3 − &| + 5 = `
So, concentrating on the blue line this time gives

So, the range of values of ` is

`<7
Way 2: Algebraic (use discriminant) we can see the only solution is the negative case although there could be an intersection far right an
that’s why the maths don’t above was also important
7 − |3& − 5| = ` " = −10.6
iii.
7 − ` = |3& − 5|
Way 1: Geometric (quicker)
Square each side so it is always positive
First of all realise the line has to go through the origin
(7 − `)" = |3& − 5|" First consider the opposite which is no solutions
49 − 14` + ` " = 9& " − 30& + 25 A is the gradient of the line
0 = 9& " − 30& + 25−49 + 14` − ` " when & = 0, * = 11 A dashed line parallel line to the pink line would have no solutions (not cross any of the graph)
0 = 9& " − 30& − 24 + 14` − ` " 5 < ` ≤ 11 A dashed line parallel line to the blue line is not possible since would not go through the origin. Also we
Find the discriminant. As there are 2 distinct real solutions, , " − 4"- > 0
0 = 9& " − 30& + (−24 + 14` − ` " )
don’t even need to look at the blue case since we can use the pink and swing it round enough to cover
all ranges of slopes.
So, a line parallel to pink through the origin will always intersect the blue and want no
With Integration
(−30)" − 4(9)(−24 + 14` − ` " ) > 0 Plug in the vertex for when the line crosses the vertex Example1
solutions hence consider parallel to blue this time.
900 − 36(−24 + 14` − ` " ) > 0 The sketch above shows a graph with equa:on * = $(&) where $(&) = 7 − I 3& − 5 I.
900 + 864−504` + 36` " > 0 −5 = R(3)
5 The finite region R is bounded by the graph with equa:on * = $(&) and the x axis.
36` " − 504` + 1794 > 0 From the pink line let’s consider what lines through the origin with steeper and less steeper (shallower) R=− Find the area of R, giving your answer in simplest form
3
(` − 7)" > 0 gradients would do in terms of how many times they would cross the graph
`<7 From the pink blue let’s consider what lines through the origin with steeper and less
Example 3 - C34 Jan 2014 IAL Q 4 – Modulus Example 4 - A Level October 2020 IAL P3 Q4 steeper (shallower) gradients would do in terms of how many times they would cross
The leQ diagram shows a sketch of part of the graph * = $(&), where The diagram below shows a sketch of part of the graph with equa0on * = $(&) where the graph
$(&) = 2|3 − &| + 5, & ≥ 0. $(&) = 21 − 2|2 − &|, & ≥ 0
Steeper gradients will touch
The right diagram shows a sketch of part of the graph * = d(&), where Shallower gradients will touch but only AFTER they touch/reach the vertex, they wont R is a triangle:
&+9 The base is the distance between the x-axis intercepts
d(&) = ,& ≥ 0 touch before they reach the vertex
2& + 3 We can see the lines in the yellow region don’t touch which is the region we want 7 − |3& − 5| = 0
5 7 = |3& − 5|
−4 ≤ R < −
3
7 = (3& − 5) 7 = −(3& − 5)
Way 2: Algebraic (take cases) 7 + 5 = 3& 7 = −3& + 5
For algebraic way do as on the leS, but then take the opposite region since want no 12 = 3& 7 − 5 = −3&
solu0ons. The general method is
Steeper gradients will touch once &=4 2 = −3&
• 1 or 2 solu0ons: Find union of both cases 2
Shallower gradients will touch twice, but only AFTER they touch/reach the vertex • 2 solu0ons: Find intersec0on of both cases &=−
i. Find $$(6) We can see the lines in the yellow region don’t touch the graph but ones out of the yellow region i.e. • 1 solu0on: symmetric difference of both cases 3
"
with a gradient more than 2 (the 2 starting from the pink dashed line drawn) and less than • no solu0on: opposite region of whatever the union was
i. Find the value of $d(1) ii. Solve the equa0on $(&) = 5& ! " #*
Given that the equa0on $(&) = `, where ` is a constant, has exactly two roots, So we want the non yellow region Distance = 4 − − =
) )
ii. State the range of d 5 Way 3: Algebraic (use discriminant)
iii. State the set of possible values of ` {A: A ≤ ⋃ A > 2) The greatest height of the triangle appears when |3& − 5| = 0, so the greatest height will be 7
iii. Find d&# (&) and state the domain 4 1
Given that the equa0on $(&) = `, where ` is a constant, has exactly two roots The graph with equa0on * = $(&) is transformed onto the graph with equa0on Area of a triangle = base × height
4|& − 3| − 5 = `&
* = "$(& − ,). Most students hate this so I will show a few algebraic ways 2
iv. State the range of possible values of ` 4|& − 3| = `& + 5 1 14 49
The vertex of the graph with equa0on * = "$(& − ,) is (6,3) 2|" + 4| − 5 = A" " = × ×7=
Given that " and , are constants, r4(& − 3)s = (`& + 5)" 2 3 3
Way 2: Algebraic (take cases)
iv. Find the value of a and the value of b 16(& − 6& + 9) = ` " & " + 10`& + 25
" Example2
Note: I will colour code like usual when graphing, so don’t try and link the following to the 16& " − 96& + 144 = ` " & " + 10`& + 25 EE
&+9 $(&) = 21 − 2|2 − &|
$(&) = 2|3 − &| + 5, d(&) = colours in way 1 above (16 − ` " )& " + (−96 − 10`)& + 119 = 0 ' |# − 9 |*#
2& + 3 $(6) = 21 − 2|2 − 6| = 21 − 2(4) = 13 F
We want no solu:ons hence , " − 4"- = 0
Positive case: Negative case
(−96 − 10`)" − 4(16 − ` " )(119) = 0 Recall that the modulus function changes based on the values of #
i. ! + 4 > 0, ! ≥ −4 ! + 4 < 0, ! < −4
$d(1)
576` " + 1920` + 1600 = 0 # − 9, #≥9
$(13) = 21 − 2|2 − 15| = 21 − 2(13) = −5 Hence, we get Hence, we get 5 !(#) = ,
−# + 9, #≤9
2(! + 4) − 5 = =! −2(! + 4) − 5 = =!
`=− , EE G EE
1+9 3
d(1) = 2! + 8 − 5 = =! −2! − 8 − 5 = =! ' |# − 9| *# = ' (−# + 9) *# + ' (# − 9) *#
2(1) + 3 i. $(&) = 5& 3 This doesn’t help with our lower bound though F F G
−13 EE EE
21 − 2|2 − &| = 5& !=
=−2
!=
=+2
1 1 1
d(1) = 2 21 − 2|2 − &| = 5& ' (# − 9) *# = 2 # F − 9#5 = 6 (11)F − 9(11)7 − 6 (9)F − 9(9)7 = 2
But we need to consider the restriction on !, so But we need to consider the restriction on !, so we G 2 G 2 2
Remember that we take cases for the modulus (plus and minus case) G G
we can say can say 1 F 1 1 49
$(2) = 2|3 − 2| + 5 = 2 + 5 = 7 We solve each case ' (−# + 9) *# = 2− # + 9#5 = 6− (9)F + 9(9)7 − 6 (2)F − 9(2)7 =
3 −13 2 2 2 2
Positive case: Negative case: =−2
≥ −4
=+2
< −4 F F
ii. Solving a rational inequality now, have to be Solving a rational inequality now, have to be careful
Hence combine these two values we calculated:
21 − 2(2 − &) = 5& 21 − 2[−(2 − &)] = 5& 49 53
&+9
careful as don’t know the sign of the denom and as don’t know the sign of the denom and might swpa 2+ =
2 2
d(&) = might swpa the inequality sign. Either take cases the inequality sign. Either take cases or multiply both
Example 3
2& + 3 21 − 4 + 2& = 5& 21 + 4 − 2& = 5&
or multiply both sides by (! − 2)& since we know sides by(! − 2)& since we know that is positive
Sketch the curve * = |& " − & − 2| and find the area within the following boundaries:
When & = 0: that is positive Lets just take cases here #
3& = 17 7& = 25 The curve * = |& " − & − 2| and the ver:cal lines & = and the horizontal line * = 4 and the posi:ve & axis
9 Let’s just take cases here Denom pos Denom neg "
d(&) = = 3
3 17 25 Denom pos Denom neg = + 2 > 0, = > −2 = + 2 < 0, = < −2
&= &=
3 7 =−2>0= >2 = − 2 < 0, = < 2 Hence, Hence,
We need to see how low the graph tends to on the right - hand side Hence, Hence, −13 < −4(= + 2) −13 > −4(= + 2)
If you look at the graph below you can see 3 ≥ −4(= − 2) 3 ≤ −4(= − 2) 13 > 4= + 8 13 < 4= + 8
To do this we can find the inverse and then set the denominator equal to zero or we can this is not possible since the positive case
3 ≥ −4= + 8 3 ≤ −4= + 8 5 5
just analyse the function as & → ∞. The function tends to 0.5 but doesn’t touch it. is only for & values smaller than −4 =<
4
=>
4
5 5
=≥ =≤ Also need = > −2 Also need = < −2
4 4
0.5 < d(&) ≤ 3 Let’s graph just to make sure that these are both valid solutions Also need = > 2 This includes = < 2 So, So, no solution since
iii ) Step 1: Find the coordinates of where the line * = 4 crosses the curve
So, So, not < −2
−& < > <
21 − 2|2 − &| = 5& >>& ) ( &" − & − 2 = 4
&+9 >≤
*= ( &" − & − 6 = 0
2& + 3 Positive case: * = 21 − 2(2 − &) = 21 − 4 + 2& = 2& + 19 # (& − 3)(& + 2) = 0
Take the union of both cases. Hence, overall we have = ∈ A−∞, C ∪ (2, ∞)
Negative case: * = 21 − 2[−(2 − &)] = 21 + 4 + 2& = −2& + 25 $
& = 3 & & = −2
*+9 Example 3 - June 2024 Paper 1 Q6 Example 4- Mock set 2 Pure Paper 1 Q 10
&= We are only concerned with the positive & axis hence we only care about the coordinate (3,4)
2* + 3 When & = 2, * = 21 Two solu=ons No solu=on Step 2: We have to split this up into two integrals, with two diZerent scenarios
A straight line M has equa:on * = `& + 4, where ` is a constant. Given that M intersects [Link] the equa0on 3& + 1 = |2& − 9| + 3 $(&) = |& " − & − 2|
&(2* + 3) = * + 9 * = 3|& − 2| + 5 at two dis=nct points, find the range of possible values of `. A straight line M has equa0on * = `& + 1, where ` is a constant We are concerned with the positive & axis, hence we will split our limits from:
#
Given that M does not meet or intersect the graph with equa0on & = to & = 2 & & = 2 to & = 3
2&* + 3& = * + 9 * = |2& − 9| + 3 "
"
)
[Link] the range of possible values of ` |^J" = } [4 − (−& " + & + 2)] )& + } [4 − (& " − & − 2)] )&
2&* − * = 9 − 3& #
Way 1: Geometric i. " "

Here we need to touch twice. We know the line * = `& + 4 has a y intercept of 4 3" + 1 = |2" − 9| + 3 Simplify:
*(2& − 1) = 9 − 3& Like before, Remember that we take cases for the modulus (plus and minus case)
" )

First of all realise the line has to go through a y intercept of 4 |^J" = } [& " − & + 2] )& + } [−& " + & + 6] )&
#
9 − 3& First consider the opposite which is no solutions 3" + 1 = (2" − 9) + 3 and 3" + 1 = [−(2" − 9)] + 3 " "
*= R is the gradient of the line Step 3: These are very elementary integrals hence continue as such:
2& − 1 We solve each case ) )
Positive case: Negative case: 1 1 1 1 1 1 13
} [−& " + & + 6] )& = ~− & ) + & " + 6& = ;− (3)) + (3)" + 6(3)< − Ä− (2)) + (2)" + 6(2)Å =
2& − 1 = 0 " 3 2 " 3 2 3 2 6
we can see the only solution is for the negative case 3" + 1 = (2" − 9) + 3 3" + 1 = [−(2" − 9)] + 3 "
"
"
1 ) 1 " 1 )
1 "
1 1 ) 1 1 " 1 15
1 } [& − & + 2] )& = ~ & − & + 2& = Ä (2) − (2) + 2(2)Å − Ç ; < − ; < + 2 ; <É =
&= 3" + 1 = 2" − 9 + 3 3" + 1 = −2" + 9 + 3 # 3 2 # 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 4
2 25 " "
&= Hence combine these two values we calculated:
7 " = −7 5" = 13 13 15 71
The domain of the inverse is the range of d(&), but use the letter &
+ =
If you look at the graph below you can 13 6 4 12
"=
0.5 < & ≤ 3 ii. Given that the equation $(&) = `, where ` is a constant, has exactly two roots. see this is not possible since the 5
positive case is only for " values bigger
iv.
This means if we draw a horizontal line (* = ` is just a horizontal line) it should touch the
graph in exactly 2 places
Firstly, plug the vertex (2, 5) into S = R" + 4 since intersects to find A
than
&
'
Domain and range
At * = 21 the line will only cross the graph once See relevant sheet
* = 2|3 − &| + 5 5 = 2R + 4 3" + 1 = |2" − 9| + 3
And up until the * intercept the line will cross the graph twice (at 2 diZerent points) 1
Let’s find the * value where & = 0 R=

Hardest Solving Types Ever (very unlikely to come up)

2
When & = 0: When & = 0: * = $(&) = 21 − 2|2 − 0| = 21 − 4 = 17 Stepper gradients will touch once (which is not good since we want twice)
At * = 17 it the line will cross the graph twice Shallower gradients will touch TWICE, but only BEFORE they touch/reach the vertex
* = 2|3 − 0| + 5 = 11 Below where * = 17 the line only crosses the graph once We can see the lines in the yellow region don’t touch the graph at all but ones out of the yellow
#
We can do this between 17 ≤ * < 21 region i.e. with a gradient less than 3 (the 3 starting from the pink dashed line drawn) and more than
&
Let’s find the vertex point (we set what is inside the modulus equal to zero to find the & 1 |2& + 1| + |2& − 1| = 3
<R<3
coordinate) 2
3−& =0 Way 2: Algebraic Re-arrange to get one modulus on one side
&=3 " − 2 ≥ 0, " ≥ 2 " − 2 < 0, " < 2 |2& + 1| = 3 − |2& − 1|
Hence, we get Hence, we get Square both sides
3(" − 2) + 5 = R" + 4 3(2 − ") + 5 = R" + 4 we can see the only solution is the negative case
When & = 3: * = * = 2(0) + 5 = 5 (2& + 1)" = (3 − |2& − 1|)"
3" − 6 + 5 = R" + 4 6 − 3" + 5 = R" + 4 13
5 7 "= 4& " + 4& + 1 = 9 − 6|2& − 1| + (2& − 1)"
"= 5
2|3 − &| + 5 = ` having 2 roots means we can draw a vertical ` on the graph of
"=
3−R 3+R ii. 4& " + 4& + 1 = 9 − 6|2& − 1| + 4& " − 4& + 1
So, we can say So, we can say 9 − 8& = |12& − 6|
2|3 − &| + 5 and it must only cross the graph twice. The blue rectangle demonstrates
5 7 Positive case Negative case
the values of * for which this can happen ≥2 <2
3−R 3+R 9 − 8& = 12& − 6 9 − 8& = −(12& − 6)
Now, we have two more cases for the Now, we have two more cases for the 3 3
iii.
denominator. denominator. &= &=−
3 − R > 0, R < 3 3 − R < 0, R > 3 3 + R > 0, R 3 + R < 0, R 4 4
$(&) = ` Hence, Hence, > −3 < −3
Vertex of our graph is at (2,21) 5 ≥ 6 − 2R 5 ≤ 6 − 2R Hence, Hence, Check:
* = "$(& − ,) means we have moved b units to the right and multiplied * by " 1 1 7 < 6 + 2k 7 > 6 + 2R 3 3 5 1
R≥ R≤ 1 1 Ñ2 ; < + 1Ñ + Ñ2 ; < − 1Ñ = + = 3
The vertex becomes (6,3) 2 2 k> R< 4 4 2 2
So, So, no solution 2 2 '
We plug the vertex + , 3, into S = R" + 1 to find the intersect value to find R. 3 3 1 5
(2,21) (6,3)
# 8 So, So, & Ñ2 ;− < + 1Ñ + Ñ2 ;− < − 1Ñ = + = 3
So, we have moved 4 units to the right hence , = 4 and divided * by 7 hence " = ≤T<; 9 4 4 2 2
< 8 T < −; 3= R+1
5 < ` ≤ 11 $ T> 2 Both solutions are valid
1 Hence, < 4
" = ,, = 4 8 Hence, R=
Note: Notice how we do not equal 5 since if we touch the vertex we only intersect the 7 ≤T<; 1 9 Answers
< ! !
graph ones R < −3, R> is the gradient and we want the line to be less steep hence R < . To Try: −5 < & < 1
2 ' '
# 4 " *
We want two solutions not one, so we need the overall the intersection which is < R < 3
& R = −2, R < & < 4 − |2& + 1| − ≤&≤
9 |&| +3 ≥ |4& − 1| ) )
) $
& < − ,& >
|&| + |& − 2| > 5 !
" "
|& + 1| + |6 − 2&| ≤ 10 − ≤&≤5
)