CHAPTER TWO

2.0LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Components

CA3130 IC, 1kΩ resistor, 100kΩ resistor, Two 2.2MΩ resistor, 47pF capacitor, 0.22𝜇F
capacitor, 100𝜇F capacitor, BC548 Transistor, Light-emitting Diodes, Power Supply 9V, Wires,
Breadboard, Digital Multi-meter.

The following materials were used in this study:

Mobile Phone: A wireless communication device through which the RF-signals are
transmitted or
received and whose presence is to be detected by the mobile-phone-detectors. Smartphone
Samsung Galaxy Ace
S5830 powered by Android 2.2 OS platform was used an as major test-tool of this-study.
Android is a Linux-
based operating-system designed primarily for touch-screen-mobile-devices such as Smart-
phones and tablet-
computers.
Antenna: The antenna is used to sense the RF-signals that is being transmitted or received
through the
mobile- phones. Here the length of the antenna is 5-inches (around 13 cm).
Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp)-A direct-current coupled high gain electronic-voltage-
amplifier with a
differential- input and usually a single-ended-output. The Op-amp used in the circuit
functions as a current to
voltage converter. The Op-amp output becomes high and low alternately according to the
frequency of the signal
detected from the mobile-phones.
Integrated Circuit-Lm 358p – is a set of electronic-circuits. The LM358 IC is a great, low-power
and easy
to use dual-channel op-amp IC. It consists of two internally-frequency-compensated, high-gain,
and independent
op-amps. This IC is designed specially to operate from a single-power-supply over a wide range
of voltages. The
LM358 IC is available in a chip-sized-package and applications of this op-amp include
conventional op-amp
circuits, DC- gain-blocks and transducer-amplifiers. It can handle 3-32V DC supply and source
up to 20mA per
channel. This op-amp is apt, if you want to operate two separate op-amps on a single-power-
supply.
Mono-stable-Multi-vibrator: The output of Op-Amp triggers the Mono-stable- Multi-vibrator
circuit and
produces pulse waveforms as the output.
Piezo-Buzzer: A buzzer or beeper is a signalling device, usually electronic, typically used in
automobiles,
household appliances such as micro-wave-ovens. It most-commonly consists of a number of
switches or sensors
connected to a control-unit that determines if and which button was pushed or a pre-set-time has
lapsed, and usually
illuminates a light on the appropriate-button or control-panel, and sounds a warning in the form
of a continuous or
intermittent- buzzing or beeping-sound. The piezo-buzzer usually produces sound when the
output of the RF-
detector goes high.
Reed Switch: is actuated by magnets, and commonly used in mechanical-systems as proximity-
sensors.
Examples are door and window-sensors in burglar-alarm-systems and tamper-proofing-
methods (however they
Innovative Systems Design and Engineering
[Link]
ISSN 2222-1727 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2871 (Online)
Vol.7, No.9, 2016

9
can be disabled by a strong, external-magnetic-field). Reed-switches are used in modern-laptops
to put the laptop
on sleep/hibernation-mode when the lid is closed. The reed-switch is an electrical-switch
operated by an applied
magnetic-field. A magnetic-field (from an electromagnet or a permanent magnet) will cause
the reeds to come
together, thus completing an electrical circuit. The stiffness of the reeds causes them to
separate, and open the
circuit, when the magnetic field ceases. Good-electrical-contact is assured by plating a thin layer
of non-ferrous
precious-metal over the flat-contact-portions of the reeds. Since the contacts of the reed-switch
are sealed away
from the atmosphere, they are protected against atmospheric-corrosion. The hermetic-sealing
of a reed-switch
make them suitable for use in explosive-atmospheres where tiny sparks from conventional
switches would
constitute a hazard.
Reed Relay- One or more reed-switches inside a coil is a reed-relay. Reed-relays are used when
operating-
currents are relatively-low, and offer high-operating-speed, good-performance with very-small-
currents which are
not reliably switched by conventional-contacts.
Battery VVC 9V- The nine-volt battery, or 9-volt battery, in its most-common-form was
introduced for
the early transistor-radios. It has a rectangular-prism-shape with rounded-edges and a polarized-
snap-connector at
the top.
LED -a light-emitting diode is an electronic-light-source. LEDs are used as indicator-lamps in
many kinds
of electronics and increasingly for lighting. LEDs work by the effect of
electroluminescence, discovered by
accident in 1907. LEDs are based on the semiconductor-diode. When the diode is forward-biased
(switched-on),
electrons are able to recombine with holes and energy is released in the form of light.
This effect is called
electroluminescence and the color of the light is determined by the energy-gap of the
semiconductor.
Resistors- A resistor is a two-terminal electronic-component that produces a voltage across its
terminals
that is proportional to the electric-current through it. Resistors are elements of electrical-
networks and electronic-
circuits and are ubiquitous in most electronic-equipment. Practical-resistors can be made of
various-compounds
and films, as well as resistance-wire (wire made of a high-resistivity-alloy, such as
nickel/chrome).The primary-
characteristics of a resistor are the resistance, the tolerance, maximum working voltage and the
power-rating.
A capacitor or condenser- is a passive-electronic-component consisting of a pair of conductors
separated
by a dielectric. When a voltage-potential-difference exists between the conductors, an electric-
field is present in
the dielectric. This field stores energy and produces a mechanical-force between the plates.
Capacitors are widely
used in electronic-circuits to block the flow of direct-current while allowing alternating-current
to pass, to filter
out interference, to smooth the output of power supplies, and for many other purposes.
Mobile Phone: A wireless communication device through which the RF-signals are
transmitted or
received and whose presence is to be detected by the mobile-phone-detectors. Smartphone
Samsung Galaxy Ace
S5830 powered by Android 2.2 OS platform was used an as major test-tool of this-study.
Android is a Linux-
based operating-system designed primarily for touch-screen-mobile-devices such as Smart-
phones and tablet-
computers.
Antenna: The antenna is used to sense the RF-signals that is being transmitted or received
through the
mobile- phones. Here the length of the antenna is 5-inches (around 13 cm).
Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp)-A direct-current coupled high gain electronic-voltage-
amplifier with a
differential- input and usually a single-ended-output. The Op-amp used in the circuit
functions as a current to
voltage converter. The Op-amp output becomes high and low alternately according to the
frequency of the signal
detected from the mobile-phones.
Integrated Circuit-Lm 358p – is a set of electronic-circuits. The LM358 IC is a great, low-power
and easy
to use dual-channel op-amp IC. It consists of two internally-frequency-compensated, high-gain,
and independent
op-amps. This IC is designed specially to operate from a single-power-supply over a wide range
of voltages. The
LM358 IC is available in a chip-sized-package and applications of this op-amp include
conventional op-amp
circuits, DC- gain-blocks and transducer-amplifiers. It can handle 3-32V DC supply and source
up to 20mA per
channel. This op-amp is apt, if you want to operate two separate op-amps on a single-power-
supply.
Mono-stable-Multi-vibrator: The output of Op-Amp triggers the Mono-stable- Multi-vibrator
circuit and
produces pulse waveforms as the output.
Piezo-Buzzer: A buzzer or beeper is a signalling device, usually electronic, typically used in
automobiles,
household appliances such as micro-wave-ovens. It most-commonly consists of a number of
switches or sensors
connected to a control-unit that determines if and which button was pushed or a pre-set-time has
lapsed, and usually
illuminates a light on the appropriate-button or control-panel, and sounds a warning in the form
of a continuous or
intermittent- buzzing or beeping-sound. The piezo-buzzer usually produces sound when the
output of the RF-
detector goes high.
Reed Switch: is actuated by magnets, and commonly used in mechanical-systems as proximity-
sensors.
Examples are door and window-sensors in burglar-alarm-systems and tamper-proofing-
methods (however they
Innovative Systems Design and Engineering
[Link]
ISSN 2222-1727 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2871 (Online)
Vol.7, No.9, 2016

9
can be disabled by a strong, external-magnetic-field). Reed-switches are used in modern-laptops
to put the laptop
on sleep/hibernation-mode when the lid is closed. The reed-switch is an electrical-switch
operated by an applied
magnetic-field. A magnetic-field (from an electromagnet or a permanent magnet) will cause
the reeds to come
together, thus completing an electrical circuit. The stiffness of the reeds causes them to
separate, and open the
circuit, when the magnetic field ceases. Good-electrical-contact is assured by plating a thin layer
of non-ferrous
precious-metal over the flat-contact-portions of the reeds. Since the contacts of the reed-switch
are sealed away
from the atmosphere, they are protected against atmospheric-corrosion. The hermetic-sealing
of a reed-switch
make them suitable for use in explosive-atmospheres where tiny sparks from conventional
switches would
constitute a hazard.
Reed Relay- One or more reed-switches inside a coil is a reed-relay. Reed-relays are used when
operating-
currents are relatively-low, and offer high-operating-speed, good-performance with very-small-
currents which are
not reliably switched by conventional-contacts.
Battery VVC 9V- The nine-volt battery, or 9-volt battery, in its most-common-form was
introduced for
the early transistor-radios. It has a rectangular-prism-shape with rounded-edges and a polarized-
snap-connector at
the top.
LED -a light-emitting diode is an electronic-light-source. LEDs are used as indicator-lamps in
many kinds
of electronics and increasingly for lighting. LEDs work by the effect of
electroluminescence, discovered by
accident in 1907. LEDs are based on the semiconductor-diode. When the diode is forward-biased
(switched-on),
electrons are able to recombine with holes and energy is released in the form of light.
This effect is called
electroluminescence and the color of the light is determined by the energy-gap of the
semiconductor.
Resistors- A resistor is a two-terminal electronic-component that produces a voltage across its
terminals
that is proportional to the electric-current through it. Resistors are elements of electrical-
networks and electronic-
circuits and are ubiquitous in most electronic-equipment. Practical-resistors can be made of
various-compounds
and films, as well as resistance-wire (wire made of a high-resistivity-alloy, such as
nickel/chrome).The primary-
characteristics of a resistor are the resistance, the tolerance, maximum working voltage and the
power-rating.
A capacitor or condenser- is a passive-electronic-component consisting of a pair of conductors
separated
by a dielectric. When a voltage-potential-difference exists between the conductors, an electric-
field is present in
the dielectric. This field stores energy and produces a mechanical-force between the plates.
Capacitors are widely
used in electronic-circuits to block the flow of direct-current while allowing alternating-current
to pass, to filter
out interference, to smooth the output of power supplies, and for many other purposes.
Description of each component;

Mobile Phone: A wireless communication device through which the RF-signals are
transmitted or received and whose presence is to be detected by the mobile-phone-detectors.
Smartphone Samsung Galaxy Ace S5830 powered by Android 2.2 OS platform was used an as
major test-tool of this-study. Android is a Linux- based operating-system designed primarily
for touch-screen-mobile-devices such as Smart-phones and tablet-
Computers.

Antenna: The antenna is used to sense the RF-signals that is being transmitted or received
through the mobile- phones. Here the length of the antenna is 5-inches (around 13 cm).In this
project, only one single jumper wire is use

Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp)-A direct-current coupled high gain electronic-voltage-

amplifier with a differential- input and usually a single-ended-output.
The Op-amp used in the circuit functions as a current to voltage converter. The Op-amp
output becomes high and low alternately according to the frequency of the signal detected from
the mobile-phones.
Integrated Circuit-Lm 358p – is a set of electronic-circuits. The LM358 IC is a great, low-
power and easy to use dual-channel op-amp IC. It consists of two internally-frequency-
compensated, high-gain, and independent op-amps. This IC is designed specially to operate from
a single-power-supply over a wide range of voltages.

The LM358 IC is available in a chip-sized-package and applications of this op-amp

include conventional op-amp
circuits, DC- gain-blocks and transducer-amplifiers. It can handle 3-32V DC supply and source
up to 20mA per channel. This op-amp is apt, if you want to operate two separate op-amps on a
single-power-supply. Mono-stable-Multi-vibrator: The output of Op-Amp triggers the Mono-
stable- Multi-vibrator circuit and produces pulse waveforms as the output.
Jumpers A jumper wire is an electric wire that connects remote electric circuits used for printed
circuit boards. By attaching a jumper wire on the circuit, it can be short-circuited and short-cut
(jump) to the electric circuit.

Reed Switch: is actuated by magnets, and commonly used in mechanical-systems as proximity-

sensors.
Examples are door and window-sensors in burglar-alarm-systems and tamper-proofing-
methods (however they Innovative Systems Design and Engineering
can be disabled by a strong, external-magnetic-field). Reed-switches are used in modern-laptops
to put the laptop on sleep/hibernation-mode when the lid is closed. The reed-switch is an
electrical-switch operated by an applied magnetics-field. A magnetic-field (from an
electromagnet or a permanent magnet) will cause the reeds to come together, thus
completing an electrical circuit. The stiffness of the reeds causes them to separate, and open
the circuit, when the magnetic field ceases. Good-electrical-contact is assured by plating a thin
layer of non-ferrous precious-metal over the flat-contact-portions of the reeds. Since the
contacts of the reed-switch are sealed away from the atmosphere, they are protected against
atmospheric-corrosion. The hermetic-sealing of a reed-switch make them suitable for use in
explosive-atmospheres where tiny sparks from conventional switches would constitute a
hazard.
Reed Relay- One or more reed-switches inside a coil is a reed-relay. Reed-relays are used when
operating-currents are relatively-low, and offer high-operating-speed, good performance with
very-small-currents which are not reliably switched by conventional-contacts.

Battery VVC 9V- The nine-volt battery, or 9-volt battery, in its most-common-form was
introduced for the early transistor-radios. It has a rectangular-prism-shape with rounded-edges
and a polarized-snap-connector at the top.

- +

LED -a light-emitting diode is an electronic-light-source. LEDs are used as indicator-lamps in

many kinds of electronics and increasingly for lighting. LEDs work by the effect of
electroluminescence, discovered by accident in 1907. LEDs are based on the semiconductor-
diode. When the diode is forward-biased (switched-on), electrons are able to recombine with
holes and energy is released in the form of light. This effect is called electroluminescence
and the color of the light is determined by the energy-gap of the semiconductor.

Resistors- A resistor is a two-terminal electronic-component that produces a voltage across its

terminals that is proportional to the electric-current through it. Resistors are elements of
electrical-networks and electronic-circuits and are ubiquitous in most electronic-equipment.
Practical-resistors can be made of various-compounds and films, as well as resistance-wire (wire
made of a high-resistivity-alloy, such as nickel/chrome).The primary-characteristics of a
resistor are the resistance, the tolerance, maximum working voltage and the power-rating.

A capacitor or condenser- is a passive-electronic-component consisting of a pair of

conductors separated by a dielectric. When a voltage-potential-difference exists between the
conductors, an electric-field is present in
the dielectric. This field stores energy and produces a mechanical-force between the plates.
Capacitors are widely used in electronic-circuits to block the flow of direct-current while
allowing alternating-current to pass, to filter out interference, to smooth the output of power
supplies, and for many other purposes.

2.2 Circuit Design

Figure 2.1 shows the block diagram of the design set up. The circuit basically consists of
three units; sensing unit, amplifier unit and the indicator unit. Once the RF antenna
receives wireless signal after the circuit has been powered by a 9 Volts dc battery, theoperational
Amplifier LM324AD amplifies the received signal which is makes the LED to flicker when
signal is detected.

Figure 2.1: Cell phone detector Block diagram

 2.2.1 The Sensing Unit
A disc capacitor (103) and a loop antenna make up the bulk of the sensing device, which detects
radio frequency disturbance from an activated mobile phone and reacts by providing a
very modest signal (voltage). It is necessary to detect frequencies between 0.9 and 3 gigahertz.
High frequency parasitic effects affect passive components. A 0.22µf ceramic capacitor
with fixed leads that are 18 mm long and 8 mm wide makes up the loop [Link]
measurements provide a large enough area to capture the desired frequencies. Since it is a loop
antenna, the capacitor charges and stores energy when no signal is detected. When the field
generated by the presence of a mobile phone is detected, it
upsets the energy balance in the capacitor.
0.01μF capacitor is connected to the antenna side. The antenna is intended to allow the detector
to receive the optimal signal level from the cell phone (Arya & Vinod, 2020).

Figure 2.2 RF sensing circuit

 2.2.2 The Amplifier Unit
Consists of three stages of identical high-gain non-inverting operational amplifiers: an input
differential stage, an intermediate single-ended high-gain stage, and an output buffer stage. The
output voltage is low and must be boosted to drive a notification device (LED or audible
buzzer). When the cell phone is in standby mode, the output voltage of the current-voltage
converter is only 10mV.
Therefore, to achieve the desired signal, linearity, or distortion-free conditions, we recommend
using a Class a power amplifier. Figure 2.3 shows an operational amplifier circuit.

Figure 2.3 Op-amp amplifier circuit

2.3.3 The Indicator Unit

The final stage is the output stage which is made up of a monostable multi-vibrator, was
integrated with the amplifier. The chosen notification in the design were a LED. The LED was
connected to the emitter of the last transistor of the final amplification stage. The operating
point of the voltage at the emitter was held at about 3.0v to ensure that a small variation of the
voltage due to voltage swing from the current to voltage converter would make the LED to
blink.
IJSGS VOL. 9(4), DECEMBER, 2023 [Link] 10.57233/ijsgs.v9i4.551 URL:
[Link]

The portable cell phone finder circuit was accomplished by interfacing the over three units
together. The signal picked up from an activated cell phone could be amplified because the
antenna unit was linked to the amplifier stage's input. The output of the amplifier unit was
connected to the indicator unit, which glows when a detected activated cell phone. Figure 2.5
depicts the full circuit for the mobile phone \detector

Figure. 2.5: Cell phone detector Circuit

2.3.4 Operations of the Designed Circuit

The transmission frequency of a mobile phone is in the range of 0.9 to 3 GHz with a wavelength
of 3.3 to 10 cm. Mobile eavesdropping requires circuitry to detect gigahertz signals. Here,
the circuit uses a 0.01μF disk capacitor (C1) to detect the RF signal from a cell phone. The
capacitor lead length is fixed at 18mm, and the distance between the leads is 8mm to obtain the
required frequency. The disk capacitor, along with the wire leads, acts as a small gigahertz
loop antenna that collects the cell phone's RF signal. LM358AD op-amp IC was used in the
circuit as a current-voltage converter with capacitor C3 connected between its inverting and
non-inverting inputs. Capacitor C2 works with the line inductor as a transmission line to block
the signal from the cell phone. This capacitor generates a field, stores energy, and transfers
the stored energy in the form of a small current to the input of the [Link] interrupts the
LM358AD's balanced input and converts the current to the corresponding output voltage.
Capacitor C1 and high resistance resistor R1 keep the non-inverting input stable and allow the
output to transition high easily. Resistor R2 provides a discharge path for capacitor
[Link] resistor R3 forces the inverting input high when the output goes high. Capacitor
C3 is connected to R5 for phase compensation and gain control to optimize frequency
response. When C2 detects a cell phone detection signal, the LM358AD's output
will alternate between high and low depending on the signal frequency. This causes the LEDs
across resistor R4 to flicker.

2.3 Construction
A cell phone's transmission frequency ranges from 0.9 to 3 GHz and its wavelength from 3.3 to
10 cm (Bukar et al, 2019). For a cell phone detector, a circuit that can recognize gigahertz signals
is necessary. Before permanently assembling the circuit by soldering the electronic components
on a Vero board (matrix board), it was first designed and tested on a breadboard. The circuit
created by depositing a thin layer of conducting materials on an insulating board's surface. The
matrix board's surface is covered with the various individual electronic components, which are
then soldered to the connecting circuit and all of the connections are made correctly. Figure 2.6
is the figure of assembling of electronic components on a bread board.

Figure 2.6: Assembling of electronic components on a bread board

 2.4 Casting
The cell phone detector was encased in a plastic container together with the 9V battery. One
LED was used, the red which blink whenver an active phone was detected

2.5 TESTING AND RESULT DISCUSSION

2.5.1 Testing
The various components were first tested, to ensure that they were in good working condition
before mounted on a bread board. The voltage values of the components were measured with a
multimeter and the result shows that each component has a certain value when there is no
signal or when the cell phone is activated near the detection area. The reason for this is not
far-fetched, as the battery supplies the voltage and passes it through a circuit that spans all
the components.
When an activated phone is brought into the detection range, the voltage over each
component either increases or decreases. When a signal is received by the antenna, there is a
varying voltage increment across the capacitors (C1, C2, and C3) from 3.0, 0.19 and 2.72V to
3.12, 0.91 and 2.96V, respectively. The voltage on the LED also increases from 0.5 to 1.29V.
There is a voltage drop across the Op-Amp LM324AD from 6.32 to 5.72V as the signal is
received by the antenna. The fluctuation is due to the irregularity of the signal because it is a
sine wave. The constructed detector was tested using four different mobile phones
types/models (HOM 3320, Nokia 200, Techno F1 and Infinix 556). The mobile phones were
placed at some distance from the detector, turned on and a phone call ware made and SMS as
well as WhatsApp messages were sent to the mobile phones, when mobile-phone receives the
signal at the particular-place, the green LED blink was observed for indication of the cell
phone presence. The maximum distance in which when exceeded the green LED did not blink
was measured and recorded. Figure 3.1 shows a cell phone detector when (a) no cell phone
signal is detected and (b) radio frequency (RF) is detected.
Figure 3.1 shows a cell phone detector when (a) no cell phone signal is detected and (b) radio
frequency (RF) is detected.

2.5.2 Result and Discussion

The electrical components are used to design an optimized detector circuit and tested
accordingly. The circuit in detection mode can detect the radio frequency from 0.9 to 3GHz,
which is the radio frequency signal range required for cell phone operation, and the LED will
start blinking. The test results are analyzed and verified using cell phones. From the result
obtained, it shows that, each component has a certain value when there is no signal near the
detection area or when there is no activated cell phone. The reason is that the battery supplies
the voltage, and that voltage flows through the circuits of all the components. In the presence
of a signal, the voltage of each component varies due to variations in the supply voltage due to
differences in the power consumption of each component. Some of the components used in
the device are active, while others are passive. The testing result of the cell phone detector shows
that if no calls were received and no messages (SMS/WhatsApp) were sent to the cell
phone near the detector, the green LED did not light up and no emission was observed. However,
when a call is received or an SMS or WhatsApp message is sent, the green LED lights up and
continues to flash until the communication between the two phones ends. We also observed that
the intensity of the LED illumination decreased as the phone moved away from the detector
and eventually disappear. Also, the detector response depends not only on the distance but also
on the phone type/model. Based on cell phone detector test results, three types of cell phones
(HOM 3320, Nokia 200, and Techno F1) were found to cause LED flashing at a distance of
1.5m. However, the Infinix 556 phone caused the LED to blink at a range of 1m. This is
because some phones have high shielding that cannot be easily detected, and some phones cause
the red LED to flash momentarily higher intensity than others at the same distance.