UNIT-1

PYTHON BASICS

History of Python Programming language

Python was conceived in the late 1980s by Guido van Rossum at Centrum
Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI) in the Netherlands as a successor to the ABC
programming language, which was inspired by SETL), capable of exception
handling and interfacing with the Amoeba operating system.
Its implementation began in December 1989. Van Rossum shouldered sole
responsibility for the project, as the lead developer, until 12 July 2018, when
he announced his "permanent vacation" from his responsibilities as
Python's Benevolent Dictator For Life, a title the Python community bestowed
upon him to reflect his long-term commitment as the project's chief decision-
maker. He now shares his leadership as a member of a five-person steering
council.
In January 2019, active Python core developers elected Brett Cannon, Nick
Coghlan, Barry Warsaw, Carol Willing and Van Rossum to a five-member
"Steering Council" to lead the project. Guido van Rossum has since then
withdrawn his nomination for the 2020 Steering council.
Python 2.0 was released on 16 October 2000 with many major new features,
including a cycle-detecting garbage collector and support for Unicode.[43]
Python 3.0 was released on 3 December 2008. It was a major revision of the
language that is not completely backward-compatible. Many of its major
features were backported to Python 2.6.x and 2.7.x version series. Releases of
Python 3 include the 2to3 utility, which automates (at least partially) the
translation of Python 2 code to Python 3.
Python 2.7's end-of-life date was initially set at 2015 then postponed to 2020
out of concern that a large body of existing code could not easily be forward-
ported to Python 3. No more security patches or other improvements will be
released for it. With Python 2's end-of-life, only Python 3.6.x and later are
supported.

Features of Python Programming Language

Python possesses numerous features that contribute to its popularity and

widespread use:

 Easy to Learn and Use: Python's syntax is designed to be simple and

readable, resembling natural language, which makes it accessible for
beginners.
 Interpreted Language: Python code is executed line by line by an
interpreter, allowing for quicker debugging and development cycles
compared to compiled languages.
 Dynamically Typed: Variable types are determined at runtime,
eliminating the need for explicit type declarations and enhancing coding
flexibility.
 High-Level Language: It abstracts away complex details of hardware and
memory management, allowing developers to focus on problem-solving.
  Open Source and Free: Python is freely available for use and distribution,
fostering a large and active community that contributes to its
development and ecosystem.
 Cross-Platform Compatibility: Python code can run on various operating
systems (Windows, macOS, Linux) without modification, promoting
portability.
 Extensive Standard Library: It comes with a rich collection of modules
and functions for diverse tasks, from web development to data
manipulation.
 Supports Multiple Programming Paradigms: Python supports object-
oriented, structured, and functional programming, offering flexibility in
coding style.
 Large Community Support: A vast global community provides extensive
documentation, tutorials, and support resources for developers.
 Extensible and Embeddable: Python can be integrated with other
languages like C, C++, and Java, and can also be embedded within other
applications.
 GUI Programming Support: Libraries like Tkinter, PyQt, and Kivy enable
the development of graphical user interfaces.
 Automatic Memory Management: Python handles memory allocation
and deallocation automatically through garbage collection, simplifying
development.
Applications of Python programming language
 Web development
 Game Development
 Scientific and numeric applications
 AI and ML
 Desktop GUI
 Software Development

Installation
open the “Anaconda Prompt (Miniconda3)” entry under “Anaconda3 (64-bit)”
in the Start menu.
Then try launching the Python interpreter by typing python. You should see a
message like this:

(base) C:\Users\Wes>python

Python 3.9 [MSC v.1916 64 bit (AMD64)] :: Anaconda, Inc. on win32

Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.

>>>

To exit the Python shell, type exit() and press Enter.

You can update packages by using the conda update command:

conda update package_name

pip also supports upgrades using the --upgrade flag:

pip install --upgrade package_name

Integrated Development Environments and Text Editors

The standard development environment, is “IPython plus a text editor.”

We typically write a program and iteratively test and debug each piece of it in
IPython or Jupyter notebooks. It is also useful to be able to play around with
data interactively and visually verify that a particular set of data manipulations
is doing the right thing.

Libraries like pandas and NumPy are designed to be productive to use in the
shell.

When building software, however, some users may prefer to use a more richly
featured integrated development environment (IDE) and rather than an editor
like Emacs or Vim which provide a more minimal environment out of the box.

Here are some that you can explore:

• PyDev (free), an IDE built on the Eclipse platform

• PyCharm from JetBrains (subscription-based for commercial users, free for

open source developers)
• Python Tools for Visual Studio (for Windows users)

• Spyder (free), an IDE currently shipped with Anaconda

• Komodo IDE (commercial)

Due to the popularity of Python, most text editors, like VS Code and Sublime
Text 2, have excellent Python support.

What is Python?

Python is a popular programming language. It was created by Guido van

Rossum, and released in 1991.

It is used for:

 web development (server-side),

 software development,
 mathematics,
 system scripting.

What can Python do?

 Python can be used on a server to create web applications.
 Python can be used alongside software to create workflows.
 Python can connect to database systems. It can also read and modify
files.
 Python can be used to handle big data and perform complex
mathematics.
 Python can be used for rapid prototyping, or for production-ready
software development.

Why Python?
 Python works on different platforms (Windows, Mac, Linux, Raspberry
Pi, etc).
 Python has a simple syntax similar to the English language.
 Python has syntax that allows developers to write programs with fewer
lines than some other programming languages.
  Python runs on an interpreter system, meaning that code can be
executed as soon as it is written. This means that prototyping can be
very quick.
 Python can be treated in a procedural way, an object-oriented way or a
functional way.

Python Syntax compared to other programming languages

 Python was designed for readability, and has some similarities to the
English language with influence from mathematics.
 Python uses new lines to complete a command, as opposed to other
programming languages which often use semicolons or parentheses.
 Python relies on indentation, using whitespace, to define scope; such as
the scope of loops, functions and classes. Other programming languages
often use curly-brackets for this purpose.

Python Indentation

 Indentation refers to the spaces at the beginning of a code line.

 Where in other programming languages the indentation in code is for
readability only, the indentation in Python is very important.
 Python uses indentation to indicate a block of code.
 Python will give you an error if you skip the indentation:
 The number of spaces is up to you as a programmer, but it has to be at
least one.
 You have to use the same number of spaces in the same block of code,
otherwise Python will give you an error:

Python Comments

 Comments can be used to explain Python code.

 Comments can be used to make the code more readable.
 Comments can be used to prevent execution when testing code.
 Comments starts with a #, and Python will ignore them:
 Comments can be placed at the end of a line, and Python will ignore the
rest of the line:
 Python does not really have a syntax for multi-line comments.
 To add a multiline comment, you could insert a # for each line:Or, not quite
as intended, you can use a multiline string.
 Since Python will ignore string literals that are not assigned to a variable,
you can add a multiline string (triple quotes) in your code, and place your
comment inside it:
Example
"""
This is a comment
written in
more than just one line
"""
print("Hello, World!")

As long as the string is not assigned to a variable, Python will read the code,
but then ignore it, and you have made a multiline comment.
Constants
A constant is a type of variable whose value cannot be changed. It is helpful to
think of constants as containers that hold information which cannot be
changed later.

You can think of constants as a bag to store some books which cannot be
replaced once placed inside the bag.

Assigning value to constant in Python

In Python, constants are usually declared and assigned in a module. Here, the
module is a new file containing variables, functions, etc which is imported to
the main file. Inside the module, constants are written in all capital letters and
underscores separating the words.

Example: Declaring and assigning value to a constant

Create a [Link]:

PI = 3.14
GRAVITY = 9.8

Create a [Link]:

import constant
print([Link])
print([Link])

Output

3.14
9.8

In the above program, we create a [Link] module file. Then, we

assign the constant value to PI and GRAVITY. After that, we create
a [Link] file and import the constant module. Finally, we print the
constant value.
Note: In reality, we don't use constants in Python. Naming them in all capital
letters is a convention to separate them from variables, however, it does not
actually prevent reassignment.

Python Variables

 Variable is a name given to a memory location where the data

is stored.
 Variables are containers for storing data values.
 Unlike other programming languages, Python has no command for
declaring a variable.
 A variable is created the moment you first assign a value to it.

Example
x=5
y = "John"
print(x)
print(y)

Variables do not need to be declared with any particular type, and can even
change type after they have been set.

Example
x = 4 # x is of type int
x = "Sally" # x is now of type str
print(x)

String variables can be declared either by using single or double quotes or

triple quotes:

Example
x = "John"
# is the same as
x = 'John'
Naming Conventions (Rules to be used while specifying variables in
the program)
A variable can have a short name (like x and y) or a more descriptive name
(age, carname, total_volume).

Rules for Python variables:

 The first character of the variable should be a letter or underscore

symbol (_) and can be followed by any number of letters, digits or
underscore symbol.
 No other symbols are allowed other than letters, digits and underscore
symbols.
 Keywords should not be used as variable names.
 Variable names are case-sensitive (age, Age and AGE are three different
variables)

Example
#Legal variable names:
myvar = "John"
my_var = "John"
_my_var = "John"
myVar = "John"
MYVAR = "John"
myvar2 = "John"

#Illegal variable names:

2myvar = "John"
my-var = "John"
my var = "John"

Remember that variable names are case-sensitive

Assign Value to Multiple Variables

Python allows you to assign values to multiple variables in one line:

Example
x, y, z = "Orange", "Banana", "Cherry"
print(x)
print(y)
print(z)

And you can assign the same value to multiple variables in one line:

x = y = z = "Orange"
print(x)
print(y)
print(z)

Output Variables

The Python print statement is often used to output variables.

To combine both text and a variable, Python uses the + character:

Example
x = "awesome"
print("Python is " + x)

You can also use the + character to add a variable to another variable:

Example
x = "Python is "
y = "awesome"
z= x+y
print(z)

For numbers, the + character works as a mathematical operator:

Example
x=5
y = 10
print(x + y)
Global Variables

Variables that are created outside of a function (as in all of the examples
above) are known as global variables.

Global variables can be used by everyone, both inside of functions and outside.

Example
Create a variable outside of a function, and use it inside the function

x = "awesome"

def myfunc():
print("Python is " + x)

myfunc()

If you create a variable with the same name inside a function, this variable will
be local, and can only be used inside the function. The global variable with the
same name will remain as it was, global and with the original value.

Example
Create a variable inside a function, with the same name as the global variable

x = "awesome"

def myfunc():
x = "fantastic"
print("Python is " + x)

myfunc()
print("Python is " + x)

The global Keyword

Normally, when you create a variable inside a function, that variable is local,
and can only be used inside that function.

To create a global variable inside a function, you can use the global keyword.

Example
If you use the global keyword, the variable belongs to the global scope:

def myfunc():
global x
x = "fantastic"

myfunc()

print("Python is " + x)

Also, use the global keyword if you want to change a global variable inside a
function.

Example
To change the value of a global variable inside a function, refer to the variable
by using the global keyword:

x = "awesome"

def myfunc():
global x
x = "fantastic"

myfunc()

print("Python is " + x)

Python Data types:

Built-in Data Types
 Data type defines the type of value being stored in memory
location or address.
 In programming, data type is an important concept.
 Variables can store data of different types, and different types can do
different things.

Python has the following data types built-in by default, in these categories:

Text Type: str

Numeric Types: int, float, complex

Sequence Types: list, tuple, range

Mapping Type: dict

Set Types: set, frozenset

Boolean Type: bool

Binary Types: bytes, bytearray, memoryview

Getting the Data Type

You can get the data type of any object by using the type() function:

Example

Print the data type of the variable x:

x=5
print(type(x))

Python Numbers

There are three numeric types in Python:

 int
 float
 complex
Variables of numeric types are created when you assign a value to them:

Example
x = 1 # int
y = 2.8 # float
z = 1j # complex

To verify the type of any object in Python, use the type() function:

Example
print(type(x))
print(type(y))
print(type(z))
int

Int, or integer, is a whole number, positive or negative, without decimals, of

unlimited length.

Example
Integers:

x=1
y = 35656222554887711
z = -3255522

print(type(x))
print(type(y))
print(type(z))
float

Float, or "floating point number" is a number, positive or negative, containing

one or more decimals.

Example

Floats:

x = 1.10
y = 1.0
z = -35.59

print(type(x))
print(type(y))
print(type(z))

Float can also be scientific numbers with an "e" to indicate the power of 10.

Example
Floats:

x = 35e3
y = 12E4
z = -87.7e100

print(type(x))
print(type(y))
print(type(z))

complex

Complex numbers are written with a "j" as the imaginary part:

Example

Complex:

x = 3+5j
y = 5j
z = -5j

print(type(x))
print(type(y))
print(type(z))
Random Number

Python does not have a random() function to make a random number, but
Python has a built-in module called random that can be used to make random
numbers:
Example
Import the random module, and display a random number between 1 and 9:

import random

print([Link](1, 10))

Python Casting
Specify a Variable Type

There may be times when you want to specify a type on to a variable. This can
be done with casting. Python is an object-orientated language, and as such it
uses classes to define data types, including its primitive types.

Casting in python is therefore done using constructor functions:

 int() - constructs an integer number from an integer literal, a float literal

(by rounding down to the previous whole number), or a string literal
(providing the string represents a whole number)
 float() - constructs a float number from an integer literal, a float literal or
a string literal (providing the string represents a float or an integer)
 str() - constructs a string from a wide variety of data types, including
strings, integer literals and float literals

Example
Integers:

x = int(1) # x will be 1
y = int(2.8) # y will be 2
z = int("3") # z will be 3
Example
Floats:

x = float(1) # x will be 1.0

y = float(2.8) # y will be 2.8
z = float("3") # z will be 3.0
w = float("4.2") # w will be 4.2.
Example
Strings:

x = str("s1") # x will be 's1'

y = str(2) # y will be '2'
z = str(3.0) # z will be '3.0'

Programming Examples:
Write a python program to find the sum of 2 numbers
a=int(input("Enter First Number"))
b=int(input("Enter Second Number"))
sum=a+b
print("Sum of two numbers=", sum)
Write a python program to find the area of rectangle
length=int(input("Enter the value of length"))
breadth=int(input("Enter the value of breadth"))
area=length*breadth
print("Area of rectangle=", area)

Write a python program to find the area of circle

radius=float(input("Enter the radius"))
PI=3.14
area=PI*radius*radius
print("Area of circle=", area)

Write a python program to find the area of triangle

base=float(input("Enter the base"))
height=float(input("Enter the height"))
area=0.5*base*height
print("Area of triangle=", area)

Write a python program to find simple interest

p=float(input("Enter the principal amount"))
t=float(input("Enter the time period"))
r=float(input("Enter the rate of interest"))
simple_interest=(p*t*r)/100
print("Simple Interest=", simple_interest)

Write a python program to convert the degree in Fahrenheit to Celsius

f=int(input("Enter the degree in fahrenheit"))
c=(5/9)*(f-32)
print("Degree in celsius=", c)

Write a python program to find the square root of a number

import math
num=float(input("Enter the number"))
a=[Link](num)
print("Square root of a number=", a)

Write a python program to find area of triangle when 3 sides are given
import math
a=float(input("Enter side1"))
b=float(input("Enter side2"))
c=float(input("Enter side3"))
s=(a+b+c)/2
area=[Link](s*(s-a)*(s-b)*(s-c))
print("Area of Triangle=", area)

Write a python program to exchange the contents of 2 variables

a=int(input("Enter first value"))
b=int(input("Enter second value"))
print("Before swapping, value of a=", a)
print("Before swapping, value of b=", b)
x,y=y,x
print("After swapping, value of a=", a)
print("After swapping, value of b=", b)

Python Operators

Operator is a symbol which specifies the type of operation being

performed on various types of data. Operators are used to perform
operations on variables and values. The value that the operator operates
on is called the operand. A sequence of operands and operators
that reduces to a single value is called expression.

In the example below, we use the + operator to add together two values:

Example
print(10 + 5)

Python divides the operators in the following groups:

 Arithmetic operators
 Assignment operators
  Comparison operators
 Logical operators
 Identity operators
 Membership operators
 Bitwise operators

Python Arithmetic Operators

Operators that are used to perform arithmetic operations are called arithmetic
operators. Arithmetic operators are used with numeric values to perform
common mathematical operations:

Operator Name Example

+ Addition x+y

- Subtraction x-y

* Multiplication x*y

/ Division x/y

% Modulus x%y

** Exponentiation x ** y

// Floor division x//y

Write a python program to demonstrate the usage of arithmetic operators
x=int(input("Enter the first value"))
y=int(input("Enter the second value"))
print("x+y=", x+y)
print("x-y=", x-y)
print("x*y=", x*y)
print("x/y=", x/y)
print("x%y=", x%y)
print("x**y=", x**y)
print("x//y=", x//y)

Python Assignment Operators

The operator which is used to assign the data or result of an
expression into a variable is called an assignment operator.
Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

a = 5 is a simple assignment operator that assigns the value 5 on the right to

the variable a on the left.
There are various compound operators in Python like a += 5 that adds to the
variable and later assigns the same. It is equivalent to a = a + 5.

Operator Example Same As

= x=5 x=5

+= x += 3 x=x+3

-= x -= 3 x=x-3

*= x *= 3 x=x*3

/= x /= 3 x=x/3

%= x %= 3 x=x%3

//= x //= 3 x = x // 3

**= x **= 3 x = x ** 3

&= x &= 3 x=x&3

|= x |= 3 x=x|3

^= x ^= 3 x=x^3
 >>= x >>= 3 x = x >> 3

<<= x <<= 3 x = x << 3

Write a python program to demonstrate the usage of assignment operators

x=10
print("value of simple assignment =", x)
x+=10
print("x+=", x)
x-=5
print("x-=", x)
x/=5
print("x/=", x)
x%=10
print("x%=", x)
x**=2
print("x**=", x)
x//=4
print("x//=", x)

Python Comparison Operators

Comparison operators are used to compare two values:
 Operator Name Example

== Equal x == y

!= Not equal x != y

> Greater than x>y

< Less than x<y

>= Greater than or equal to x >= y

<= Less than or equal to x <= y

Write a python program to demonstrate the usage of comparison operators

a=int(input("Enter first value"))
b=int(input("Enter second value"))
print("a==b is", a==b)
print("a!=b is", a!=b)
print("a<b is", a<b)
print("a<=b is", a<=b)
print("a>b is", a>b)
print("a>=b is", a>=b)
Python Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to combine conditional statements:

Operator Description Example

and Returns True if both statements are x < 5 and x < 10

true

or Returns True if one of the statements x < 5 or x < 4

is true

not Reverse the result, returns False if the not(x < 5 and x <
result is true 10)

Write a python program to demonstrate the usage of logical operators

a=True
b=False
print("a logical and b is", a and b)
print("a logical or b is", a or b)
print("logical not of a is", not a)
Python Identity Operators

Identity operators are used to compare the objects, not if they are equal, but if
they are actually the same object, with the same memory location:

Operator Description Example

is Returns True if both variables are the x is y

same object

is not Returns True if both variables are not the x is not y

same object

Write a python program to demonstrate the usage of identity operators

x1=5
y1=5
x2='Hello'
y2='Hello'
print("x1 is y1 is", x1 is y1)
print("x2 is y2 is", x2 is y2)
print("x2 is not y2 is", x2 is not y2)

Python Membership Operators

Membership operators are used to test if a sequence is presented in an object:

Operator Description Example

 in Returns True if a sequence with the specified x in y
value is present in the object

not in Returns True if a sequence with the specified x not in y

value is not present in the object

Write a python program to demonstrate the usage of membership operators

x="REVA UNIVERSITY"
print('R' in x)
print('U' in x)
print("reva" not in x)

Python Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators are used to compare (binary) numbers. Bitwise operators act
on operands as if they were strings of binary digits. They operate bit by bit,
hence the name.

Operato Name Description

r

& AND Sets each bit to 1 if both bits are 1

| OR Sets each bit to 1 if one of two bits is 1

 ^ XOR Sets each bit to 1 if only one of two bits is 1

~ NOT Inverts all the bits

<< Zero fill left Shift left by pushing zeros in from the right and let the
shift leftmost bits fall off

>> Signed right Shift right by pushing copies of the leftmost bit in from
shift the left, and let the rightmost bits fall off

Write a python program to demonstrate the usage of bitwise operators

a=5
b=3
c=10<<1
d=20>>1
print("bitwise and of a and b is", a&b)
print("bitwise or of a and b is", a|b)
print("bitwise xor of a and b is", a^b)
print("bitwise not of a IS", ~a)
print("Zero fill left shift is", c)
print("Signed right shift is", d)

Order of Evaluation of an Expression:

When we use multiple operators together - Python must know which one to do
first. This is called “operator precedence”. Which operator “takes precedence”
over the others. Consider evaluation of the below expression for example.

Example:
x = 1 + 2 * 3 - 4 / 5 ** 6

The expression is evaluated from left to right, because all the

arithmetic operators are left to right associative operators.

Highest precedence rule to lowest precedence rule

1. Parenthesis
2. Exponentiation (raise to a power)
3. Multiplication, Division (Whichever comes first, that operator will be
evaluated first)
4. Addition and Subtraction (Whichever comes first, that operator will be
evaluated first)

1 + 2 * 3 - 4 / 5 ** 6
1 + 2 * 3 - 4 / 15625
1 + 6 - 4 / 15625
1 + 6 - 0.000256
7 - 0.000256
6.999744

Boolean Values
In programming you often need to know if an expression is True or False.

You can evaluate any expression in Python, and get one of two
answers, True or False.

When you compare two values, the expression is evaluated and Python returns
the Boolean answer:

Example
print(10 > 9)
print(10 == 9)
print(10 < 9)

When you run a condition in an if statement, Python returns True or False:

Example
Print a message based on whether the condition is True or False:

a = 200
b = 33

if b > a:
print("b is greater than a")
else:
print("b is not greater than a")

Evaluate Values and Variables

The bool() function allows you to evaluate any value, and give
you True or False in return,

Example
Evaluate a string and a number:

print(bool("Hello"))
print(bool(15))
Example
Evaluate two variables:

x = "Hello"
y = 15

print(bool(x))
print(bool(y))

Most Values are True

Almost any value is evaluated to True if it has some sort of content.

Any string is True, except empty strings.

Any number is True, except 0.

Any list, tuple, set, and dictionary are True, except empty ones.

Example
The following will return True:

bool("abc")
bool(123)
bool(["apple", "cherry", "banana"])

Some Values are False

In fact, there are not many values that evaluates to False, except empty values,
such as (), [], {}, "", the number 0, and the value None. And of course the
value False evaluates to False.

Example

The following will return False:

bool(False)
bool(None)
bool(0)
bool("")
bool(())
bool([])
bool({})

Example
Check if an object is an integer or not:

x = 200
print(isinstance(x, int))

Python Keywords
Keywords are the reserved words in Python. We cannot use a keyword as a
variable name, function name or any other identifier.

Keywords in Python programming language

False await else import pass

None break except in raise

True class finally is return

and continue for lambda try

as def from nonlocal while

assert del global not with

async elif if or yield

The above keywords may get altered in different versions of Python. Some
extra might get added or some might be removed. You can always get the list
of keywords in your current version by typing the following in the prompt.

>>> import keyword

>>> print([Link])

Python Conditions and If statements

Python supports the usual logical conditions from mathematics:

 Equals: a == b
 Not Equals: a != b
 Less than: a < b
 Less than or equal to: a <= b
 Greater than: a > b
 Greater than or equal to: a >= b

These conditions can be used in several ways, most commonly in "if

statements" and loops.

if statement

An "if statement" is written by using the if keyword. It is basically used when

we have one choice or alternative.

Syntax:

if expression:

statements

Example

if statement:
a = 33
b = 200
if b > a:
print("b is greater than a")

In this example we use two variables, a and b, which are used as part of the if
statement to test whether b is greater than a. As a is 33, and b is 200, we know
that 200 is greater than 33, and so we print to screen that "b is greater than a".

Indentation

Python relies on indentation (whitespace at the beginning of a line) to define

scope in the code. Other programming languages often use curly-brackets for
this purpose.

Example

If statement, without indentation (will raise an error):

a = 33
b = 200
if b > a:
print("b is greater than a") # you will get an error

Programming example:

age=int(input("enter the person age"))

if age>=18:
print("Eligible for vaccination")

if-else statement
It is basically used when we have 2 choices or alternatives.
Syntax:

if expression:

statements

else:

statements

Write a Python program to find the largest of 2 numbers

a=int(input("Enter first number"))

b=int(input("Enter second number"))

if a>b:

print("a is largest")

else:

print("b is largest")

Write a Python program to check whether a number is even or odd

num=int(input("Enter one integer value"))

if num%2==0:

print("Number is even")
else:

print("Number is odd")

Write a Python program to check whether a person is eligible for

voting or not

age=int(input("Enter the person age"))

if age>=18:

print("Eligible to Vote")

else:

print("Not Eligible to Vote")

elif

The elif keyword is python’s way of saying "if the previous conditions were not
true, then try this condition". elif statement is basically used when we have
more than 2 choices or alternatives.

Write a Python program to find the largest of 3 numbers

a=int(input("Enter first number"))

b=int(input("Enter second number"))

c=int(input("Enter third number"))

if a>b and a>c:

 print("a is the largest")

elif b>a and b>c:

print("b is the largest")

elif c>a and c>b:

print("c is the largest")

else:

print("All the three numbers are equal")

Write a Python program to check whether a number is positive,

negative or zero

num=float(input("Enter a number"))

if num>0:

print("Number is positive")

elif num<0:

print("Number is negative")

else:

print("Number is zero")

Write a Python program to display the grade of a student using the

marks obtained in an exam
marks=float(input("Enter the marks obtained"))

if marks<0 or marks>100:

print("Invalid marks")

elif marks<=35:

print("Grade F")

elif marks>=36 and marks<=50:

print("Grade E")

elif marks>=51 and marks<=60:

print("Grade D")

elif marks>=61 and marks<=70:

print("Grade C")

elif marks>=71 and marks<=80:

print("Grade B")

elif marks>=81 and marks<=90:

print("Grade A")

else:

print("Grade O - Outstanding")

Short Hand If

If you have only one statement to execute, you can put it on the same line as
the if statement.
Example

One line if statement:

if a > b: print("a is greater than b")

Short Hand If ... Else

If you have only one statement to execute, one for if, and one for else, you can
put it all on the same line:

Example

One line if else statement:

a=2
b = 330
print("A") if a > b else print("B")

This technique is known as Ternary Operators, or Conditional Expressions.

You can also have multiple else statements on the same line:

Example
One line if else statement, with 3 conditions:

a = 330
b = 330
print("A") if a > b else print("=") if a == b else print("B")

nested-if

An if or if-else statement within another if or if-else statement is called nested-

if statement.
Write a Python program to find the largest of 3 numbers

a=int(input("Enter the first number"))

b=int(input("Enter the second number"))

c=int(input("Enter the third number"))

if a>b:

if a>c:

print("a is the largest")

else:

print("c is the largest")

else:

if b>c:

print("b is the largest")

else:

print("c is the largest")

Programming Example
x = 41

if x > 10:
print("Above ten,")
if x > 20:
print("and also above 20!")
else:
print("but not above 20.")
The pass Statement

if statements cannot be empty, but if you for some reason have

an if statement with no content, put in the pass statement to avoid getting an
error.

Example
a = 33
b = 200

if b > a:
pass

Python Looping statements

Statements which are used to execute the block repetitively for ‘n’ number of
times are called looping statements.
Looping statements are also called as repetitive or iterative statements.
Iteration indicates number of times body of the loop is executed.

Python has two primitive looping statements:

 while loop
 for loop

while Loop

With the while loop we can execute a set of statements as long as a condition
is true.

Syntax:
while expression/condition:
 Body of while loop

Write a python program to display the series 1 2 3………….n

(Display natural numbers beginning from 1 to n)

n=int(input("Enter the end limit"))

i=1

while i<=n:

print(i)

i=i+1

Write a python program to display the series 1 3 5………….n

(Display odd natural numbers beginning from 1 to n)

n=int(input("Enter the end limit"))

i=1

while i<=n:

print(i)

i=i+2

Write a python program to display the series 2 4 6………….n

(Display even natural numbers beginning from 2 to n)

n=int(input("Enter the end limit"))

i=2
while i<=n:

print(i)

i=i+2

Write a python program to display the series 1^2 2^2 3^2………….n^2

(Display squares of natural numbers beginning from 1 to n)

n=int(input("Enter the end limit"))

i=1

while i<=n:

print(i**2)

i=i+1

Write a python program to display the series 1^3 2^3 3^3………….n^3

(Display cubes of natural numbers beginning from 1 to n)

n=int(input("Enter the end limit"))

i=1

while i<=n:

print(i**3)

i=i+1

Write a python program to find the sum of the series 1+2+3+………n

(find sum of natural numbers beginning from 1 to n)

n=int(input("Enter the end limit"))

i=1

sum=0

while i<=n:

sum=sum+i

i=i+1

print("Sum of natural numbers=", sum)

Write a python program to find the sum of the series 1^2+2^2+3^2+………n^2

(find sum of squares of natural numbers beginning from 1 to n)

n=int(input("Enter the end limit"))

i=1

sum=0

while i<=n:

sum=sum+(i**2)

i=i+1

print("Sum of squares of natural numbers=", sum)

Example

Exit the loop when i is 3:

i=1
while i < 6:
print(i)
if i == 3:
 break
i += 1

Write a python program to check whether number is palindrome or not

# To check whether number is palindrome or not

num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

reverse = 0

temp = num

while temp > 0:

digit = temp % 10

temp = temp // 10

reverse = digit + 10 * reverse

if reverse == num:

print(num,"is palindrome")

else:

print(num,"is not palindrome")

Write a python program to check whether number is Armstrong number or

not
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

# initialize sum

sum = 0

temp = num

while temp > 0:

digit = temp % 10

sum += digit ** 3

temp //= 10

# display the result

if num == sum:

print(num,"is an Armstrong number")

else:

print(num,"is not an Armstrong number")

The for Loop

A for loop is used for iterating over a sequence (that is either a list, a tuple, a
dictionary, a set, or a string).

This is less like the for keyword in other programming languages, and works
more like an iterator method as found in other object-orientated programming
languages.

With the for loop we can execute a set of statements, once for each item in a
list, tuple, set etc.

Syntax:
for val in sequence:

Body of for loop

Example

Print each fruit in a fruit list:

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

for x in fruits:
print(x)

The for loop does not require an indexing variable to set beforehand.

Looping Through a String

Even strings are iterable objects, they contain a sequence of characters:

Example

Loop through the letters in the word "banana":

for x in "banana":
print(x)
range() Function
To loop through a set of code a specified number of times, we can use
the range() function,

The range() function returns a sequence of numbers, starting from 0 by

default, and increments by 1 (by default), and ends at a specified number.

Example

Using the range() function:

for x in range(6):
print(x)

Note that range(6) is not the values of 0 to 6, but the values 0 to 5.

The range() function defaults to 0 as a starting value, however it is possible to

specify the starting value by adding a parameter: range(2, 6), which means
values from 2 to 6 (but not including 6):

Example

Using the start parameter:

for x in range(2, 6):

print(x)

The range() function defaults to increment the sequence by 1, however it is

possible to specify the increment value by adding a third parameter: range(2,
30, 3):

Example

Increment the sequence with 3 (default is 1):

for x in range(2, 30, 3):

print(x)

else in for Loop

The else keyword in a for loop specifies a block of code to be executed when
the loop is finished:

Example

Print all numbers from 0 to 5, and print a message when the loop has ended:

for x in range(6):
print(x)
else:
print("Finally finished!")

Nested Loops

A nested loop is a loop inside a loop.

The "inner loop" will be executed one time for each iteration of the "outer
loop":

Example

Print each adjective for every fruit:

adj = ["red", "big", "tasty"]

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

for x in adj:
for y in fruits:
print(x, y)

pass Statement

for loops cannot be empty, but if you for some reason have a for loop with no
content, put in the pass statement to avoid getting an error.

Example
for x in [0, 1, 2]:
pass
break Statement

With the break statement we can stop the loop before it has looped through
all the items: break statement is used to end or terminate the loop when
certain condition is met.

Example1:

Exit the loop when i is 3:

i=1
while i < 6:
print(i)
if i == 3:
break
i += 1

Example2:
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
for x in fruits:
if x == "banana":
break
print(x)

continue Statement

With the continue statement we can stop the current iteration of the loop, and
continue with the next: continue statement is used to end the current iteration
of the loop.

Example

Do not print banana:

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

for x in fruits:
if x == "banana":
continue
print(x)
Write a python program to display the series 1 2 3………….n

(Display natural numbers beginning from 1 to n)

n=int(input("Enter the end limit"))

for i in range(1,n+1,1):

print(i)

Write a python program to display the series 1 3 5………….n

(Display odd natural numbers beginning from 1 to n)

n=int(input("Enter the end limit"))

for i in range(1,n+1,2):

print(i)

Write a python program to display the series 2 4 6………….n

(Display even natural numbers beginning from 2 to n)

n=int(input("Enter the end limit"))

for i in range(2,n+1,2):

print(i)

Write a python program to display the series 1^2 2^2 3^2………….n^2

(Display squares of natural numbers beginning from 1 to n)

n=int(input("Enter the end limit"))

for i in range(1,n+1,1):
 print(i**2)

Write a python program to display the series 1^3 2^3 3^3………….n^3

(Display cubes of natural numbers beginning from 1 to n)

n=int(input("Enter the end limit"))

for i in range(1,n+1,1):

print(i**3)

Write a python program to find the sum of the series 1+2+3+………n

(find sum of natural numbers beginning from 1 to n)

n=int(input("Enter the end limit"))

sum=0

for i in range(1,n+1,1):

sum=sum+i

print("Sum of natural numbers=", sum)

Write a python program to find the sum of the series 1^2+2^2+3^2+………n^2

(find sum of squares of natural numbers beginning from 1 to n)

n=int(input("Enter the end limit"))

sum=0

for i in range(1,n+1,1):

sum=sum+(i**2)
print("Sum of squares of natural numbers=", sum)

Write a python program to check whether number is prime or not

# Program to check if a number is prime or not

num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

# define a flag variable

flag = False

if num == 0 or num == 1:

print(num, "is not a prime number")

elif num > 1:

# check for factors

for i in range(2, num//2):

if (num % i) == 0:

# if factor is found, set flag to True

flag = True

# break out of loop

break
# check if flag is True

if flag:

print(num, "is not a prime number")

else:

print(num, "is a prime number")

Functions
 Functions also called as modules can be defined as set of statements
which are written to achieve a specific task.
 A function is a block of code which only runs when it is called.
 You can pass data, known as parameters, into a function.
 A function can return data as a result.

Syntax of creating a function:

def func_name(parameters):
statements:

Specifying the parameters is not compulsory.

Example
def my_function( ):
print("Hello REVA")

Calling a Function
To call a function, use the function name followed by parenthesis:

Example
def my_function( ):
print("Hello REVA ")
my_function()

Arguments

Information can be passed into functions as arguments.

Arguments are specified after the function name, inside the parentheses. You
can add as many arguments as you want, just separate them with a comma.

The following example has a function with one argument (fname). When the
function is called, we pass along a first name, which is used inside the function
to print the full name:

Example
def my_function(fname):
print(fname + " Kumar")
my_function("Shiva")
my_function("Sachin")
my_function("Praveen")

Arguments are often shortened to args in Python documentations.

Parameters or Arguments?

The terms parameter and argument can be used for the same thing:
information that are passed into a function.

From a function's perspective:

A parameter is the variable listed inside the parentheses in the function

definition.
An argument is the value that is sent to the function when it is called.

Number of Arguments

By default, a function must be called with the correct number of arguments.

Meaning that if your function expects 2 arguments, you have to call the
function with 2 arguments, not more, and not less.

Example

This function expects 2 arguments, and gets 2 arguments:

def my_function(fname, lname):

print(fname + " " + lname)
my_function("Shiva", "Kumar")

If you try to call the function with 1 or 3 arguments, you will get an error:
Example

This function expects 2 arguments, but gets only 1:

def my_function(fname, lname):

print(fname + " " + lname)
my_function("Shiva")

Default Parameter Value

The following example shows how to use a default parameter value.

If we call the function without argument, it uses the default value:

Example
def my_function(country = "India"):
print("I am from " + country)
my_function("England")
my_function("USA")
my_function()
my_function("Brazil")

Passing a List as an Argument

You can send any data types of argument to a function (string, number, list,
dictionary etc.), and it will be treated as the same data type inside the
function.

E.g. if you send a List as an argument, it will still be a List when it reaches the
function:

Example
def my_function(food):
for x in food:
print(x)
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
my_function(fruits)

return statement

To let a function return a value, use the return statement:

Example1:

def my_function(x):
return 5 * x
print(my_function(3))
print(my_function(5))
print(my_function(9))
Example2:

def add(a,b):
return a+b
res=add(10,20)
print("Sum is",res)

pass Statement

function definitions cannot be empty, but if you for some reason have
a function definition with no content, put in the pass statement to avoid
getting an error.

Example
def myfunction( ):
pass

Note: Python does not have built-in support for Arrays, but Python Lists can
be used instead.

Write a python program to find the sum of 2 numbers using user

defined function
We can write the program by using 2 methods, in first method we can read the
input from the user, in second method we will create the function with
parameters and when we invoke or call the function, we can call the function
with the values.

First Method:
Program:

def sum():
a=int(input('Enter first number'))
b=int(input('Enter second number'))
s=a+b
print('sum of 2 numbers is',s)
sum()

Second Method:

Program:

def sum(a,b):
s=a+b
print('sum of 2 numbers is',s)
sum(30,60)

Write a Python program to perform basic arithmetic operations

using user defined functions

def arithmetic(a,b):
sum=a+b
sub=a-b
mult=a*b
div=a/b
 mod=a%b
exp=a**b
print('Sum of 2 numbers is',sum)
print('Subtraction of 2 numbers is',sub)
print('multiplication of 2 numbers is',mult)
print('division of 2 numbers is',div)
print('modulus of 2 numbers is',mod)
print('Exponentiation is',exp)
arithmetic(10,3)

Write a python program to find the sum of 2 integers and sum of 2

floating point numbers using user defined functions

def sum1(a,b):
c=a+b
print('sum of 2 integers is',c)
sum1(10,20)
def sum2(a,b):
c=a+b
print('sum of 2 floats is',c)
sum2(10.5,20.5)

Write a Python program to read and print the name, SRN and
Marks obtained by the student using user defined functions

def sdetails():
 name=input("Enter the Student Name")
SRN=input("Enter the Student SRN")
marks=float(input("Enter the Marks obtained by the student"))
print("Student Name is",name)
print("Student SRN is",SRN)
print("Marks obtained is",marks)
sdetails()

Modules and Packages

Python modules are single files containing Python code (functions, classes, and
variables), while packages are directories that organize related modules into a
hierarchical structure. This organization promotes modularity, reusability, and
maintainability in large projects.
Python Modules
A module is a logical grouping of related code saved in a file with
a .py extenson.
 Purpose: To break down large programs into manageable, specific
functionality units, avoiding code redundancy and namespace collisions.
 Creation: Simply write Python code and save it with a .py extension
(e.g., math_operations.py).
 Usage: You can use the import statement to access its contents in
another Python file.
o import module_name: Access contents
using module_name.function_name().
o from module_name import specific_function: Access directly
using specific_function().
Examples of built-in modules:
 math: Provides mathematical functions and constants.
  os: Interfaces with the operating system, allowing file and process
management.
 random: Generates random numbers.

Python Packages
A package is a directory structure that contains multiple modules (and
potentially sub-packages).
 Purpose: To organize related modules hierarchically, especially in large
applications.
 Creation:
1. Create a directory for the package (e.g., my_package).
2. Place Python module files inside this directory.
3. (Optional in Python 3.3+) Include a special file
named __init__.py in the directory to explicitly mark it as a
package for the interpreter.
 Usage: Modules within a package are accessed using dot notation.
o import package_name.module_name: Access contents
via package_name.module_name.function_name().
o from package_name.module_name import specific_function:
Access directly via specific_function().
Examples of popular third-party packages (often referred to as libraries):
 NumPy: For numerical computations and array handling.
 Pandas: For data manipulation and analysis.
 Requests: For making HTTP requests.
Key Differences

Characteristic Python Module Python Package

Structure A single .py file. A directory containing one or more

 modules and an optional __init__.py file.

Organization Organizes related Organizes related modules and sub-

functions, classes, and packages.
variables.

Import import module_name. import package_name.module_name.

Method

Introduction to GitHub and applications

 Open source is a term that originally referred to open-source software
(OSS). Open-source software is code that is designed to be publicly
accessible—anyone can see, modify, and distribute the code as they see
fit. Open-source software is developed in a decentralized and
collaborative way, relying on peer review and community production.
 Git is a distributed version control system designed to track changes in a
project’s files.
 Git was released in 2005 by Linus Torvalds for the Linux kernel.
 Other kernel developers contributed to its development, and it has
become the most popular choice for software teams.
 Git offers strong support for non-linear development and speed.
 GitHub is a platform that can be used to host code online.
 Think of GitHub as a platform that stores the whole codebase in a
remote repository.
 It comes with tools to collaborate on projects of any size.
 By enabling the creation of remote repositories, GitHub allows
developers to have a unified source of truth for their source code.
 This is what makes open source possible.
 To create your repositories on GitHub or contribute to open-source
projects, you will need to create a personal account on GitHub.
 Nearly every open-source project uses GitHub to manage their projects.
Using GitHub is free if your project is open source, and it includes a wiki
and issue tracker that makes it easy to include more in-depth
documentation and get feedback about your project.