Tutorial-1

Example -1: Dilution of Concentrated Solutions

A tank contains 3m3 of a solution consisting of 300 kg of sugar dissolved

in water. Pure water is pumped into the tank at the rate of 15 L/s, and the
mixture (kept uniform by stirring) is pumped out at the exact same rate.
How long will it take for only 30 kg of sugar to remain in the tank? (See
Figure 1).

Fig. 1— sugar concentration tank.

Example 2: Dilution of Brine Water

Pure water turns into a well-mixed tank filled with 100 L of brine. Water
flows at a constant volumetric feed rate of 10 L/min. Initially, the brine has
7.0 kg of salt dissolved in the 100 L of water. The salt solution flows out of
the tank at the same inlet volumetric flow rate of water. After 15 min of
operation, calculate the amount of salt remaining in the tank. Plot the
concentration of the salt versus time using Simulink (Figure 2).

FIGURE.2- Mixed tank with brine and water.

Example 3: Liquid Phase Reaction

The elementary liquid-phase irreversible reaction is to be carried out in

two continuous stirred tank reactors in series, both reactors having a
volume of 15 L (Figure.3). The liquid phase reaction: A +B →C.

We can describe the reaction inside the reactor by the following equation:

FIGURE.3 Two constant volume stirred stank reactors in series.

Example 4: CSTR with Multiple Reactions

An isothermal CSTR is used for producing the desired component X.

Unfortunately, side reactions take place in which components Y and Z are
also produced, forming a complex reaction. Changes inside the reactor
can be described by following reactions:
The parameters and the related constant are
shown in Table -1.

FIGURE -4 Continuous stirred tank reactor with multiple reactions.

Example 5: Jacketed Stirred Tank Reactor

Steam is employed to heat the contents of a jacketed stirred tank initially

at 30°C. The steam temperature is fixed at 180°C. The jacket-tank contact
surface area is 20 m2. The volume of the tank is 100 L. The density of fluid
in the tank is constant (1kg/L), and the heat capacity is also constant
4.187 kJ/kg °C). The inlet fluid temperature is 30°C, and the inlet stream
flow rate is 250 L/min. At steady state, the fluid exit temperature is 60°C,
and the exit steam flow rate is the same as the inlet stream flow rate
(Figure- 5). Derive the model equations that describe the temperature
profile in the tank. If the inlet flow rate is raised to 300 L/min, what is the
new tank steady-state temperature?

FIGURE – 5. Stirred tank heated by steam jacket.

Example -6: Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors in Series

Consider the two CSTRs Figure - 6. The following reaction is taking place in
both reactors: A →B.
FIGURE - 6 Continuous stirred tank reactor in series.

The inlet and exit volumetric flow rates are fixed at 50 L/min, volume of
each reactor is 100L, and the inlet concentration of component A to the
first tank is 10 mol/L. Develop the system ordinary differential equation
that described the concentration profile in the two tanks.

Example 7: Adiabatic CSTR

The contents of the adiabatic CSTR shown in Figure- 7 is assumed to be

perfectly mixed. Initially the tank contents are at a temperature of 300 K.
Reactant A is fed to the reactor from two different inlets with constant flow
rates, and it exits at a rate equal to the sum of both rates; thus, the
volume of the tank holdup is kept constant. The initial concentration of
reactant A in the tank is 100 kmol/m3. The reaction rate is irreversible first
order:

FIGURE – 7. Continuous reactor

with two feed streams.
within reasonable limits. The constant parameters that will be used in the
model are shown Table .2.

Example 8: Shower Heating Tank

A shower heater holds 15 kg of water (Figure 8). The water in thank is

initially at 20° C. The heater is 15. kW power. The heater is switched on to
start heating the water in the tank. Estimate the time in minutes until the
temperature of the water gets to 45°C.

FIGURE.8. Schematic of shower heater

Example 9: Combined Mass and Energy Balance

Water from a string flow at a volumetric flow rate of 3m 3/hr into a large
storage concrete tank (Figure 9). The tank is used for different purposes in
the nearby chemical plant. Initially the depth of the water in the tank is
5 m. The exit stream from the storage tank was constructed to reach
various units in the plant nearby; the outlet stream carries around 25.
M3/hr of water. The average temperature of the inlet water stream is
around 30° C. Initially the storage tank temperature is 26° C. The storage
tank covers a 200 m2 piece of land and has a depth of 10m. The density of
water is ρ=1000 kg/m3, and the heat capacity is Cp 4.187 kJ/(kg·°C).
Develop a mathematical model to describe the change in depth and
temperature of the water in the storage tank within one day.

FIGURE- 9. Schematic of a water storage tank.

Example 10: Heating Tanks in Series

Water in two perfectly mixed tanks in series is being heated by electrical

heaters; the volume of both tanks is 5 m3 each. Initially both tanks are full
of water at a temperature of 26° C. Water is flowing into the first tank at a
temperature of 25° C and at a flow rate of 0.03. m3/s. Inlet and exit flow
rates are kept constant through the heating process. The heat added to
the first and second tank is 1000 kJ/s and 2000 kJ/s, respectively. Calculate
the temperatures of the two tanks after one half hour of operation. The
schematic diagram of the process is shown in Figure 10.
 FIGURE-10 Schematic of two electrical heater in series.

Example 11: Two Mixed Tanks in Series with One Tank Heated

The flow rate of oil in two perfectly mixed tanks in series is constant at
2.55 m3/min. The density of the oil is kept at a constant flow rate of 640
kg/m3, and its heat capacity is 2.5kJ/kgK. The volume of the first tank is
constant at 13m3, and the volume of the second tank holdup is kept
constant at 2.50 m3. The temperature of the oil entering the first tank is
65°C. The initial temperature in the two tanks is 120°C. The oil is heated
in the first tank using steam. The rate of heat transferred to first tanks
equal to 15000kJ/min.

Develop a transient mathematical model to describe the behaviour of the

temperature profile in both tanks as a function of time, and find the
temperature of both tanks after 30 min. The schematic diagram of the
heating process is presented in Figure 11.

FIGURE 11. Two stirred oil tanks in series.

Example -12: Isothermal Reactor

Figure 12. shows a perfectly mixed, isothermal stirred tank reactor where
the following reaction is taking place: A →B.
FIGURE 12. Schematic of CSTR.

Example -13: Multiple Stirred Tanks

Consider the two multiple stirred tanks connected in series as shown in

Figure 13. The inlet concentration of component A to the first tank is
2 kmol/L, the volumetric feed rate is 10 L/min, and the volume of both
tanks is 20 L. The initial concentration of component A in both tanks is
zero. Derive the model equations that describe the concentration of com
ponent A in each tank and determine the time when the concentrations of
A in both tanks are approximately identical.

FIGURE 13. Two stirred tank reactors in series.

Example 14: Three Heated Tanks in Series

Chemical solutions are heated via three tanks in series as shown in Figure
14. Initially the tanks are filled with 15 kg of chemical solution at a
temperature of 25°C. Saturated steam used to heat the oil at a
temperature of 250°C condenses within the steam jacket surrounding the
tanks. The oil is fed into the first tank at the rate of 1.5 kg/s and overflows
into the second and the third tanks at the same flow rate. The
temperature of the oil fed to the first tank is 25°C. The tanks are well
mixed. The heat capacity, Cp, of the oil is 2.0 kJ/kg.

The overall heat transfer coefficient U= 0.15 kJ/s. °C and the area of the
jacket for each tank is 1m2.

Develop the dynamic model for the concentration of the three tanks and
solve the emerged set of ODEs using polymath software and the Simulink
software package.

FIGURE 14. Schematic of three heated stirred tanks in series.

Example 15: Heat Transfer from Sold Object.

A hot solid block of mass m, average temperature T, and external surface

area A is placed in and surrounded by fluid maintained at constant
temperature, Ta. As the temperature of this solid object changes, its
specific heat changes, but if the range of temperature variation is
moderate, we can use an average value of the specific heat (C P) and treat
it as a constant for this analysis.
 Chapter -3 Example

Example -1: Liquid Flow in a Pipe

Develop a velocity profile of the one-dimensional plug flow of fluid through

a pipe. The fluid is an incompressible liquid. State all assumptions and
boundary conditions. The schematic of the pipe is shown in Figure 1.

FIGURE -1. Liquid flow in a pipe.

Example 2: Diffusion with Chemical Reaction in a Spherical

Catalyst

Consider the diffusion with chemical reaction of species A that reacts at

the surface of catalytic sphere (Figure 2). The fluid properties are assumed
to be constant. Compound A reacts quickly to form compound B according
to the reaction A → B. The concentration of A at the outer edge of the gas
film is CA0. Develop the concentration profile inside the catalyst.
FIGURE 2. Diffusion through a catalytic sphere.

Example 3: Nonisothermal Plug Flow Reactor

Consider the exothermic reaction (A →B) taking place in the double pipe
plug flow reactor shown in Figure 3. The fluid is incompressible. Cooling
water is circulated in the shell side of the reactor to absorb the excess
heat generated for the exothermic reaction. Develop the model equations
that describes the concentration and temperature distributing in the plug
flow reactor.

FIGURE 3. Non-isothermal plug flow reactor.

Example 4: Steady-State Energy Transport with Heat Generation

Heat is being generated from an electrical heater at a uniform rate of Φ H

(J/m2.s) in a solid cylinder of radius R. The heat is removed from the
system, which maintains its surface temperature at the constant value Tw
(Figure 4) using a cooling system. Our objective is to derive the
temperature variations in the cylinder. We assume that the solid is of
constant density, heat capacity, and thermal conductivity.
FIGURE 4. Heat transfer in solid rod.

Example 5: Momentum Transport in a Circular Tube

Derive the steady-state velocity profile equation for the laminar flow
inside a horizontal circular tube.

Example 6: Unsteady-State Heat Generation

Consider the temperature variations of the reactor with time as well. This
may be needed to compute the heat transferred during startup or
shutdown operations. Keep the same assumptions as in Example - 4
(except the steady-state assumption).

Example 7: Heat Transfer with Constant Wall Temperature

Consider a fluid flowing at constant velocity υ z into an adiabatic horizontal

cylindrical tube, as shown in Figure 5. The fluid enters with uniform
temperature Ti. The wall is assumed to be at constant temperature T w. We
would like to model the variations of the fluid velocity and temperature
distribution inside the tube.

FIGURE 5. Heat transfer with constant wall temperature.

Example 8: Laminar Flow and Mass Transfer

Consider the case of a fluid flowing through a horizontal pipe with

constant velocityυ z . The pipe wall is made of a solute of constant
concentration CAw that is dissolved in the fluid (Figure 6). The
concentration of the fluid at the entrance z=0 is C Ao. The regime is
assumed laminar and at steady state. Assume that the fluid properties are
constant. Model the variation of the concentration of A along the z axis of
the pipe.

FIGURE 6. Laminar flow and mass transfer in horizontal cylinder.

Example 9: Axial Flow of Incompressible Fluid in a Vertical

Cylinder

Newtonian liquid is flowing downward in a vertical circular pipe. Derive the

steady-state velocity profile of the axial flow of an incompressible fluid in
a circular tube of length L and radius R (Figure 7).

FIGURE 7. Fluid flow in vertical cylinder

Example 10: Transient Heat Transfer in a Finite Slab

Heat conduction problems encountered in engineering applications

involve time as an independent variable. Consider a solid slab material of
length L (Figure 8). The material has an initial temperature of T 0 at time
t=0; the surface at y=L is maintained at temperature T 1 and maintained
at that temperature for t>0. Simplify the energy balance equation and
state the initial and boundary conditions. Determine the variation of the
temperature as a function of time and position T (y,t) within the heat-
conducting object.
FIGURE 8: Heat transfer in finite slab.

Example 11: Flow Through a Double Pipe Heat-Exchanger

A double pipe heat exchanger consists of two pipes, one pipe inside
another larger pipe (Figure 9). In this configuration of heat exchangers,
one fluid flows through the inside pipe and the other flows through the
annulus between the two pipes. The heat transfer surface is the wall of
the inner pipe. To make the overall unit more compact, the pipes are
usually doubled back multiple times. The advantage of a double pipe heat
exchanger is that it can be operated in a counterflow pattern. This gives
the highest overall heat transfer coefficient for the double pipe heat
exchanger design. Consider the heat exchanger as shown in Figure 9, with
an inner radius of R1 and outer radius of R2 with z pointing to the right.
Fluid is moving to the right (positive z-direction) in the outer tube, and the
fluid is moving to the left in the inner tube (counter current in the negative
z direction). Assume that the pressure gradient is linear and that R 1 < r <
R2.

FIGURE 9. Double pipe heat exchanger.

Example 12: Flow Between Concentric Cylinders

Consider the flow in an annular space between two fixed, concentric

cylinders, as shown in Figure 10. The fluid has constant density (ρ) and
viscosity (µ). The outer cylinder is fixed, and the inner cylinder rotates at
an angular velocity (ωi). There is no axial motion or end effects (i.e., υ z =0)
and no change in velocity in the direction of θ (i.e., ∂ υ θ /∂ θ =0). The inner
and the outer cylinders have radii ri and ro, respectively, and the velocity
varies between ri and ro. The velocity varies in the direction of r only.
Determine the velocity profile in a fluid situated between two coaxial
cylinders.

FIGURE 10. Flowthrough annulus.

Example 13: Flow of Fluid Down an Inclined Plane

Newtonian fluid is flowing down an inclined plane with angle β, as shown

in Figure 11. The fluid is assumed to be incompressible. The film of water
flows downward because of gravitational force. Develop the velocity
profile for the fluid film flowing on the inclined plane.

FIGURE 11. Flow of fluid down an inclined plane.

Example 14: Temperature Profile in an Inclined Plane

A liquid is falling over an inclined plane (angle of β with the vertical). The
temperature of the film at the fluid-solid interface (x =0) is kept at
temperature To, and the temperature at the liquid-air interface (x =δ) is at
temperature T (Figure 12). Derive the temperature profile for the liquid
film. Although convective terms are important, it will be neglected in this
example to simplify the problems. Assume that the temperature across
the liquid film varies due to the conduction term in the y-direction.

FIGURE 12. Temperature profile of water flowing in an inclined plane.

Example 15: A Strip Moves Upward at Constant Velocity

A strip close to a liquid film moves upward at velocity

V, constructing a film of viscous liquid of thickness, h,
as shown in Figure 13. Near the strip, the film moves
upward. The other side of the liquid film moves
downward due to gravity. Consider the case where the
only nonzero velocity is υ z . With zero shear stress at the
outer film edge, derive a formula for the velocity
distribution υ (x).
FIGURE 13. A strip moves upward at velocity V.