Senior High School

Disaster Readiness and Risk

Reduction
Module 11:
Signs of Impending
Hydrometeorological Hazards

AIRs-LM
LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module11
 DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION
Module 11: Signs of Impending Hydrometeorological Hazards
Second Edition, 2021

Copyright © 2021
La Union Schools Division
Region I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form without written
permission from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Author: Jay-Ar M. Libatique

Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team
Content Evaluator: Jodel Maria L. Regpala
Language Reviewer: Joan Guerrero
Illustrator: Ernesto F. Ramos Jr.
Design and Layout: Jasper N. Arciaga

Management Team:

Atty. Donato D. Balderas Jr.

Schools Division Superintendent
Vivian Luz S. Pagatpatan, Ph D
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
German E. Flora, Ph D, CID Chief
Virgilio C. Boado, Ph D, EPS in Charge of LRMS
Rominel S. Sobremonte, Ed D, EPS in charge in Science
Michael Jason D. Morales, PDO II
Claire P. Toluyen, Librarian II

Printed in the Philippines by: _________________________

Department of Education – SDO La Union

Office Address: Flores St. Catbangen, San Fernando City, La Union
Telefax: 072 – 205 – 0046
Email Address: launion@[Link]

LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module11

 Senior High School

Disaster Readiness and Risk

Reduction
Module 11:
Signs of Impending
Hydrometeorological Hazards

LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module11

 Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear
learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities,
questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you
to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you
step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in

each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module
or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better
understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer
the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each
activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are
also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on
how they can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on
any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises
and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in

answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher
or facilitator.

Thank you.

LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module11

 Target

The module is intended to help you understand the hydrometeorology

hazard, different hydrometeorological weather systems its effect and to provide
early warning to prevent with cause the loss of lives, injury or other health impacts,
damages to property, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic
disruption, and environmental damage

After going through this learning material, you are expected to:

1. Recognizes signs of impending hydrometeorological hazards (DRR11/12

IIc-d-33)
2. Interpret different hydrometeorological hazard maps (DRR11/12- IIc-d-35)
3. Use available tools for monitoring hydrometeorological hazards (DRR11/12-
IIc-d-36)

1 LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module11

 Jumpstart

Activity 1: Identifying hydrometeorology hazards.

Direction: Identify the following statement that recognizes of pending

hydrometeorology by choosing your answer on the box below. Write the letter of the
correct answer in a separate sheet of paper.

A. EL NIŇO B. FLOOD C. LA NIŇA

D. THUNDERSTORM E. TYPHOON F. STORM SURGE G. CYCLONE

1. Intense low pressure 2. Distant thunder

3. Hot weather 4. Lighting wind
5. Heavier rainfall 6. Cloud formation
7. Low pressure 8. Drought condition
9. Rising of water 10. Muddy water

Discover

What is hydrology?
Scientific discipline concerned with the waters of the Earth, including their
occurrence, distribution, and circulation via the hydrologic cycle and interactions
with living things. It also deals with the chemical and physical properties of water
in all its phases.

What is meteorology?
Scientific study of atmospheric phenomena, particularly of the troposphere
and lower stratosphere. Meteorology entails the systematic study of weather and its
causes, and provides the basis for weather forecasting

What is Hydrometeorology?
Hydrometeorology involves studying tropical depressions, super-typhoons,
droughts, and desertification, among others. It is studying natural phenomena with
atmospheric, hydrological, or oceanographic origin. It is the study of the transfer of
water and energy between the earth’s surface and lower atmosphere. As we study
how the weather and water flow and energy work together to create distinct weather
conditions, we begin to understand the dynamics of hydrometeorology and how it
affects our everyday lives

2 LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module11

Hydrometeorological Weather Systems
In the Philippines, we experience a variety of weather systems both in the dry
and wet seasons. Other countries experience their own weather systems. These
different weather systems are powerful of nature that can lead to disasters as
produces many hydrometeorological hazards

What is Hydrometeorological Hazards?

According to the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR),
hydrometeorological hazards are process of atmospheric, hydrologic or
oceanographic nature, with cause the loss of lives, injury or other health impacts,
damages to property, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic
disruption, and environmental damage.
Potential Hydrometeorological Hazards

The following are the most common Hydrometeorological hazards as defined

by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

CYCLONE STORM SURGE

TYPHOON EL NIŇO
THUNDERSTORM LA NIŇA
FLOOD

• CYCLONE
A cyclone is an intense low-pressure system which is characterized by strong
spiral winds towards the center called “EYE” in a counter- clockwise flow in
the northern hemisphere. Hazards due to tropical cyclone are strong winds
with heavy rainfall that can cause widespread flooding, flash floods, storm
surges, landslides and mudflows.

Classification of Cyclone
1. Tropical Depression - maximum winds from 35 kilometers per hour
(kph) to 63 kph. This refers to a low-pressure area forming over warm sea
and oceans and made up of merging thunderstorms.
2. Tropical Storm - maximum from 64 kph to 118 kph
- The weather system takes on a more definite circular form as the winds
rotate around center.

3. Typhoon - maximum exceeding 118 kph

- In this category, the “eye” of the typhoon is formed, referring to the
relatively calm area at the center surrounded by the spinning winds.

• TYPHOON
Typhoons cause a variety of impacts to vegetation including pruned or
downed vegetation from intense wind, defoliation and damage from wind,
heavy rain and salt spray, and mortality by saltwater inundation in low-lying
areas (Kerr, 2000).
Typhoons can inflict terrible damage due to thunderstorms, violent winds,
torrential rain, floods, landslides, large and very big waves associated with
storm surges.

3 LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module11

• THUNDERSTORM
A thunderstorm is weather condition that produces lighting and thunder,
heavy rainfall from cumulonimbus clouds and possibly a tornado. The
typical thunderstorm caused by convection occurs when the sun’s warmth
has heated a large body of moist air near the ground. This air rises and
called by expansion. The cooling condenses the water vapor present in the
air, forming a cumulus cloud.

• FLOOD
A flood occurs when a normally dry piece is covered by a large amount of
water. This can be brought by excessive rainfall, or when the level rises.
Floods usually affect areas which are low-lying, and where land meets the
sea or another body of water. Floods are one of the most common natural
disaster, second only to fires.

• STORM SURGE
A storm surge is the abnormal rise of water level in coastal areas brought
about by the strong winds, waves and low atmospheric pressure of a storm.
This is higher than the normal or regular astronomical tide. A storm surge
is the result of the push of winds and pressure on the water towards the
shore.

• EL NIŇO
El Niño is characterized by unusually warm ocean temperatures in the
Equatorial Pacific, as opposed to La Niña, which is characterized by
unusually cold ocean temperatures in the Equatorial Pacific. El Niño is an
oscillation of the ocean-atmosphere system in the tropical Pacific having
important consequences for weather around the globe.
• LA NIŇA
This phenomenon is the counter part of El Niňo. It occurs when the sea
temperature of the Pacific Ocean changes to lower than usual, by three to
five degrees Celcius. In the Philippines, La Niňa makes the wet season even
wetter, and increase the chances of formation of tropical cyclones.

4 LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module11

 Signs of Impending
Hydrometeorological Hazards

CYCLONE intense low pressure, strong winds with heavy rainfall

TYPHOON increase ocean swell, barometric pressure drops, wind speed,

heavier rainfall

THUNDERSTORM cloud formation, darkening sky, lighting wind

FLOOD continuous storm, typhoons and rain, distant thunder,

rapidly rising water, muddy water, water carries debris

STORM SURGE cumulus-nimbus clouds, darker sky, low pressure, strong

winds, rising of water

EL NIŇO hot weather, high pressure, change in temperature,

gradually drying of land, increase in drought conditions.

LA NIŇA usually, warm ocean temperature

5 LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module11

Activity 2: Enumeration: What are the things to be done once we experience
hydrometeorological hazards?

Hydrometeorological What to do before What to do during What to do

Hazard after

CYCLONE

TYPHOON

THUNDERSTORM

FLOOD

STORM SURGE

EL NIŇO

LA NIŇA

6 LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module11

 Explore

Activity 3: Interpret the different maps of the towns in La Union by answering the
guided questions. Use separate sheet of paper.

7 LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module11

1. Do you think the town of Bacnotan has a low flood susceptibility? Why?

2. If the town of Bagulin has a red mark therefore people along the area must stay
at home even if the rain is unstoppable. Yes or No, why?

8 LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module11

3. How can you say that the town of Luna has a low landslide susceptibility?

4. What do you think is the threatening hazard in the town of Tubao?

9 LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module11

5. What are the different hydrometeorological hazards present in the town of
Sudipen? (From high risk to low risk)

Deepen

Activity 4: Identification: Identify the statement that best describes to the

meteorological instrument thru arrange the unscrambled letters to get the correct
answer.
1. DINW NESVA - ________ _________
They may be used with our data loggers in research, air quality, and general-
purpose meteorological applications
2. INWD PEDES SORENS - ________ ________ _______
The term is derived from the Greek word “anemos,” which means wind, and is used
to describe any wind speed instrument used in meteorology.
3. ILAH SAPD - ________ ________
It is a Styrofoam blocks that are often created to have a twelve-inch length and a
twelve-inch width.
4. TERTHERMOEM - ___________________
It measures the degree of hotness or coldness of a given substance.
5. YMIHUTDI ROSNE - ____________ ___________
Based on our robust capacitive technology, these sensors provide accurate
measurement of dew point and absolute humidity.

10 LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module11

Meteorological Instruments and their Uses

Thermometer
A thermometer measures the degree of
hotness or coldness of a given
substance. It operates on the principle
of thermal expansion of the material
used, e.g., liquids like mercury and alcohol, metallic materials, etc. Mercury is one
of the liquids very sensitive to changes of temperature. When the substance to be
measured is warm, mercury expands and rises in the capillary tube. When it cools,
mercury contracts.

Humidity Sensor
It is a device that detects and measures
water vapor. Based on our robust
capacitive technology, these humidity sensors provide accurate measurement of
dew point and absolute humidity by combining relative humidity (RH) and
temperature (T) measurements

Atmospheric Pressure
Mercurial Barometer
A mercurial barometer is a simple
barometer made by filling
a glass tube 32 inches long with
mercury and inverting it so that the open end of the tube is below the surface of
mercury in a cistern. The height of the mercury column is measured by sliding a
vernier attached on a scale. To obtain accurate measurements, corrections are
made for temperature expansion of the instrument, gravity and latitude. Values
are read in millibars, millimeters or inches of mercury.

Wind Speed Sensor

An anemometer is a device used for
measuring wind speed and direction.
It is also a common weather station
instrument. The
term is derived from the Greek
word“anemos,” which means wind, and is used to describe any wind speed
instrument used in meteorology.

Rain Gauge
It is tipping bucket type and measures
precipitation.
Precipitation entering the funnel is
filtrated and dropped in the tipping
bucket. After reaching a certain
amount of rain in the bucket, the bucket is tipped one (1) time and it is counted
as pulse signal.
11 LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module11
 Wind Vanes
It measures wind direction and are
often used with anemometers, which
measure wind speed. Most of our
wind sensors are modified slightly
from the manufacturers' stock items
so that they may be used with our
data loggers in research, air quality,
and general-purpose meteorological applications.

Hail Pads
Hail pads are one-inch-thick
Styrofoam blocks that are often
created to have a twelve-inch length
and a twelve-inch width. A volunteer
network of weather observers,
Community Collaborative Rain, Hail
& Snow Network (CoCoRaHS), was
organized in 1998 to help document rain, hail and snow measurements.

Activity 5: Essay: Answer the questions base on the facts that is being
discussed on the lesson. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answer
1. Why is the Philippines prone to tropical cyclones or storms?
2. How does the El Niño phenomenon affect agricultural production?
3. What is the best thing to do in facing different hydrometeorological hazard?
4. Why do you need to know on how to interpret hydrometeorological hazard
maps?
5. As a learner, how can you help the community in times of natural calamities
that may arise?
RUBRIC

Argument Evidence and Word Choice and Points

Organization Conventions
Effectively Uses logical and relevant Uses precise and 5
introduces a claim reasoning and evidence purposeful word
to support claim choice
Clearly introduces a Uses reasoning and Uses clear word 4
claim evidence to support claim choice
Attempts to Develops, sometimes, Uses basic language, 3
establish a claim unevenly, reasons and which sometimes
evidence to support claim lacks clarity
Weakly or indirectly Has minimal support for Uses words that are 2
states a claim claim inappropriate, overly,
simple, or unclear
TOTAL

12 LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module11

 Gauge

Direction: Read and analyze each question before you answer. Write the letter of the
correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What type of hazard causes typhoons or hurricane?

A. Atmospheric B. Biologic C. Geologic D. Hydrologic
2. Natural hazards such as volcanic eruptions and ___________ result from
earth’s natural processes.
A. Earthquake B. Rainfall-induced landslide
C. Sinkhole formation D. Subsidence
3. It is usually caused by excessive runoff from precipitation or
snowmelt, or by coastal storm surges or other tidal phenomena.
A. Drought B. Earthquake C. Flood D. Tsunami
4. Which among the hydrologic type of hazard is the effect of rainfall induced
landslide?
A. Drought B. Epidemic C. Flood D. Pollution
5. A series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume
of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake
A. Earthquake B. Flood C. Tsunami D. Volcano
6. A hazard is a source or a situation with the potential for harm in terms of human
injury or ill-health, damage to property, damage to the environment, or a
combination of these. What is the effect of man-made when it comes to
subsidence?
A. Nuclear accidents B. Industrial explosions
C. Accident release of oil D. Collapse of public buildings
7. What is the hazard secondary to earthquake?
A. Thunderstorm B. Tsunami
C. Typhoon D. Volcanic Eruption
8. It is an opening in the earth’s crust through which lava. Volcanic ash, and gases
escape
A. Drought B. Earthquake C. Tsunami D. Volcano
9. What is the effect of volcanic eruption that is usually experienced in Taal volcano?
A. Avalanche B. Pyroclastic flow
C. Tephra fall D. Volcanic gas
10. It is a period of time when an area or region experiences below-normal
precipitation
A. Drought B. Earthquake C. Tsunami D. Volcano
11. It is a sudden release of strain energy in the Earth’s crust, resulting in waves
shaking that radiate outward from the earthquake source
A. Drought B. Flood C. Earthquake D. Tsunami
12. What is the effect of atmospheric hazard of volcanic eruption?
A. Excessive rainfall B. Hail
C. Hurricane D. Thunderstorms
13. People that don’t have emergency plans in place might end up getting trapped,
injured or even killed because of the aftermath of an earthquake. Even when
people don’t get hurt by an earthquake; it can still have lasting effects on the
psyche. What is the hydrologic effect?
A. Drought B. Flood C. Tornadoes D. Wave action

13 LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module11

14. Some of the common impacts of earthquakes include structural damage to
buildings, fires, damage to bridges and highways, initiation of slope failures,
liquefaction, and tsunami. What is the biologic effect?
A. Locusts B. Epidemic in plants
C. Epidemic in animals D. Epidemic in human
15. How can the possibility of disasters in your home and school be minimized?
A. Purchase or make security aids for the house.
B. Obey all local building codes and zoning ordinances.
C. Repair or upgrade household wiring, plumbing, utility and sewer
systems
D. Prepare a disaster kit, including an evacuation map, battery-
operated radio, food, water, cellphone and personal items for each
family member

14 LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module11

References
Printed Materials:

Rolly E. Rimando (2016) Basic Concept of Hazard, (pp.24-28) 856 Nicanor Reyes,
Sr. St., 1977 C.M Recto Avenue, Manila Philippines

Rolly E. Rimando (2016) Hazard Identification, Assessment, and Mapping, 856

Nicanor Reyes, Sr. St., 1977 C.M Recto Avenue, Manila Philippines (pp.28-32).

Website:

How to Reduce Risk to Home or School from Disaster

[Link]
fromdisaster
Copyright 2020 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Lifestyle, All Rights Reserved. //
Leaf Group

Steven Heath. Hazard and Disasters-Risk Assessment and Response

[Link]
and- [Link]

Prof. Stephen A. Nelson (2019-June-03). Natural Hazard and Natural Disaster

[Link]

Malik Sharieff. (2018, April 19). The impact of natural disaster

[Link]

The Impact of Hazards on People and the Environment

[Link]
html

The Devastating Impact of Natural Disaster (2013, June 2016)

[Link]
Based on the United Nations University World Risk Index 2014

What Are the Short- and Long-Term Effects of Natural Disasters? (2018, December
31)
[Link]
naturaldisasters/

[Link]
disaster%20impact%20the%[Link]?id=3487

Coletta. (2004) Olorunfemi and Raheem, (2007).

[Link]
sustainability/disaster-risk-management-and-social-impact-
assessmentunderstanding-
preparedness-response-and-recovery

16 LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module11

 For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – SDO La Union

Curriculum Implementation Division
Learning Resource Management Section
Flores St. Catbangen, San Fernando City La Union 2500
Telephone: (072) 607 - 8127
Telefax: (072) 205 - 0046
Email Address:
launion@[Link]
[Link]@[Link]

17 LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module11