ASSIGNMENT FOR FINAL PAPER

Statistics — Complete Solutions

SECTION A: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Q1. The sum of deviations is zero when deviations are taken from:
✔ Answer: (a) Mean
Explanation: The sum of deviations from the mean is always zero: Σ(x − x■) = 0.

Q2. Harmonic Mean of 0, 1, 2, 5, 9:

✔ Answer: (c) 0 / (d) Not possible
Explanation: HM requires 1/x for each value. Since one value is 0, 1/0 is undefined. Answer: (d) Not possible.

Q3. Geometric Mean of 2, 4 and 8:

✔ Answer: (b) 4
Explanation: GM = (2 × 4 × 8)^(1/3) = (64)^(1/3) = 4.

Q4. Geometric Mean of −4, 2 and 8:

✔ Answer: (b) Not possible
Explanation: GM cannot be computed when negative numbers are present (even root of negative product is not
real).

Q5. Mode of 2, 10 and 7:

✔ Answer: (d) Not exist
Explanation: All values appear exactly once — no value repeats, so Mode does not exist.

Q6. Appropriate average for average speed of a journey:

✔ Answer: (c) Harmonic Mean
Explanation: For rates (speed = distance/time), the Harmonic Mean gives the correct average speed.

Q7. If all values are same, standard deviation will be:

✔ Answer: (a) Zero
Explanation: SD = 0 when all values are identical (no variation/spread).

Q8. Mean = 20, CV = 25%, find variance:

✔ Answer: (c) 25
Explanation: CV = (SD/Mean)×100 → SD = (25×20)/100 = 5. Variance = SD² = 25.

Q9. Discrete random variable arise in connection with:

✔ Answer: (b) Counting
Explanation: Discrete variables come from counting (e.g., number of heads, defects).

Q10. Continuous random variable is typically obtained by:

✔ Answer: (c) Measurements
Explanation: Continuous variables arise from measurements (e.g., height, weight, temperature).

Q11. Mean of first n natural numbers:

 ✔ Answer: (c) (n+1)/2
Explanation: Sum of first n naturals = n(n+1)/2. Mean = [n(n+1)/2] / n = (n+1)/2.

Q12. Sum of deviations taken from mean:

✔ Answer: (a) Always equal to zero
Explanation: A fundamental property: Σ(x■ − x■) = 0 always.

Q13. Sum of squared deviations is minimum when taken from:

✔ Answer: (c) Mean
Explanation: The mean minimises the sum of squared deviations (least squares property).

Q14. Mean is affected by:

✔ Answer: (c) Both change of origin and scale
Explanation: If Y = a + bX, then ■ = a + bX■ — both origin (a) and scale (b) affect the mean.

SECTION B: SHORT QUESTIONS

Q1. Define Median and Mode.

Median: The median is the middle value of a dataset when arranged in ascending or descending order.
For n values, if n is odd, median = [(n+1)/2]th value; if n is even, median = average of (n/2)th and (n/2+1)th
values.
Mode: The mode is the value that appears most frequently in a dataset. A dataset may have one mode
(unimodal), two modes (bimodal), or no mode if all values appear with equal frequency.

Q2. Multiplying each of 2, 4, 6, 3, 5 by 3 and adding 5 gives 11, 17, 23, 14, 20. Relation
between the two sets?
Original values: X = {2, 4, 6, 3, 5}
New values: Y = {11, 17, 23, 14, 20}
Check: Y = 3X + 5
→ 3(2)+5=11 ✔, 3(4)+5=17 ✔, 3(6)+5=23 ✔, 3(3)+5=14 ✔, 3(5)+5=20 ✔
Relation: Y = 3X + 5 (linear transformation — multiply by 3, then add 5).

Q3. Mean of eight observations 73, 38, 78, 25, 23, a, 34. Mean = 43. Find a.
Given: n = 8, Mean = 43
Sum of all observations = Mean × n = 43 × 8 = 344
Sum of known values = 73 + 38 + 78 + 25 + 23 + 34 = 271
Therefore: a = 344 − 271 = 73

Q4. Mode = 50, Median = 53. Find Mean.

Using the empirical relation: Mode = 3 Median − 2 Mean
50 = 3(53) − 2 Mean
50 = 159 − 2 Mean
2 Mean = 159 − 50 = 109
 Mean = 54.5

Q5. Properties of a Good Average.

1. It should be clearly defined (rigidly defined).
2. It should be based on all observations.
3. It should be easy to understand and calculate.
4. It should be least affected by sampling fluctuations.
5. It should be capable of further algebraic treatment.
6. It should not be unduly affected by extreme values.

Q6. Define Geometric Mean.

The Geometric Mean (GM) of n positive values x■, x■, …, x■ is the nth root of their product:
GM = (x■ · x■ · … · x■)^(1/n)
For grouped data: log(GM) = (Σf·log x) / Σf
It is used for averaging ratios, rates, and index numbers.

Q7. Calculate Q1 from: 84.60, 88.03, 94.50, 94.90, 95.05

Data is already sorted (n = 5).
Q1 position = (n+1)/4 = (5+1)/4 = 1.5th value
Q1 = x■ + 0.5(x■ − x■) = 84.60 + 0.5(88.03 − 84.60) = 84.60 + 0.5(3.43)
Q1 = 84.60 + 1.715 = 86.315

Q8. GM = 8, AM = 10 for two numbers. Find the numbers.

Let the two numbers be a and b.
AM: (a + b)/2 = 10 → a + b = 20
GM: √(ab) = 8 → ab = 64
So a and b are roots of: t² − 20t + 64 = 0
t = [20 ± √(400 − 256)] / 2 = [20 ± √144] / 2 = [20 ± 12] / 2
a = 16, b = 4

Q9. What is meant by Dispersion?

Dispersion (or variability/spread) refers to the extent to which the values in a dataset differ from each other
and from the central value (mean/median/mode). It measures the scatter or spread of data.
Common measures: Range, Mean Deviation, Variance, Standard Deviation, Coefficient of Variation,
Quartile Deviation.

Q10. 100 values each equal to 5. Find average and dispersion.

Mean = (5+5+…+5)/100 = 500/100 = 5
Since all values are identical, deviations from mean = 0 for each.
Variance = 0, Standard Deviation = 0
Dispersion = 0 (no spread — all values are the same).
Q11. Define Random Experiment. Give examples.
A random experiment is an experiment whose outcome cannot be predicted with certainty before it is
performed, but the set of all possible outcomes (sample space) is known.
Examples:
1. Tossing a fair coin — outcomes: {Head, Tail}
2. Rolling a die — outcomes: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
3. Drawing a card from a deck of 52 cards.

Q12. Define Expectation / Expected Value of a Random Variable X.

The Expected Value E(X) (or mean) of a discrete random variable X is:
E(X) = Σ x · P(X = x) for all values of x
It represents the long-run average value of the variable over many repetitions of the experiment. It is the
weighted average of all possible values, weighted by their probabilities.

Q13. Any two properties of Mathematical Expectation.

1. Linearity: E(aX + b) = aE(X) + b, where a and b are constants.
2. Expectation of a constant: E(c) = c (the expected value of a constant is the constant itself).

Q14. Define Binomial Probability Distribution.

A Binomial Distribution arises when:
• A fixed number n of independent trials are performed.
• Each trial has only two outcomes: Success (p) or Failure (q = 1−p).
• The probability of success p is constant in each trial.
P(X = x) = C(n,x) · p^x · q^(n−x), x = 0, 1, 2, …, n
Mean = np, Variance = npq

Q15. Define Geometric Probability Distribution.

The Geometric Distribution models the number of trials needed to get the first success in repeated
independent Bernoulli trials.
P(X = x) = q^(x−1) · p, x = 1, 2, 3, …
Mean = 1/p, Variance = q/p²

Q16. Is it possible to have Binomial Distribution with Mean=5 and SD=4?

For Binomial distribution: Mean = np = 5, Variance = npq = SD² = 16
From these: q = Variance/Mean = 16/5 = 3.2
But q must satisfy 0 ≤ q ≤ 1. Since q = 3.2 > 1, this is NOT possible.

SECTION C: LONG QUESTIONS

Q1. Compute Mean, Median and Mode for the following distribution (n=75 consumers).
 Class f Mid (x) f·x CF

5–24 4 14.5 58.0 4

25–44 6 34.5 207.0 10

45–64 14 54.5 763.0 24

65–84 22 74.5 1639.0 46

85–104 14 94.5 1323.0 60

105–124 5 114.5 572.5 65

125–144 7 134.5 941.5 72

145–164 3 154.5 463.5 75

Total 75 5967.5

Mean = Σf·x / n = 5967.5 / 75 = 79.57

Median: n/2 = 37.5 → cumulative frequency just exceeds 37.5 is 46 (class 65–84)
Median = L + [(n/2 − CF_prev)/f_m] × h
= 65 + [(37.5 − 24)/22] × 20 = 65 + [13.5/22] × 20 = 65 + 12.27
Median ≈ 77.27
Mode: Modal class = 65–84 (highest frequency = 22)
Mode = L + [f■−f■ / (2f■−f■−f■)] × h
= 65 + [(22−14)/(2×22−14−14)] × 20 = 65 + [8/16] × 20 = 65 + 10
Mode = 75

Q2. Show that AM > GM > HM (n=75 consumers, updated data).

AM = Σf·x / n = 6643.50 / 83 = 80.0422
GM = 10^(Σf·log x / n) = 10^(153.4469/83) = 10^1.8488 = 70.5924
HM = n / Σ(f/x) = 83 / 1.428182 = 58.1159
Since 80.04 > 70.59 > 58.12, AM > GM > HM ✔

Q3. Calculate Variance and Standard Deviation.

Class f x d=x-x■ fd fd²

25–50 9 37.5 -70.9 -637.9 45218.8

50–75 11 62.5 -45.9 -504.7 23157.1

75–100 15 87.5 -20.9 -313.2 6541.1

100–125 16 112.5 4.1 65.9 271.3

125–150 18 137.5 29.1 524.1 15261.1

150–175 16 162.5 54.1 865.9 46859.5

Total 85 0.0 137308.8

Mean x■ = 108.38
Variance = Σfd² / n = 137308.82 / 85 = 1615.40
Standard Deviation = √Variance = √1615.40 = 40.1920
Q4. Calculate Mean Deviation about Mean and Quartile Deviation.

Class f x |d|=|x-x■| f|d| CF

25–50 10 37.5 71.24 712.37 10

50–75 12 62.5 46.24 554.84 22

75–100 16 87.5 21.24 339.78 38

100–125 17 112.5 3.76 63.98 55

125–150 20 137.5 28.76 575.27 75

150–175 18 162.5 53.76 967.74 93

Total 93 3213.98

Mean x■ = 108.74
Mean Deviation = Σf|d| / n = 3213.98 / 93 = 34.5589
Q1: n/4 = 23.25 → falls in class 50–75 (CF before = 10, f = 12)
Q1 = 50 + [(23 − 10)/12] × 25 = 50 + [13/12] × 25 = 50 + 27.08
Q1 = 77.60
Q3: 3n/4 = 69.75 → falls in class 125–150 (CF before = 55, f = 20)
Q3 = 125 + [(69 − 55)/20] × 25 = 125 + [14/20] × 25 = 125 + 17.5
Q3 = 143.44
Quartile Deviation = (Q3 − Q1)/2 = (143.44 − 77.60)/2 = 32.9167

Q5. Coin tossed 3 times. X = number of heads. Find probability distribution of X.

Sample space has 2³ = 8 equally likely outcomes.
X (Heads) P(X) Calculation

0 1/8 C(3,0)(1/2)³ = 1/8

1 3/8 C(3,1)(1/2)³ = 3/8

2 3/8 C(3,2)(1/2)³ = 3/8

3 1/8 C(3,3)(1/2)³ = 1/8

Total 1

Q6. Coin tossed 4 times. X = number of tails. Probability distribution and Mean.

X (Tails) P(X) X·P(X)

0 1/16 = 0.0625 0.0000

1 4/16 = 0.2500 0.2500

2 6/16 = 0.3750 0.7500

3 4/16 = 0.2500 0.7500

4 1/16 = 0.0625 0.2500

Total 1 2.0
Mean E(X) = Σ X·P(X) = 2.0 (= np = 4 × 0.5 = 2 ✔)

Q7. Committee of 3 from 4 men and 2 women. Distribution for number of men.
Total ways = C(6,3) = 20

X (Men) Favorable Outcomes P(X) X·P(X)

1 C(4,1)·C(2,2)=4 0.2000 0.2000

2 C(4,2)·C(2,1)=12 0.6000 1.2000

3 C(4,3)·C(2,0)=4 0.2000 0.6000

Total 20 1.0000 2.0000

Note: X can only be 1, 2, or 3 (at least 1 man needed since only 2 women exist).
Mean E(X) = 2.0000 ≈ 2

Q8. 3 balls from 5 red and 3 white. Distribution for number of red balls and Mean.
Total ways = C(8,3) = 56

X (Red) Favorable P(X) X·P(X)

0 C(5,0)·C(3,3)=1 1/56 = 0.0179 0.0000

1 C(5,1)·C(3,2)=15 15/56 = 0.2679 0.2679

2 C(5,2)·C(3,1)=30 30/56 = 0.5357 1.0714

3 C(5,3)·C(3,0)=10 10/56 = 0.1786 0.5357

Total 56 1.0000 1.8750

Mean E(X) = Σ X·P(X) = 1.8750 (≈ 1.875 red balls expected)

— End of Solutions —