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Solution

The document discusses various types of solutions, their concentrations, and methods of expressing concentration such as molarity, molality, and normality. It also covers colligative properties, including boiling point elevation and freezing point depression, as well as the concept of phase diagrams and chemical equilibrium. Additionally, it explains the relationships between vapor pressure and concentration in solutions.

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4 views44 pages

Solution

The document discusses various types of solutions, their concentrations, and methods of expressing concentration such as molarity, molality, and normality. It also covers colligative properties, including boiling point elevation and freezing point depression, as well as the concept of phase diagrams and chemical equilibrium. Additionally, it explains the relationships between vapor pressure and concentration in solutions.

Uploaded by

harryweasly4223
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
Lomia Uddin Hreidey ” Solitons Solution. 1a a homoqenesur mixture of eee two ore mone subslancea on molecvlarc level, Solin =, Solule-+ Sohent (Smatiere) Claregere) There arce seven type of Solutioneng | oolele | Sokent | Example | | phe | Gas [Ame | (2, Ras , Liquid oxygen tn waders,,COg) fads se + tm Waker. Al 1d. Gras | Solid | Adsoreption o} Hy by e | | paulleadivery eta att Aleohe| in vlodere. 5: Lyquid | Solid Merceenrey in silvert fe lars & aolsd / Liqud | Sugore, Salt, noel , Hog se Le : lim Waker posed | ~ Boled Metal alloys + | Carcbon fr tron rea A Solution contataing ee reelobiveba Complerromedtri « Preeettab'on Wan “> Med C betd- Base reach) ssiite oad TOWN) _ yee nN eepetiae i renal ty Fy my = MV Shorts Preoperctign s 4. Lowering of Vapour prensure.. 2. Elation of boiling point. d. Depression of freesing point. 16 Osmotic preeasuree , yee Preopercktes * ¥ A @olligative prepertyis ce propercty ota Solution thet fs dependent on the teaho velvet the total numbered}. (Sonde Pporctioles +o the pia mu rhladie of Solvent parctt clos , Boiling point ; “OL Lempacturce Vepart Passautce and aitmosprturce passurce, Same, A Vapour Presa = fy oekmosporleutee. PAGou tee, et Loweriny YAPOUTE passurce oo ee at = T-h p xP £8 ~_bD Ae RE . & at ee Aen = P- Poe dy =P Ps Srnek pis consan\ o\ Mie Same. Bowen “ot = xed Mem pain “tele Corn rete 6 nae F wplalet psec yh fod eid. Gem. Soiviien TABATA ‘dtalude Soledton. feds ee ksbhon ‘i - € — $ =X solute = _ : [wend =. 7m BS Mm 16 constant "Yn P-Pe Ww ae 2 a7 Xe, > 4T = th, Mae LC ¥o is boilin 5 = KK Gx 2 2D av= Kk Xm pint Gh shai / Mola, ElUvation eons! Ww wm Ke x tp Ka Yo te defined as She boi ng ellivetion preoduee, When Am of Solute. fo despwed tm 4 Ky o} the solver} porn Pocuths tad: geal that states that the BOuhon is depe | aw is a dhemloat law Protutio = : : : ” X soivent . Peek Vapore. pressure, OF Fie eotc boy Se. re eevent —> mole, uneHon otine Solven}, Preprenaeten | hwo try point . coaltl haw. ne vapour prssures lpn | \ A09Veh aaa , ry acorn . Sraeting paral Sweeny \ | aed dolvend Solvent » at Whatig Juceein if so jem q peat? Fieeatng, polit of a deobslance, ts the, — fompeclurce. vl which Hes Wautd and Soltd., phase, well have the. Same Vapoure passur. F He: : FCS oh be Aes Ce the imleresection, o} the Vapour, pressure i Curve ol ‘The Solution with he a cade eo 6) tue pune. Rolid= Sovends ¢5. the Srreeei port of dhe. Sotutton and Should be Me Temporesturee ad which the Aeiresy creystole 6} the Souvent eppeare. then a olution to cooked Shee Meat Figuece present the Vopovie pressurce @unves of the pune sogvent, Bowtions o} diSercent Corcentretion and of the Aolid—dolvent This evident that the jreeting point 0} the Sowtion ts lowere than that of the dokent and that the freaing poinl of the Solution, decrecdes aS the concentrott on of the Soute imexeases, ‘sé the gure, AG. mejec to He. Jrastng Point Or pur Solvent dolutton—t, Boukior2- reapeellvely Fore, diluke, Solutimy The, cureves pe Pt Bp, and CK fo amoel leneare and herve , the. efang\e Pop and PE OG brmilare 7 horesorce |= A ep pe CE Rr? Tet P’- - Pa, Tple eo laaclt mealies ‘ xi Pe af “ah ms Jepesy ap A at \ At x Q. dhow the relation between \apourc tees amd emparcodturce 7 Ofmolre Preamource. 5 The fro vt the solvent through a Semi- Perten oole, teornbreane from pune Solvent Yo ‘luton on from na Ulede Solution Fo Conosmdrenlel SeiH ov is tered ad Ob mosis - Femipecemeabls mambroant 16 ee —_— 5 Peremenble to Solvenband geen om oy OSmoH e preesdune? ‘a P 1S pepreserted by A | Law-1 * \fon Vomit oy Boyle" Law * ° odmokic presouns. of a folution ‘5, presporchionat | | | 4 hy wo\axc aoncentrcoxion & ree & 2 Be ~enpiont Since t=: 9 cet P For. one mole ) 7s av = constant ~~ we ee a Avegadrs lows : Urdere. indentical of Lemp aturce, equle, velum, equle osmotic 0} *wo Solution exercting preesource, will Comtain equation ~molacela Caumberc of mmoles) of He Solute. KR oo N\ ors seenstant We. Knous thee, ) Nx > nxt RxKkN thot the efect of all three Varroalles Norsyjr Samohtanecusly no AE v D Ave constant nT values of the constant on Fieom Nardious mesurament share fund +o be near thee Some equal to the value oF R. AVEnNeT hich fe identical with +he ideal equation pyener nai: Gu, dilute. 4 pone Tee debe tie Solution behave Uke ideal ass ye = * m ° av BL pg Expression -Gre Lewercing 6} Vapoure pricsources ode PE Ph Xa 2. Louseretnng, o} Vapource: pressure

Pi—p Bnape ee mrp lana), Deed: ap-= Py XX Fee AR , 4922 SE Ke % = Pac? eke Enpreession-fre. smolarc mass of X~ Soluce anh relotive Heats o} Vapour. PTLaSLre = A My Pa-P & 2-N = L Wr =, ays Me a RE 4. PP aK e Jy “ FL Shey tie Lowercing- oy Napoure pressure The differcence betwem the Nepour, Press ty O} the pune, Solvent 9) and the Vapour Predsure of the Solvent trom tty Soledioy CD ap sere PLP Relation Lowercing of Vapoure at The elation Louercing, oy Se P Teessun 's the ratio 64 the lower oy Napoun_ Pressure. ot Solvent From the Solution to the Vopoure pressure, OF: the? peers ookvent = Py—p Pa ee. GS othe Dp) vo phase. rule’ inechelertg genious ayiem ee es Msbecom Fhe S007 0S mune Qf thse ond member degreoe’s of \reaedom Ty equal to he nunler oy Component +2 — Marthamel only) TET Ot ee “The phase tule 16 om imporctant enercals dation dealing with the hetercagenouss equilbiraum tt predits qualities the effect oly hempercatune. Prlensourte. "and: Concentamatreakionr: on Poly phase equalltbircum Lo ; What i's phase: 16 define ao & homaqjenous ’ physica, ond emochenically Zpercoble., pore cond 19 inv Auynarenic. cquillibe qh “the franvsitonto phase | distinct of a system with the otherc parcel © Vico Dplostancr . -Exampla. © Uy Jain Vhaler. ase) ex pioxn with erin .' & hod 5 on i hats eamponen’ 7, piferent wetweer and s onatuuant 2 ‘ Com ponent - tongtoreent? voter Sugere Comporent ae toa. ys, is etre” as at , gonallest mnurm bere, OY congtutvant 4uCh. cecont fort dechercmini the com position of ol dhe phases of the sysier eZ phase pes Bod © wis compet om cent me Exomnple Wy *Ly PHT ye sea Ke [way peal Component umber. = 9727! *® ON’ el > Hel ths e _~— 5% ep uth equ 2x ORIGA Srabine constant Hern. Hel = He, component uembert 23-271 R CAMS cant Cr — component layurimbe = dreodam of a oyster prem urbe of inte, we” sg ble a femporuree. oe pic -onurst be epecified rec karst Hoe a ior WHI pares One. eyoiem oe erArenen nem bee oa tree a accilorat ? @® One compoenct ad GEM PAA value 4 237 ST \ @a) ® Nate. at Seeing pont 9 phase. oft « ‘ @® aa point _@ 4shd one NY 5 @® uses of phase revie gnd limitation. 2 at hase Cy He factore, C#E~ la Phase Diagram Divs digg ream aree the. ggeogh Showing inbereclagerry tant of varci aloes Wath The rent gros is Corxictms of diferent phases 1n a polyphase. System con be Shedied . Diogo ‘has parct 3» point ' tene Pp: Oren a. T a) complete, System, i Tm, tine has too phase . eo INetere Digger ae GQ. why Beayion Cure. ivy nieqorive a i Fosion ip, Said 40 o. Liquid Phase, Areanpition She, Lygion eureve, hag been dre with apo gidive Slope, 7 Which 16 \ypicaly} the, anes ‘The Fusion curve ok ice praterhag A MEQAtiNe slope dnote Yad oct Shol~ Hien Fee, melt p He. Mmovarc, vo\uerre, deeretsys Fo. Nhat 14 ‘cheraleal equilibrium 9) > chemical equilibrd uM mo be. defined. as She. otate of reversible reac on When the Two opposite reeactiong oc cun ak the dame rote and the eorcentralto b> ok reeac tarts and products do not change with Hme . DH pose diagram ore tho ayrath ; shroing Independent of varcables , < coruor4 ne equiliordem At onoee 3 in Nhe -forasord ana A reackion which con backtoorcd diraction simultenous!4 is called a rover ble raaction “Such ag a rteaction is reepresenied &Y a pair of arertowss betwem She reeae tans “end preoducts . pa A+e = C+D Chem aot equilibrium 6 a peyrwmni € C4: explain’ Y hy Chemica| equilibrium aa “RN OTOL: G, Dynamic equilibrdum > Pe dumomic equilibrd ur ‘yo a Stale He reate of the-forapared: rea- action 15 equal to the tcote of Abe reeveres@_ICe- action, Bxplenation CONS +O Ronetany i rd jciais Foeoned equilibrium 1 reached concen man on —> Tree ne * Reaction rate ——> “We write the gener equilibrivin aS % Raw RS Ct Pra with omy reopetion , there trate forewores = KL ALD i reste. knewwoand = FELDTSS te dynamic Prownsees. RRS! budefnition , the chemical conactie oF equilibrium 15 defined When Hhectorwan and teevertse reales a@ree, egal, + ia a rode forwan Le pate forward = trade backward he My LANDES = 4, TENDS And pon reearceangarcent OD ky Tac) LATS Ard the, quotient We ae the equilibrium constant For. the ree Hon kerma be formally relaked be the Hnereme = dynamic preapercties of the reaoction . Hence We ¢on day chemical equikbrivm iS dynamic In nature, ay both reward and =e, Otherwise Knoan yeeviercse_ peactions. phases A phase ts oO homocencotes 7 Physi eng -Uishinet, ond “mechani erly Soparcoble. 5 Uta mater. | , a trenetio | of chemical es > Constancy of “pancen tation. ated freom etthen. Sid Dm. con be, initiate ‘, 9 Eq. can not be attained fr OM open epee! BA cols con nol chamge. The. e Peni i evalue of e¢- constant does not dapen4 \wpor the initial const coneenbreatfon of reactants - roe) a reaction of active mass64 the reactans reole o% LATS) rake =k LALS) Rote ©} gnemico\ reaction: RE CE AP e The rote oy a chemical reaction 1 the. chang im concen tration of reactors ore preeduc! Pere unit Heme. EG. Ke 1s deBme as the ration o} the products ond reeactants Rade Sy fant Hens imercease 7 prtaduct edinorntriation : aa Change tn Bae Rate of react ion=Deerwase in 10 in md, gc Cons congentrialor “charge in! Short Tote 0 equilibrium constan constant 7 “The reotio of the preeduct 04 active vee oy the precduct +t the preeduct o} ae! ie “MAdbES of reanctarts is Known ag equi brim esnotant * Ke ia od ae We also seme Kee — ; antes x ee +aD esa constant Be = 13 TH TA ta ey. ? ®), Ee. con beappreached Grom either dineekion by, Ke dees not depend om He Initial con. emibnotions of reoetants and preduels | Y Ke ess wet depend on tempercrture Example» N294 aa 2Noo _ Forward reaction Ngb4 —> 209 Poekward reaction N204 <— 2No9_ . : 2Nop —9 N04 gp Peation betucen ip kp, Ke < Let 05, considere the all- gag homogeneous reooetion oA+bB = eC +ddD «, ke and. kp one the equilabrim comtanis 0+) Araeens rmixturey. Housever. the difforcerpe etweon the too constants i5. that Kelis drrpdions 7” Likerrag, ¥e ty defined athe gure inside. tr. dhenes fey -enolort rencen | inpide, acalesed oem portal prermrtes of bu. elobed bythe. ke « reve’ py one [Ay [8y ak pe - (ef Cy ode th" CH" i> G-ny (9-n Gpr£ CSOD ny ny , Beer re “Ge Dn yy (1 gs (ony? (38) Plugging is tio tne, expreseeten Tore. Fp ip ee ce | Jasco ferrous oF geseous)— (mas 2} Yee: . . - Gr tte ot! ' pe, BD anree = iLtwm Ke « aac” ‘eixem TAyx)ol” CR ck LA) pent 5 Peer DPaCRT —L) ee Pint : 1 PA x ph CCB (68 io En | 9s Lx On «(RD Fx Cy) Xx CRT Dkp = Ke x ene ea) ae oy Eketrolylety Substance in aqueous on. rmotten From dissociate Into fons and can Conduct beat and syeteici ts Wo ; > ie Nae! Nat ; So Cag) Kcayy Equilibreiuen j iow: Lonie Fauilbri um is Nese eee oer et | oars equilibrium estoblished betoeer Hie unionized molacules and the fons pa eee Solution oF weak electrolytes . ponte (strsrey) Pod ares tel S $- Ao = atrer (Wat) Ab AS B . : w What is electreclight ! 7 “True, etectralight | Potential elect feats? R Hyd tHpd <> Hgo* ton” aimpl , Ho = aS yt ton” si ype? lose i164) o> ts = CHOON £ veg wa) Tt Ley Low> — ee one i) : ee | PhS The eli of & Zolution ("4 the negative i AY ers SY Spc oy the. hydreagen - -ion eoncentnodin | ff) The pt ray be peepreesented elt etioly, wing the Foliow equation. i ‘ pH = log fury an pure. Woder orc. a nevital Bolution TH =1xitm ond the pi is 7 | PH= “leg Gxt) > fog a) tle wo" } ~ofeott oa9 7% shen ole of jonizattonal waterc > Sn Voter, H” 6: trees fererced Fam one, pias (wade) molecule. -to | another. , One Naverc molecule acts as om. bis Sn acid. While mother. acts as A” baSe Hop + Heo <= Hy0™ + OH VOW FE HOk widsh + fOen 4 H - se Watue Naderc ion (+) hydroniuen hydeeoxide. tno oe j $ Rotation betwen Ka ond age HR +HpD = Heo tt AW A +420 = LAt OH aed. &S.< Hot tH Poke onigobor : kax Ko afte ity La) Eno Ue, Er) = [gor Lou <= kW kaw ky, ean oe Ka xk Ke 3 a [kaxks) = Sag ate 3 “ae “ae ~ ls Kus 0: [hate ino) 3 phar Pk = —ley conte) . 2 PhatPko = 14 > (Ghee thet) Problem a: The hpydragen fon. concen truation se nee . = . oy a Fruit gute fo ».2x16 -p, Whah’s the pit of the. Suiee) Ts it acid on base? > phe log tat) c 74 Td anise) = -(4: 48) : = 448 Since the Hts less 4h stable : fe pic O20) FS Seti Problem 02 Th a solution thas a pH of 74) Aetercmine Ws H* concentration . 72 PH =—logrw 5 cH) > omti leg -EPD [Link]) = antiey C4) TAT 3 Tut) '0 <3 > TH) BOKID'M 1” Problem 92 14a Solution hav a pth od AAD wcoblem 3 at aKe calewlate its TOW) >We Know that : : pol < leat Ww pa tpon =l4: > pow eiynelt (gow = wh > poh = 14, —A-BO. ae =< QsH0 3 poh = GRD oom Preoblem & § & carevlote the pi o- OOLMHC| = Hel fs a S4rong acid ‘and 113 compat dissociated in aqueous Solution, Hel <3 yt arm 0+ 001M 6:06(m Fore every vmoacule, ob Hel , there is one Wt . Therefore. LH) = Tel) be THD= oonrlM . Pre ~l99 Bea =D. Prodolem-<3 The. PH of a Bolution of Her 36 0. Find out the amount of aed preasntin an Ube of the solution prea eee The déssaciation of “Hel tones place. Ceeorating ~fo the equation. Ha —> Ht+elT One molecule of Hel gives one ronot Ht. Jace tH =Tueil =4p°™ Amount of Hel in one Utne = 40 Semo\ moss 05 Hel = 102% 26 —_— = O- Bea gt Problem 6. Determine the pH 0} 0-10 m nowy Boluh' oy 2 Naot 15 a Stree based and itis one: | dissociated fn aqueous , Solution, Noot grene +-+tOH O10 0:10 O10 Therecfona tye eoncentratton es long Ts equal to trol Of The undisgoct afed Nowe coy) = LN Meee 19m Liteon be. cataulated by, “applying The APT awe on by Substituting dz value 0 kus = 1210"4 ond of oH?) Kuss TH] Lon’ Ty = Kw xl! 15 '20y | EWS © tay too ee PH= ~logTHt). eee = 19 Problemy - 2 Goaleulele, +yo, eH os ao. ozom “Bacok), Seiution. Borriven hydeoxide dissociates accoring to the equation . at Bale Ba t 20K ae @%01020) = 0-040 One molzeule. OS boarciem Wydroxide disso es otes -bp ave. tis OH fons wise We have oS Oahom = —log (OWD pou = AS (0.049) = 4.40 Ne have that, pH + po. =44 pl ~44- POH =44-440 712-60 Preoblem Bs Corevtale the pH oF om CHy coo . The. dtssociotion constant of aestic acid 1.8% 10 i. Aestic acid dissockatieg In oQgueous Solvtton ag Cl,cooH = ctyeoo™ +h” Kae Tw Lenses} =Neniey Teta coor) One molecule of CHycooh digsociates to jnom ong Ht and CHacoo” Thus Taf ~L ctygero] ot be the concentration oS H* ton at equilibrium the Various Coneen trations at tre. equilébrivm anos, be, Writlen 6; y [0Hatoot) = 0-19 VW Tho =Kw Lctgcor = Kae KR ONO. 2, ice Kame exw. LKB enpented™G 0-10 z * owe < 10) 2 C1-@ 184) Ss ex F 2) wea 154 nd 2m PH joni Ht) ee Vea 1:94 * 167) a = 2.8t Wiyabl mene MONTE Bo fetal ah tte WN AK ving y.1n vane) . ae \ WT ed aalieltin PY BE ta my (wifinad ale WY atl \wltany | ” ‘hye Atanas teadlen ayieltiny Mi Hasyn, ACOA NBs OYA Ee iat TIE yw) WOE RAO e ee ANNO ba » Pl = Vg PW" eo oY “ity CObOOO NG) = » lane mn tord An \\\ oe, AWAY D 1 ah. J tealleme ios. @alautades he pelt pb) ot ba Atty aaalleon She font palian eonphanl Wo \on Ny 8 ary 4 \ . ae sy pent Hyd) \ Wy ol low) Dt Ae Wid baw Vang STOw’s Vox ~ Ob “ENS 4 the pe oF A 0.00 2m Probie Bk Find ov ib Wie 2:9% lomised at- in adn cn ache acid 60! thin dilution | ¥ “the diseoct aim equation dor. acekie. aerd 15 cHigcoo# =< Caco THT ty? 062% 0.02% = 0.000046 2 Ph = eg CHS oer 2 eg, (0.000048) = reg, (4eriB) ph alone” ae = 10 5 coleulate the pH py ost rm NAS “gaubon The ini gation eonsront Mo tone AH, 1S ano = rey 9 <> OOM Cevtig 5 TOW" KK TNHSN Do NKg +oy™ “Towa Resa YG Mo Me ou Bil, i act 2 aefoveMveny OR eRe pale Qa = |04 m5 ™ 5 w= Toul) - We haves ; . = -leasond > ce 5 Pow ot Eig (4 219%), ’ poh = 2:SF We Knous that. pytpow =\4 : 5 pyrlin pos AQ -2bt = Bt sp Prose Tar "8 Savante arerchenius OF acids amid bases, : ™ An acid iS a compound thal releases yt Tons in Water and obosed fs that reelenses 6 y~ preoposed his concepy YS 1 a ComPpornd ions in weer a 7 Fore example, : Hel is om arachmivs acd and Maoh 16 on orachenivs base Hel cagy > A* eng t 2 Cag) Mack Cad) —> OH (ag) t NO™ cag)

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