Unit - IV

Introduction-Globalization and Emerging Issues, LEAN Production Systems, Smart and

Connected Business Perspective,

3.1. Globalisation And Emerging Issues

Introduction
Globalisation is fast growing, necessitating the dependence of nation. The resultant
effect includes; free movement of labour, good and services, technology etc Globalisation
allows for worldwide economic activities because there is a borderless world we now refer to
as a global village. Globalisation has become a natural occurrence eating deep into the nook
and crannies of countries, aiding with industrialization thereby making the developed
countries better. It is said that the process of development with respect to countries is relative
but the impact of training and re-training can help even underdeveloped and developing
nations come up with speed. The new world is change driven and welcomes radical
development for businesses: the interaction between countries fosters industrialization.
Globalization is the thread that ties nations together, with innovation around technology
imperatively affecting trading activity. This paper is centred around the impact globalisation
and industry 4.0 has on employees and the role of training and re-training of such employees
skills in order to match- up with the demand of todays world.

1. Globalisation
Globalisation has helplessly taken the world into captivity though positive and inevitable. It
depict growth and progress when the entire world is interconnected. The history of
globalization goes back to the second half of the twentieth century (20th), the development of
transport and communication technology led to situation where national borders appeared to
be too limiting for economic activity. Globalization is a rising international network,
belonging to an economic and social system (Fox, 2001). Globalization refers to a rapid
interconnectivity that is broad that is to say it can be viewed at the local, the national and the
regional point, connection is made between social and economic relationships and networks.
Globalization is a concept that explains the idea for the practice and theory of the business
transaction and operations, it also describes the spread of communication production and
connection technologies throughout the world. Globalisation brings the world closer
involving the spread of ideas, processes. Practice and the use of technology. The issue
around globalisation is that the gap that exist between rich and poor countries is never
bridged.

Advantages of Globalization
i. Wide spread of technology
ii. Increased liquidity of capital that allows for investment
iii. Increased trade between nations
iv. Greater flexibility of operation
 Disadvantages of Globalisation
i. Exploitation of developing and underdeveloped nations
ii. Increased wealth inequality

Dimensions of Globalisation
There are five dimension to be considered for this work
a) Economic
b) Political
c) Democracy
d) Ecological
e) Culture
From the economic dimension, global finance and market of economy, multinationals,
networking, international trade and business, new labour markets, new development
cooperation are viewed.
Political dimension concerns are human rights, international terrorism, war and new security
problems.
Democracy dimension focus is on good governance by people’s participation, human rights.
Ecological dimension is interested in sustainability of biosphere e.g. water, forest, earth, air,
and atmosphere Cultural dimension is multifarious and multicultural at the local, political,
gender, family, religious, national, individual and social aspects. There is wide digital divide,
we can generalise the saying, the world is unequal seeing that in developing and
underdeveloped nations lack access to the most basic and major driving force of globalization
today called technology.

Globalization and Developing Nations

Globalization is playing an increasingly important role in the developing countries. It
can be seen that, globalization affects the economic processes, political activity, health
systems, education too etc. Globalization has propelled a new opportunity for developing
countries in the area of technology that affects how we do things as a nation affecting even
the learning process of imbibing new knowledge with greater opportunity to access
developed nation’s market, growth and improved productivity and living standards. The truth
is not all effects are positive in the sense that globalization has also brought up new
challenges such as, environmental deteriorations, instability in commercial and financial
markets, increase inequity across and within nations (Kotilainen & Kaitila 2002). Recently
there has been a surge of financial globalisation with respect to capital flow among industrial
countries in the line of academics and policies. The flow is associated with high growth rates
for developing nation. Globalization has contributed immensely to the development of the
educational systems in the developing countries. We can clearly see that education has
increased in recent years, because globalization has a catalyst to the jobs that require higher
skills set.

Globalization and Underdeveloped Nations

Underdeveloped nation poses a threat to globalisation especially when there is no drive to be at
par with other nations of the world. Sadly as a country we seem to fall within this category of
people. Globalization is nation specific in the sense that it depends on where nation started
off and how globalization is viewed from the perspectives of undeveloped nation, in
developing nations, focus is on workers with respect to the factories they work in, their
exposure to skills, down to the wages they earn. According to Flemming (2001),
Globalization has not really solve the issues of poverty in underdeveloped nations rather it
has projected the
vulnerability of this region thought somehow they still thrive to interact with other part of the
world at a slow pace.

2. Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0)

Industry 4.0 is a German initiative and the revolution depicts a change that is complete, total
and whole, it is a fundamental change at it were in political power resulting from the peoples
revolting and engineering against the activities of the incumbent. Industrial revolution is
connected to the revolution within the place of business for transformational goods and
services. It a major change of technology, socioeconomic and cultural. The first industrial
revolution happened in the 18th and early 19th century resulting from the replacement of an
economy based on manual labour to an economy dominated by machines. But for the course
this work focus is the fourth industrial revolution (industry 4.0). The First Industrial
Revolution used water and steam power to mechanize production. The Second used electric
power to create mass production. The Third used electronics and information technology to
automate production. Now a Fourth Industrial Revolution is building on the Third, in fact it is
a disruption of the third, it a re-invention of the third, it is the digital revolution that has been
occurring since the middle of the last century that is being characterised by a blend of
technologies that is still in the abstract but exiting in some countries. The fourth industrial
revolution is a merger of four worlds: physical, digital, and biological. It is today’s
transformation and it a distinct one with changes in the entire systems of production,
management, and governance (Schwab, 2016). We see the prospects in the large number of
people that are being connected via mobile technologies. It is obvious that with an
unprecedented power storage capacity and unlimited access to knowledge, there will be a
view of possibilities that is propagated by new technology in areas such as artificial
intelligence, robotics, autonomous vehicles, 3-D printing, nanotechnology, biotechnology etc.
Benefits of Industry 4.0
1) Transparent information
2) Technical Support
3) Productive and decentralized decisions
4) Cloud technological storage of big data

Challenges of Industry 4.0

Industry 4.0 is a desired end with ample opportunities for all and sundry but it still
leaves us in grave dangers of
1) Countries especial developing and underdeveloped to be able to might be adapt
because thegovernments foreseen failure to employ and regulate new
technologies.
2) IT security issues, which are greatly aggravated by the inherent need to open up
those previously closedproduction shops
3) Lack of adequate skill-sets to expedite the move of the fourth industrial
revolution
4) Loss of jobs to automatic processes and IT-controlled processes

3. Globalization and Industry 4.0

The Fourth Industrial Revolution is global affecting the entirety of the universe,
improving the quality of life of the people around the world. Technology has open a new
world of possibilities both for the developed and more for the underdeveloped and
developing nations of the world. Affordability and access has been the issue with the 3rd
world countries. Available technologies is in bits and pieces of the different categories
of industrial revolution. The
economic concern of inequality represents the greatest societal and global challenge
associated with the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Nations with innovation and creativity on
technological advancement will still be the providers of intellectual and physical capital, the
innovators, shareholders, and investors leaving the rising gap of wealth between those nations
that are capital driven to those that are labour-driven. Technology is therefore one of the
main reasons why incomes have stagnated, or even decreased, for a majority of the
population in high- income countries: the demand for highly skilled workers has increased
while the demand for workers with less education and lower skills has decreased.
Globalisation has exposed the population of countries into a technology enhanced economy
where over half of the population (especially the young) uses social media platforms to
connect, learn, and share information. In an ideal world, these interactions would provide an
opportunity for cross-cultural understanding and cohesion (Markus & Andreas, 2013). The
emergence of global platforms has transformed thoughts pattern and learning to understand
the direction of these new technologies. However, we must develop a comprehensive and
globally shared view of how technology is affecting our lives and reshaping our economic,
social, cultural, and human environments.

4. Training and Re-Training

The labour act states that, it is the employer’s obligation and duty to develop the human
resource available to the organisation by way of training and retraining the workers in order
to bridge the identified gaps/lapses that will help sharpen their skills and competences
(Omole, 1999). Industry 4.0 impacts the current globalization and innovation trend.
Organisations will play a major role in training their employees in the line of this new
technologies.

Impact of Globalisation and Industry 4.0 on Training and Re-Training of

Employees in Developing and Nations.
The advancement of globalization and increasing level of technology has necessitate the
drive for the acquisition of knowledge and skills in employees of developing and
underdeveloped nations through training, retraining and learning, this singular act is
drastically reducing the demand for unskilled labour and uneducated employee, thereby
raising the bar of value and competences of individuals. The workplace requires highly
skilled workers for a broader and technologically enhanced organisation. Globalisation has
birthed new technological changes such as industry 4.0 creating a vacuum of knowledge for
the employees especially those within the challenging environment labelled developing and
underdeveloped (Markus et al, 2013). Labour force in developed nations has grown so
rapidly greatly affecting the economic growth and productivity. Training and retraining can
positively enhance income, standard of living form the micro level of the economies to the
macro level. Industry is a higher and new frontier of technology posing a skill desiring
acquisition especially by organisation willing to stand the new face of technology.
Industry 4.0 (fourth industrial revolution) is not an initiative to secure the survival of
developing countries. It is rather a shift towards the new and contemporary production
method leading to further globalization for the small and medium organisation crowding the
developing and underdeveloped nations. Organisation operates in an enabling environment to
create a balanced ecosystem that can boost productions on their global capabilities and
potentials in nations below the standard. This a period of major change, McKinsey defines it
as the next phase in digitization, driven by a sharp rise in data volumes, computational power
and connectivity, the emergence of analytics and business intelligence capabilities, new
forms of human machine interaction and improvements in transferring digital instructions to
the physical world, such as advanced robotics and 3D printing (Markus & Andreas, 2013).
There is a positive direction that will lead to increase in productivity, innovation, and
profitability.
Industry 4.0 is huge and changes will very drastic, no organisation wants to be met
unprepared. It imperative for the organisation especially in the line tagged developing and
underdeveloped nations to be adequately prepare by developing the skills of her labour via
training and retraining. The diagram below shows the impact of training and re-training on
the 21st century employee:

Figure 3.1. The Connectivity Chat of Training and Re-Training of Globalisation and
Industry 4.0 on [Link]: Researches Desk

From the illustration above Globalization and industry 4.0 can be fully be grasp by
employee through adequate training and re-training where necessary. Concerns are centred
more on how organisation within this environment of development can adapt to this awaiting
paradigm shift and the still remain relevant in the future where most advanced technology are
at the verge of the next industrial revolution. According to Hermann (2016), this is a period
of transformation, the old methods will disappear birthing the new, and he further stated that
globalization is a precondition for Industry 4.0, which is dependent on seamlessly sharing
data to enable smart production and flexible manufacturing decisions. Some years ago,
precisely 1966, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution establishing the
United Nations Industrial Development Organisation on a continuous to work to eradicate
global poverty by assisting developing and low-income countries in achieving inclusive and
sustainable industrial development.
Looking at industry 4.0 and globalisation, it is hard to say that organisation in the
developing and underdeveloped nations are ready to adapt to the big-change of the future,
knowing fully well that they bag a heavy load of challenges with respect to technological
advancement.
Factors to consider for training in developing and underdeveloped regions
1. Awareness and readiness
2. Data explosion
3. Transformation of workforce and workplace
Marr (2014) emphasised the need to upgrade skills at the workplace and we must learn to
understand and collaborate with the intelligence of machines at our disposal. There hope for
developing and underdeveloped nations because industry is the recent and if we put our
minds to it, we can achieve it and be at par with the developed nations of the world.
According to Sundararajan industry 4.0 is a level playing field for those countries that
missed the early waves of automation and industrialization, he further outlined the three
major challenges to developing countries as
- Skillsets: In developing countries reskilling does not take place. There are
specific skillsets that are needful e.g. robotic programming and Big Data
Analytics.
- Scalability: several enterprises are at the beginning level of Industry 4.0 (design
and implementation).
But they are yet to scale up beyond organisations.
- Funding: sponsorship is key, organisation need the fund to attain industry 4.0.
- Industry 4.0 technologies: this technology will be possible only when the
respective technologies, interfaces, and formats have been put in place.
- Value chain upgrading through the use of digital technologies, processes and
products
- Structural transformation: the social and organisational factors influenced by
demographic changes in different groups of developing countries.
- Set up knowledge sharing platforms: where learning can take place by doing

3.2. Lean Production – ConceptAnd Benefits

Introduction
In the late 70’s, the U.S. companies had a strong interest in the NC machine tools and in
the advanced automation as well as in planning the materials necessary for the production
processThe Japanese companies focused on applying the Lean Productionprinciples, using
relatively simple technologies and lower costs automationat the expense of the computer
technology.
The concept of Lean Production is based on the Toyota production system. The Toyota
production system focused on reducing waste, considering all aspects of the production
process, using a variety of techniques and tools for eliminating waste, such as: just-in-time,
cellular manufacturing, Value Stream Mapping, 5S, kanban (pull) systems, Kaizen,
synchronous manufacturing, , which resulted in a decrease of stocks and of the execution
time, an increase of the delivery performance, a rational use of space, abetter resource
utilization and an improved productivity and quality .

The Lean Production Concept

Lean Production can be defined as a philosophy or as a strategy whichdepends on a
set of practices used tominimize wasteinorder toimprove an enterprise’s performance.
Lean Production comes from theToyotaproduction system, a concept adoptedby
manymajorcompanies across theworldin an attempt toremain competitivein an
increasinglyglobalisedmarket. In an attempt to define Lean Production conceptually, we can
say thatit uses the just-in-time practices and aims at the rational use of resources,the
strategies to improve the production process and the elimination of waste, and the use of
managerial scientific techniques. It is, however, difficult to formulate a complete definition
encompassing all the elements of Lean Production, which is in a constant development. Thus,
today’s definition reflects the current image, which at some point in the future willno longer
be valid.
Lean Production: Principles and Tools
Lean Production includes, on the one hand, a strategy which dependson a set of tools
and, on the other hand, the Lean thinking, which focusesboth internally by reducing costs,
and externally to increase customer satisfaction.
The objective of this multi-dimensional approach is the reduction of costs by
eliminating the non-value activities, using tools such as just-in- time, cellular
manufacturing, Value Stream Mapping, 5S, kanban (pull) systems, total productive
maintenance, production smoothing or production levelling, setup reduction for waste
elimination. The implementation of the efficient production practices based on the flow
optimization is expected to lead to better operating results, using, for example, an inventory
leanness, which–in turn–should enhance the enterprise’s performances.
Value Stream Mapping is a Lean Production tool, used to design and analyze the
production process. It is designed to create an easy way formanagers to visualize the value
flow. The value is defined as that thingwhich brings a product in the form desired by the
customers who are willingto pay for it. Thegoal of the Value Stream Mapping is to help
managers identify waste in all their processes in order to eliminate them: the waste time of
the production process resulting from a faulty organization of the working equipment
(motion), waiting, the time spent on handling the products from one stage to another of the
production process, from the production workshops to warehouses (transportation), a
production larger than it is required for the
next stage of the production process (over production), the undesirable characteristics that
affect the product functionality or its appearance, the refuse (defects), over processing,
inventory.
Another basic tool for the managers who want to adopt Lean Production is the 5 S. The
5 S has its origins in the Toyota system and refersto the words that describe the steps to be
completed for each stage or phase:
 seiri – separate – is the first step that consists in eliminating
allthat is not needed to complete the tasks.
 seiton – sort – identifying the stages of production and the
elements necessary for the performance of the tasks required in
those stages, which are organized in an optimal manner in
orderto avoid wasting time on handling.
 seiso – sweep – everything must be kept clean and the
production scraps and refuse should be removed.
 seiketsu – standardize – standardization of processes through
efficient organization of the working equipment while
programming them in order to have maximum efficiency.
 shitsuke – sustain – the final step consists in consists in
maintaining cleanliness and order every day.
The 5S program has a number of benefits, such as: maintaining discipline, reducing
production and handling time which leads to lower costs.
Cellular manufacturing is a Lean method which is based on the group technology
principles. The workstations and the equipment are organized in order to allow easy transition
from one stage of production to another, resulting a minimal handling of materials, greater
speed ofworking, eliminating unnecessary costs and having reduced stocks
The Jidoka principle is a process of quality control and refers to the automation of the
functions of the production supervision, which means that the personnel is warned in case of
an abnormal situation in order to stop the production line, thus preventing wastage, refuse and
an additional output, focusing the attention on understanding why the problems occurred and
how they can be avoided in the future.
Poka-yoke refers to any mechanism that helps staff to avoid errors. Its purpose is to
eliminate product defects by preventing, correcting, or drawing attention to human errors.
The Lean concept is criticised in the literature from the perspective of the personnel, because
this side is less known, focusing primarily on techniques for improving the performance of
the system. Jidoka and Poka-yoke suggest that employees can not be trusted inorder to
have good quality products, creating a need to eliminate the possibility of human error in the
system. Kanban is a stock control system, and it is usually performed by the FIFO
method.
Kanban is an effective tool which contributed to the functioning of the production process
as a whole. T h e Kanban system has many advantages over computer technologies, such
as: reduced cost of information processing, it is easy to obtain andtransmit information in a
dynamic environment, the demand for materials is judiciously sized. Sugimori criticized the
lack of respect for the human being of the enterprises whose production was controlled by
computer systems. The Japanese consider the Kanban system more transparent, allowing
staff to understand the production process without the need to use complex software.
Flow – Cellular manufacturing is adopted by the enterprises that useLean Production,
where each module has all the necessary resources to manufacture a product, or, if several
modules are organized in order to produce a certain product, in order to obtain a production
process by whichthe product smoothly goes through all its stages until it reaches the final
user, the client.
Pull – Hopp and Spearman (2004) defined the Pull system as one that explicitly limits
the quantity of products entering the production [Link] traditional production methods
tend to Push products in the manufacturing process, without limiting their quantity in the
hope that itwill be a customer to buy the already made products. In a Pull system not
even one single production stage will be finalized until there is a demand for moving to a
later stage.
once businesses adopt the Lean principles, the improvement of processes is certain.
Another principle of the Lean Production concept is the continuous improvement, so that
reducing efforts, costs, space used, and production time can be continuously achieved.

Benefits of implementing Lean Production

The Lean Production concept has been developed for many years and it is often
considered the most important strategy that can be adopted by the manufacturing companies
that wish to obtain global performance . It presents a number of benefits (Figure 1), such as :
- A reduced delivery time;
- Reduced inventory;
- A better management;
- Less rework.
 Figure no. 3.2. Benefits of Lean Production
Source: Melton, T. (2005). The benefits of lean manufacturing. What lean thinking has tooffer
the process industries. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 83(A6), 663.

The changes in the business environment in recent years have made the term Lean
to be used more and more. Lean Production is a concept that knows a constant development,
so the today’s attempt to formulate a definition of this concept will reflect a real
contemporary image, which at some future point will no longer be valid. It is obvious that the
adoption of the Lean Production principles will improve the entire process of production, the
purpose of this strategy being that of reducing costs by eliminating waste and by increasing
customer satisfaction, increasing thus the performance of the business.

3.3. Smart and Connected Business Perspective

Information technology is revolutionizing products. Once composed solely of

mechanical and electrical parts, products have become complex systems that combine
hardware, sensors, data storage, microprocessors, software, and connectivity in myriad ways.
These “smart, connected products”—made possible by vast improvements in processing
power and device miniaturization and by the network benefits of ubiquitous wireless
connectivity— have unleashed a new era of competition.
Smart, connected products offer exponentially expanding opportunities for new
functionality, far greater reliability, much higher product utilization, and capabilities that cut
across and transcend traditional product boundaries. The changing nature of products is also
disrupting value chains, forcing companies to rethink and retool nearly everything they do
internally.
These new types of products alter industry structure and the nature of competition,
exposing companies to new competitive opportunities and threats. They are reshaping
industry boundaries and creating entirely new industries. In many companies, smart,
connected products will force the fundamental question, “What business am I in?”
Smart, connected products raise a new set of strategic choices related to how value is
created and captured, how the prodigious amount of new (and sensitive) data they generate is
utilized and managed, how relationships with traditional business partners such as channels
are redefined, and what role companies should play as industry boundaries are expanded.
The phrase “internet of things” has arisen to reflect the growing number of smart,
connected products and highlight the new opportunities they can represent. Yet this phrase is
not very helpful in understanding the phenomenon or its implications. The internet, whether
involving people or things, is simply a mechanism for transmitting information. What makes
 smart, connected products fundamentally different is not the internet, but the changing nature
of the “things.” It is the expanded capabilities of smart, connected products and the data they
generate that are ushering in a new era of competition. Companies must look beyond the
technologies themselves to the competitive transformation taking place. This article, and a
companion piece to be published soon in HBR, will deconstruct the smart, connected
products revolution and explore its strategic and operational implications.

What Can Smart, Connected Products Do?

Intelligence and connectivity enable an entirely new set of product functions and
capabilities, which can be grouped into four areas: monitoring, control, optimization, and
autonomy. A product can potentially incorporate all four (see the exhibit “Capabilities of
Smart, Connected Products”). Each capability is valuable in its own right and also sets the
stage for the next level. For example, monitoring capabilities are the foundation for product
control, optimization, and autonomy. A company must choose the set of capabilities that
deliver its customer value and define its competitive positioning

Capabilities of Smart, Connected Products

The capabilities of smart, connected products can be grouped into four areas:
monitoring, control, optimization, and autonomy. Each builds on the preceding one; to have
control capability, for example, a product must have monitoring capability.

Figure 3.3

Monitoring.
Smart, connected products enable the comprehensive monitoring of a product’s
condition, operation, and external environment through sensors and external data sources.
Using data, a product can alert users or others to changes in circumstances or performance.
Monitoring also allows companies and customers to track a product’s operating
characteristics and history and to better understand how the product is actually used. This
data has important implications for design (by reducing overengineering, for example),
market segmentation (through the analysis of usage patterns by customer type), and after-sale
service (by allowing the dispatch of the right technician with the right part, thus improving
the first-time fix rate). Monitoring data may also reveal warranty compliance issues as well
as new sales opportunities, such as the need for additional product capacity because of high
utilization.
 In some cases, such as medical devices, monitoring is the core element of value
creation. Medtronic’s digital blood-glucose meter uses a sensor inserted under the
patient’s skin to
 measure glucose levels in tissue fluid and connects wirelessly to a device that alerts patients
and clinicians up to 30 minutes before a patient reaches a threshold blood-glucose level,
enabling appropriate therapy adjustments.
Monitoring capabilities can span multiple products across distances. Joy Global, a
leading mining equipment manufacturer, monitors operating conditions, safety parameters,
and predictive service indicators for entire fleets of equipment far underground. Joy also
monitors operating parameters across multiple mines in different countries for benchmarking
purposes.

Control.
Smart, connected products can be controlled through remote commands or algorithms
that are built into the device or reside in the product cloud. Algorithms are rules that direct
the product to respond to specified changes in its condition or environment (for example, “if
pressure gets too high, shut off the valve” or “when traffic in a parking garage reaches a
certain level, turn the overhead lighting on or off”).
Control through software embedded in the product or the cloud allows the
customization of product performance to a degree that previously was not cost effective or
often even possible. The same technology also enables users to control and personalize their
interaction with the product in many new ways. For example, users can adjust their Philips
Lighting hue lightbulbs via smartphone, turning them on and off, programming them to blink
red if an intruder is detected, or dimming them slowly at night. Doorbot, a smart, connected
doorbell and lock, allows customers to give visitors access to the home remotely after
screening them on their smartphones.

Optimization.
The rich flow of monitoring data from smart, connected products, coupled with the
capacity to control product operation, allows companies to optimize product performance in
numerous ways, many of which have not been previously possible. Smart, connected
products can apply algorithms and analytics to in-use or historical data to dramatically
improve output, utilization, and efficiency. In wind turbines, for instance, a local
microcontroller can adjust each blade on every revolution to capture maximum wind energy.
And each turbine can be adjusted to not only improve its performance but minimize its
impact on the efficiency of those nearby.
Real-time monitoring data on product condition and product control capability enables
firms to optimize service by performing preventative maintenance when failure is imminent
and accomplishing repairs remotely, thereby reducing product downtime and the need to
dispatch repair personnel. Even when on-site repair is required, advance information about
what is broken, what parts are needed, and how to accomplish the fix reduces service costs
and improves first-time fix rates. Diebold, for example, monitors many of its automated teller
machines for early signs of trouble. After assessing a malfunctioning ATM’s status, the
machine is repaired remotely if possible, or the company deploys a technician who has been
given a detailed diagnosis of the problem, a recommended repair process, and, often, the
needed parts. Finally, like many smart, connected products, Diebold’s ATMs can be updated
when they are due for feature enhancements. Often these can occur remotely, via software.

Autonomy.
Monitoring, control, and optimization capabilities combine to allow smart, connected
products to achieve a previously unattainable level of autonomy. At the simplest level is
autonomous product operation like that of the iRobot Roomba, a vacuum cleaner that uses
sensors and software to scan and clean floors in rooms with different layouts. More-
sophisticated products are able to learn about their environment, self-diagnose their own
 service needs, and adapt to users’ preferences. Autonomy not only can reduce the need for
operators but can improve safety in dangerous environments and facilitate operation in
remote locations.
Autonomous products can also act in coordination with other products and systems.
The value of these capabilities can grow exponentially as more and more products become
connected. For example, the energy efficiency of the electric grid increases as more smart
meters are connected, allowing the utility to gain insight into and respond to demand patterns
over time.

Unit - V

Cyber Physical Systems and Next Generation Sensors, Artificial Intelligence, Big Data and Advanced
Analysis

3.4. Cyber Physical Systems And Next Generation Sensors

A cyber-physical system (CPS) is a computer system in which a mechanism is
controlled or monitored by computer-based algorithms. In cyber-physical systems, physical
and software components are deeply intertwined, able to operate on different spatial and
temporal scales, exhibit multiple and distinct behavioral modalities, and interact with each
other in ways that change with [Link] involves transdisciplinary approaches, merging
theory of cybernetics, mechatronics, design and process science. The process control is often
referred to as embedded systems. In embedded systems, the emphasis tends to be more on the
computational elements, and less on an intense link between the computational and physical
elements. CPS is also similar to the Internet of Things (IoT), sharing the same basic
architecture; nevertheless, CPS presents a higher combination and coordination between
physical and computational elements.
Examples of CPS include smart grid, autonomous automobile systems, medical
monitoring, industrial control systems, robotics systems, and automatic pilot avionics.
Precursors of cyber-physical systems can be found in areas as diverse as aerospace,
automotive, chemical processes, civil infrastructure, energy, healthcare, manufacturing,
transportation, entertainment, and consumer appliances.
Unlike more traditional embedded systems, a full-fledged CPS is typically designed as
a network of interacting elements with physical input and output instead of as standalone
devices. The notion is closely tied to concepts of robotics and sensor networks with
intelligence mechanisms proper of computational intelligence leading the pathway. Ongoing
advances in science and engineering improve the link between computational and physical
elements by means of intelligent mechanisms, increasing the adaptability, autonomy,
efficiency, functionality, reliability, safety, and usability of cyber-physical systems. This will
broaden the potential of cyber-physical systems in several directions, including: intervention
(e.g., collision avoidance); precision (e.g., robotic surgery and nano-level manufacturing);
operation in dangerous or inaccessible environments (e.g., search and rescue, firefighting,
and deep-sea exploration); coordination (e.g., air traffic control, war fighting); efficiency
(e.g., zero-net energy buildings); and augmentation of human capabilities (e.g. in healthcare
monitoring and delivery)

3.5. Next Generation Sensors

Autonomous Mobile Robots

Omron’s new B5L Series answers the need for workforce-saving solutions. Capable
of measuring the distance of people and objects in real time, the 3D sensor module
 impacts autonomous mobile robots (AMR) used in a number of applications: delivery,
logistics, moving goods, sorting and picking, fulfillment and more. Even as they advanced,
3D sensors presented challenges. They demonstrated unstable vision in sunlight and false
detection from edge noise, leading to less accuracy in AMRs. The short life span was an
additional pain point. Omron applies next-generation technology to solve these challenges in
Time of Flight
 (ToF) sensors. With a built-in high dynamic range (HDR) function, the B5L ToF sensor
performs the measurement multiple times to provide high-accuracy readings for both near
and far objects. This can be disabled for high-speed operation mode, calculating the distance
in a single measurement.

Figure 3.4. A 3D. image displays next to a distance data image and a live view of a person
walking in a warehouse. (Omron)

The B5L ToF sensor also has a built-in edge noise reduction (ENR) function capable of
determining the edge location and reducing the noise associated with these edges. This
allows the sensor to reliably detect objects and minimizes the likelihood of false detections.
With the ENR function enabled, the ToF sensor is able to capture a crisp image for object
detection at any distance or reflectivity.

Thermal Sensors
Micro-electrical-mechanical systems, or MEMS, are moving beyond their original
applications for detecting human occupancy accurately and into saving energy in homes,
buildings and factories. The ability to provide steady readings without false negatives
improves accuracy in reading and evaluating human presence. Omron has increased the
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the D6T MEMS Thermal Sensors to the highest in the world.
and by enabling touchless temperature measurements with only one connector, the D6T
sensor is easy to adapt for any type of system. This advancement beyond surface mount types
makes the D6T sensors plug and play for unlimited applications.

Thanks to higher accuracy, smaller footprint, and ease of use, D6T sensors are now
used in applications to identify fevers, save energy, sense motion with food and beverage and
vending machines, and monitor sensitive fluid levels in machines.

Figure 3.5. The Omron D6T Thermal Sensor is positioned to monitor fluid levels in
a machine.
(Omron)
recision is critically important when choosing IR sensors. By default, Omron’s IR sensor
guarantees absolute temperature accuracy of ±1.5°C, and clients can achieve accuracy up to
±0.2°C with 2-point calibration. Omron offers software to give customers an easy starting point
 interpreting raw data into useful information.

Analytical Instruments
The newer aerial switch uses the B5W sensor for hands-free technology.
(Omron) Omron has made significant advancements in touchless sensing.
Previously, detecting shiny, black or transparent objects required more work hours
for development and production processes. In addition, sensing was less reliable if
objects shifted.

Figure [Link] newer aerial switch uses the B5W sensor for hands-free technology. (Omron)

Omron’s B5W-LB Series Light Convergent Reflective Sensor has a limited projection
beam and light sensing area, so it reduces work hours needed to enable sensing or shiny,
black or transparent objects. It’s also unaffected by backgrounds. And by using four types of
toroidal lenses, the B5W-LB enables sensing when objects shift, even at minimal light levels.
These advancements have implications in automatic handwashing, soap dispensing and hand
dryers, as well as vending and coffee machines. They’re also used in delicate analytical
instruments for test tube detection and rotation control. The newer aerial switch uses the
B5W sensor for hands-free technology, and a see-through panel for the LED display, creates
a cleaner design.

3.6. Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality

We spend a lot of time looking at screens these days. Computers, smartphones, and
televisions have all become a big part of our lives; they're how we get a lot of our news, use
social media, watch movies, and much more. Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality
(AR) are two technologies that are changing the way we use screens, creating new and
exciting interactive experiences.
Virtual reality uses a headset to place you in a computer-generated world that you can
explore. Augmented reality, on the other hand, is a bit different. Instead of transporting you
to a virtual world, it takes digital images and layers them on the real world around you
through the use of either a clear visor or smartphone. With virtual reality, you could explore
an underwater environment. With augmented reality, you could see fish swimming through
the world around you.

Virtual reality
Virtual reality immerses you in a virtual world through the use of a headset with some
type of screen displaying a virtual environment. These headsets also use a technology called
head tracking, which allows you to look around the environment by physically moving your
head. The display will follow whichever direction you move, giving you a 360-degree view
of the virtual environment.
Types of VR devices
At the moment, there are two major types of headsets. Both have their pros and cons, which
you'll want to consider if you're looking to purchase one.
The first type has a screen built in to the headset. These devices connect to a computer
 and require a pretty powerful system to operate smoothly. They have great graphics and
perform well, but they're also pretty expensive. A few popular examples of these include the
Oculus Rift, the Vive, and the PlayStation VR, which connects to the PlayStation 4 game
console. Some of these devices come with handheld controllers that track your hands'
movements as well, providing for a more interactive experience.

Figure 3.7.
The other type of headset houses your phone and uses its screen as the display. These don't
require a computer and run completely off of apps on your smartphone. The graphics and
performance levels on these headsets aren't quite as good as those with a built-in screen, but
they do tend to be much cheaper. Some popular examples include Google Cardboard and the
Gear VR.

Figure 3.8.

Augmented reality
Augmented reality allows you to see the world around you with digital images
layered on top of it. There are currently a couple of AR headsets available, including the
Microsoft HoloLens and the Magic Leap. However, they are currently more expensive than
VR headsets, and are marketed primarily to businesses.

Figure 3.9

Augmented reality can also be used on devices like smartphones and laptops without the use
of a headset. There are a variety of apps that use AR, including some that allow you to
translate text using your camera, identify stars in the sky, and even see how your garden
would look with different plants. You may have even previously used AR without realizing
it, while playing a game like Pokemon Go or using filters on Snapchat.
 Both VR and AR technologies are growing at a pretty rapid pace. Many experts
predict that they'll continue to become more and more popular in the near future. As
technology
 becomes more advanced, it'll be exciting to see how they'll be applied to both business and
everyday life!

3.7 Advanced Data Analytics

Advanced data analytics can help drive innovative business decision making.
Advanced analytics and reporting use sophisticated tools for data mining, big data and
predictive analytics to mine data for important trends, patterns, and performance. As the
amount of valuable data your company gathers increases, so will the need to use that data for
insights that provide a competitive advantage.

Advanced analytics techniques

Advanced analytics tools dive deep into data to help you better understand why
something is happening, identify trends, generate predictive insights, or optimize for a
desired outcome. Employing these techniques will help build a solid foundation for advanced
analytics to mature. Some advanced analytics methods include:
Data mining -Data mining is the process of identifying sequences, relationships, or
anomalies in large amounts of raw data. Connections within data sets can then be created and
analyzed to produce information about opportunities and risks.
Machine learning -This advanced analytics technique uses computational methods to find
patterns or inferences in data, and automatically create statistical models to produce reliable
results with minimal human intervention.
Cohort analysis- Cohort analysis is an advanced data analytics technique that develops
broadly applicable insights by examining the behavior of a group of people. Read Making
Friends with Cohort Analysis to get five ways to deep dive into your customer data using
cohort analysis.
Cluster analysis - Cluster analysis is a way to recognize differences or similarities in sets of
data and visually present that data to make comparisons easier. Box plot visualizations are a
standard way of showing the distributions of data in a cluster.
Retention analysis - Retention analysis uses advanced data analytics to understand cohorts
of users or customers. These insights can help you determine what factors influence retention
and inform customer growth strategies. Download our whitepaper on Retention Analysis and
the Data that Drives It to learn more.
Complex event analysis - Complex event analysis, also called complex event processing
(CEP), is an advanced data analytics process that aggregates and analyzes event data coming
from multiple sources as an event happens. Complex event analysis identifies cause-and-
effect relationships in data to provide real-time insight that can influence business decision-
making. Predictive analysis -Predictive analysis, in conjunction with data mining, statistical
methods, and machine learning, studies data to predict the likelihood of a future outcome and
inform business forecasting appropriately.

What are the benefits of advanced analytics?

Modern advanced data analytics tools allow you to analyze and operationalize more
data, faster. The insights generated also empower better and more accurate decision-making
that drives enhanced ROI.

More time to focus on strategy

The right selection of advanced analytics tools can reduce the resources needed to
streamline the process of sorting and analyzing data. Enterprises can input large amounts of
data and operationalize the insights faster. This frees up analysts to take on more valuable
projects and gives leaders more time to focus on strategy for business improvement.
More accurate decision-making
Advanced analytics gives deeper insight into data, turning that data into actionable
information. This information allows businesses to make fact-based decisions quickly and
accurately.

Gain a better ROI

Advanced analytics tools can help you effectively decide where and when to employ
resources, which increases operational efficiency and reduces costs. Advanced analytics also
uncover customer needs so you can develop and evolve products and services and deliver
innovation ahead of your competition.

Data sharing and user empowerment

Advanced analytics tools can support the integration of data from disparate sources
and enable secure data sharing across your organization. When data is accessible to
employees, they are empowered to identify and act on opportunities—further growing your
enterprise.

3.8. An Emerging Industrial Structure For IoT

Figure 3.10

The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) architecture is made of numerous elements

from sensors, connectivity and gateways to device management and application platforms.
Assembling these different moving parts can seem daunting, especially for companies who
are just at the outset of their IIoT initiative. On top of that, industrial applications entail
unique requirements and challenges that need to be addressed tactfully.

The good news is emerging tools and developments are helping simplify and
streamline the process of establishing a viable IIoT architecture. As the IIoT landscape
continues to evolve in 2020, here are four trends tech leaders might want to consider when
architecting their next wireless infrastructure.

Hardware Rapid Prototyping

In the industrial world, the challenge of IoT hardware design lies in the bewildering
array of use case requirements. Take temperature sensors as a simple example. Depending on
criteria like accuracy, temperature range, response time and stability, there could be hundreds
of available sensors to choose from. Most likely, there won’t be an out-of-the-box wireless
sensor out there that fully meets your needs or your client’s. And that’s where IoT rapid
prototyping comes in.
 Hardware prototyping standards like mikroBUS allow you to build a customized IoT
device prototype in a matter of a few hours and with efficient resources. From a broad
portfolio of ready-to-use, compatible sensor, interface and wireless modules as well as
compilers and development boards, you can create the optimal hardware mix-and-match that
caters to your industrial use case. With rapid prototyping, companies can ratify the technical
and business viability of their IIoT solution in a cost-effective and agile fashion, which lays
the cornerstone for a successful roll-out.

Retrofit Wireless Connectivity

An average factory operates with legacy industrial systems that are nowhere near
being connected. While these systems employ a number of proprietary communication
protocols for automation purposes, data is captive within discrete control loops, creating
numerous data silos on the factory floor. The lack of interoperability among these protocols
further hinders the implementation of a factory-wide monitoring and control network.

Emerging retrofit wireless connectivity now enables manufacturers to connect and

acquire data from their legacy assets and systems in a simple and cost-effective manner –
without costly production downtime and invasive hardware changes. Through the use of an
integration platform, operational data can be fetched from controllers through wired-based
serial and other industrial protocols then forwarded to a remote control center using long-
range wireless connectivity.

Software-Defined Radio
As no wireless solution is use-case agnostic, a typical IIoT architecture is likely to
incorporate multiple radio protocols and standards. Plus, many industrial facilities today have
already implemented wireless networks (e.g. Wi-Fi, WirelessHART…) to a certain extent,
and look to deploy new types of connectivity to tap into other high-value use cases. Thus, it’s
critical to create an efficient and backward-compatible IIoT architecture that can
accommodate the co-existence of different wireless technologies, which is why software-
defined radio (SDR) is gaining momentum.

SDR refers to a radio communication method where the majority of signal processing
is done using software, as opposed to the traditional hardware-driven approach. IoT gateways
leveraging SDR can incorporate and decode different protocols concurrently to reduce
infrastructure cost and complexity. What’s more, adjustments or additions of new wireless
solutions to the architecture can be achieved with simple software updates. This allows
companies to dynamically adapt to future operational and technological changes while
continuing to support legacy wireless devices in the field.

Portable, Container-Based IIoT Platform Design

Depending on criteria like security, reliability, data ownership and costs, companies
need to choose among an on-premise, public or private cloud deployment, or even a hybrid
approach. As the IIoT use cases and architecture scale, the decision on the deployment model
and/or cloud vendor is subject to change as well.
In this context, an IIoT platform, typically a device management platform, that comes
with a portable, container-based design renders industrial users with full flexibility in
selecting their preferred backend environment. At the same time, it enables a simple
migration to another server as needed without compromising the consistency or functionality
of the application. The idea of a container-based design is that individual applications are
packaged and delivered
within discrete, standardized containers called Docker. With this modular architecture, users
can decide which specific platform functions/ applications they want to use and where to
deploy them. Thanks to its flexibility and portability, the container-based design facilitates an
interoperable and future-proof IIoT architecture that keeps up with the industry’s dynamic
needs.
3.9. Industrial Internet Of Things(IIoT)
The industrial internet of things (IIoT) refers to interconnected sensors, instruments,
and other devices networked together with computers' industrial applications, including
manufacturing and energy management. This connectivity allows for data collection,
exchange, and analysis, potentially facilitating improvements in productivity and efficiency
as well as other economic benefits. The IIoT is an evolution of a distributed control system
(DCS) that allows for a higher degree of automation by using cloud computing to refine and
optimize the process controls.
The IIoT is enabled by technologies such as cybersecurity, cloud computing, edge
computing, mobile technologies, machine-to-machine, 3D printing, advanced robotics, big
data, internet of things, RFID technology, and cognitive computing. Five of the most
important ones are described below:

Cyber-physical systems (CPS): the basic technology platform for IoT and IIoT and
therefore the main enabler to connect physical machines that were previously disconnected.
CPS integrates the dynamics of the physical process with those of software and
communication, providing abstractions and modeling, design, and analysis techniques.
Cloud computing: With cloud computing IT services and resources can be uploaded
to and retrieved from the Internet as opposed to direct connection to a server. Files can be
kept on cloud-based storage systems rather than on local storage devices.
Edge computing: A distributed computing paradigm which brings computer data
storage closer to the location where it is needed. In contrast to cloud computing, edge
computing refers to decentralized data processing at the edge of the network. The industrial
internet requires more of an edge-plus-cloud architecture rather than one based on purely
centralized cloud; in order to transform productivity, products and services in the industrial
world.
Big data analytics: Big data analytics is the process of examining large and varied
data sets, or big data.
Artificial intelligence and machine learning: Artificial intelligence (AI) is a field
within computer science in which intelligent machines are created that work and react like
humans. Machine learning is a core part of AI, allowing software to more accurately predict
outcomes without explicitly being programmed.
Architecture
IIoT systems are usually conceived as a layered modular architecture of digital
technology. The device layer refers to the physical components: CPS, sensors or machines.
The network layer consists of physical network buses, cloud computing and communication
protocols that aggregate and transport the data to the service layer, which consists of
applications that manipulate and combine data into information that can be displayed on the
driver dashboard. The top-most stratum of the stack is the content layer or the user interface.
 Table 3.1

Layered modular architecture IIoT

Conten User interface devices (e.g. computer screens, PoS

t layer stations, tablets, smart glasses, smart surfaces)

Service Applications, software to analyze data and

layer transform it into actionable information

Network Communications protocols, Wi-

layer Fi, Bluetooth, LoRa, cellular

Device
Hardware: CPS, machines, sensors
layer

[Link] 4.0 and Society 5.0

Industry 4.0
Industry 4.0 is characterised like a network in real time, intelligent and digital for
equipment, objects and mainly for people concerning the industrial management , enables
increased digitalization of the whole value chain and the interconnection between people,
objects and systems through the data exchange in real-time .
Modern information and communication technologies could be implemented in machines,
workers in production and logistics processes, in order to promote the better communication
among all participants in the product development process, analyse data according to defined
algorithms and control production flows to promote continuous improvement .

Industry 4.0 could be described by three paradigms:

o Intelligent Product where it is possible to solicit the required resources and coordinate
productions processes, since the products have a memory to save operational data and
standards individually.
o Intelligent Machine where the traditional production hierarchy is replaced by
decentralized self-organization, allowing for a flexible and modular production line.
o Augmented Operator with knowledge automation in order to promote a flexible and
adaptive part on production system.

In Industry 4.0, the main components include the Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS),
Internet of Services (IoS) and the Internet of Things (IoT) , which will be an important tool in
the implementation of Industry 4.0 . The heart of Industry 4.0 structure is the CPS system and
consists of integrating hardware and software into a mechanical or electrical system projected
for a goal .
Smart Factories stimulated by Industry 4.0
Industry 4.0 enables the use of smart objects that promote adaptability, resource
 efficiency and process integration [13]. The expression “Smart” refers to Industry 4.0
applications namely: Smart Factory and Manufacturing, Smart Product and Smart City [13].
Intelligent factories operate with a platform able to execute commands, data transmission
and other information between equipment and clouds with inclusion of machines and
products .
Industry 4.0 encompasses numerous technologies and emergent standards which
include Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), cloud-bases manufacturing and social product
development. Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) will be one of the major contributors of the
correct functioning and performance of a factory with Industry 4.0 implementation and
results from the convergence of industrial systems with advanced programming, sensors and
communication systems. Furthermore, the allocation of resources such as materials, energy
and water could be realised more efficiently based on intelligent interconnected modules.
The complexity and management challenges in industrial really need to be solved in order to
take advantage on potential opportunities developed by Industry 4.0 and in smart production
could offer.
The challenges set by Industry 4.0 for companies
The high level of competition in the current market forces the companies to overcome
new challenges regarding the best prices/costs, quality and delivery time [9]. Industry must
be the ability to respond to innovation and bring new products to market within a short time
due to current competition around the world .
In order to guarantee process competitiveness along the value chain, it is mandatory
to design productive, efficient and flexible methods . The main aspect to promote the fast
adaptation to changes in production is the connexion between processes, products and
equipment with artificial intelligence.
Companies will include storage systems, machines and productions plants from
Cyber- Physical Systems (CPS) in a global network . CPS is considered as a high-tech
technology to handling systems where could integrate computer skills and physical resources
. Furthermore, CPS integration with production, logistics and services in current industrial
practices will promote evolution in the implementation of Industry 4.0 in factories with
significant economic impact. The life cycle of a mutable product could be managed with a
dynamic production and delivery by a challenge of digitization and automation of production
processes and promotes a creation of new opportunities for industries.
Control applications and production control centralized and monolithic will originate
solutions that could support production processes and supply chain processes in a
decentralised manner. The process will be dynamic, efficient and effective concerning the
changes, decentralization, self-optimization and automation .
In a factory environment, CPS´s include intelligent machines, storage systems and
production facilities capable of autonomously exchanging information, triggering actions and
independent control. The continuous growth and evolution in the industry has promoted the
implementation of high-tech methodologies.
According to , Industry must learn first to walk before it could dream of flying.

Society 5.0
Society 5.0 is focuses on positioning the human being at the centre of technological
and innovation modification for the benefit of humanity and it is considered a quiet
revolution started in Japan that promises to revolutionize society . The main purpose of
Society 5.0 is to enhance people’s quality life with the use of potentialities acquired by
Industry 4.0 . Japan is already moving towards Society 5.0 with the implementation of new
methodologies such as autonomous trucks for orders delivered or drones. In the meantime the
rest of the World is adapting to the challenges promoted by Industry 4.0.
Movement initiated in Japan
Japan foresees, in 2050, the oldest society with about 40% of population has more
than 65 years old. In order to face today´s society´s dilemma should be use advanced
technology like big data, robotics, artificial intelligence, drone deliveries and autonomous
trucks .The future growth plan promoted by Japan includes a training to meet sustainable
development goals and the creation of a super-intelligent society . In order to coordinate
cooperation between academia, government and industry, Japan will promote a Society 5.0
services platform. Therefore, Japan moves courageously calling for future development as a
Society 5.0, with changes that will influence aspects of society and industrial production.
Europe will also be an integral part of this movement.

Computer technologies adapted to this new Society

Society 5.0 is defined by parallel intelligence, where traditional artificial intelligence
theories are extended to emerging cyber-physical-social systems (CPSS). Nowadays,
advances through innovation in science and technology, mainly in computer science,
contribute to the improvement of business and society . Parallel intelligence enables to
handle effectively with socially and engineeringly complex issues and aims to find agile,
focused and convergent solutions to understand uncertain, diverse and complex issues.
In the meantime, the world is facing global challenges such as global warming, scarcity of
natural resources, terrorism and economic divergence.
Following the great advance in mechanization, electrification, information and
networking technology, modern society entered a new era of technological development,
which is the parallel era of virtual-real intelligence technology. The connection between
people and things and between the real and cyber worlds will enable the effective and
efficient resolution of societal issues, create more quality of life for people and sustain
healthy economic growth .
The key techniques of Society 5.0 follow the idea of automation, which is the
direction for the next development of artificial intelligence technology and the general
structure to deal with management and control of CPSS systems. The Japanese Society
expect the formation of a Super Smart Society, with the creation of sustainable society where
the various types of values are connected through CPS and people could live in safety,
security and comfort. Intelligent society is a system that utilize the potential of digital
technology, digital instruments and networks to improve the quality of human life. CPS could
connect different sectors, countries, regions and societies.
A complex analytical approach to the development of virtual artificial systems use a
system namely ACP: (A) Artificial systems, (C) Computational experiments, (P) Parallel
execution. The evolution and development of the information society originated Society 5.0,
focused on improving enterprises and individual strengths and solving social problems.

The Future and Society 5.0

Employment, public administration, people´s privacy and industrial structure are all
aspects of society that are undergoing drastic changes and digital information must respond
to current demands. Society 5.0 has to be implemented considering the integration of various
dimensions such as Entrepreneurial Skills, Entrepreneurial Spirit and Innovation Policy.
Technological development allows the possibility to improve living standards, but it could
also negatively impact employment, unequal distribution of wealth and information. Society
5.0 enables the use of advanced technologies such as IT, IoT, robotics, artificial intelligence
and augmented reality in people´s lives, health and other spheres of activity while Industry
4.0 restricts technology advances only in industrial sector. Thus, it depends on mankind
which direction we want to choose and what kind of society we want to create in the future,
with the
innovative technologies we have a tour disposal . The diversity of technologies for the benefit of humanity such
us increased production, mitigation of costs related with ageing society, equal distribution of wealth, reduction of
greenhouse gases, reduced food products, the correction of regional inequalities and other could solve the social
problems and the economic growth .
Society 5.0 combines digital transformation with the creativity of different people for sustainable
development through problem solving and value creation and enables it to meet the goals proposed by United
Nations for sustainable development.

The table I presents the main aspects related to the Industry 4.0 and the Society 5.0.

Table- 3.2: Industry 4.0 and Society 5.0

INDUSTRY 4.0 SOCIETY 5.0

End of 20th 21st century
century
Information Super smart society
Society
Automation, Digital transformation
information
(computer,
internet)
Cloud Big Bata

The new technologies of Industry 4.0 could be use in benefit of humanity. Recently Japan encountered
with the ageing of its population and felt the need to create a system to improve the quality life of society and
adopt immediate actions to promote advantages with this high technology. The use of technology to benefit the
society has promoted a new industrial revolution called Society 5.0.
Society 5.0 focuses on application of technology in constant development and innovation stimulated for
Industry 4.0 to solve mankind problems such as population ageing, natural disasters, social inequality, security
and improving people's quality of life. The integration of technology with society will be crucial as it is relevant
to use drone deliveries, artificial intelligence, big data, autonomous trucks and robotics in the near future for the
benefit of humanity.
IoT for Healthcare

Before Internet of Things, patients’ interactions with doctors were limited to visits, and tele and
text communications. There was no way doctors or hospitals could monitor patients’ health
continuously and make recommendations accordingly.

Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled devices have made remote monitoring in the healthcare sector
possible, unleashing the potential to keep patients safe and healthy, and empowering physicians
to deliver superlative care. It has also increased patient engagement and satisfaction as
interactions with doctors have become easier and more efficient. Furthermore, remote
monitoring of patient’s health helps in reducing the length of hospital stay and prevents re-
admissions. IoT also has a major impact on reducing healthcare costs significantly and
improving treatment outcomes.
IoT is undoubtedly transforming the healthcare industry by redefining the space of devices and
people interaction in delivering healthcare solutions. IoT has applications in healthcare that
benefit patients, families, physicians, hospitals and insurance companies.

IoT for Patients - Devices in the form of wearables like fitness bands and other wirelessly
connected devices like blood pressure and heart rate monitoring cuffs, glucometer etc. give
patients access to personalized attention. These devices can be tuned to remind calorie count,
exercise check, appointments, blood pressure variations and much more.

IoT has changed people’s lives, especially elderly patients, by enabling constant tracking of
health conditions. This has a major impact on people living alone and their families. On any
disturbance or changes in the routine activities of a person, alert mechanism sends signals to
family members and concerned health providers.

IoT for Physicians - By using wearables and other home monitoring equipment embedded with
IoT, physicians can keep track of patients’ health more effectively. They can track patients’
adherence to treatment plans or any need for immediate medical attention. IoT enables healthcare
professionals to be more watchful and connect with the patients proactively. Data collected from
IoT devices can help physicians identify the best treatment process for patients and reach the
expected outcomes.
IoT for Hospitals - Apart from monitoring patients’ health, there are many other areas where IoT
devices are very useful in hospitals. IoT devices tagged with sensors are used for tracking real
time location of medical equipment like wheelchairs, defibrillators, nebulizers, oxygen pumps
and other monitoring equipment. Deployment of medical staff at different locations can also be
analyzed real time.

The spread of infections is a major concern for patients in hospitals. IoT-enabled hygiene
monitoring devices help in preventing patients from getting infected. IoT devices also help in
asset management like pharmacy inventory control, and environmental monitoring, for instance,
checking refrigerator temperature, and humidity and temperature control.

IoT for Health Insurance Companies – There are numerous opportunities for health insurers with
IoT-connected intelligent devices. Insurance companies can leverage data captured through
health monitoring devices for their underwriting and claims operations. This data will enable
them to detect fraud claims and identify prospects for underwriting. IoT devices bring
transparency between insurers and customers in the underwriting, pricing, claims handling, and
risk assessment processes. In the light of IoT-captured data-driven decisions in all operation
processes, customers will have adequate visibility into underlying thought behind every decision
made and process outcomes.

Insurers may offer incentives to their customers for using and sharing health data generated by
IoT devices. They can reward customers for using IoT devices to keep track of their routine
activities and adherence to treatment plans and precautionary health measures. This will help
insurers to reduce claims significantly. IoT devices can also enable insurance companies to
validate claims through the data captured by these devices.

Redefining Healthcare
The proliferation of healthcare-specific IoT products opens up immense opportunities. And the
huge amount of data generated by these connected devices hold the potential to transform
healthcare.

IoT has a four-step architecture that are basically stages in a process (See Figure 1). All four
stages are connected in a manner that data is captured or processed at one stage and yields the
value to the next stage. Integrated values in the process brings intuitions and deliver dynamic
business prospects.
Step 1: First step consists of deployment of interconnected devices that includes sensors,
actuators, monitors, detectors, camera systems etc. These devices collect the data.

Step 2: Usually, data received from sensors and other devices are in analog form, which need to
be aggregated and converted to the digital form for further data processing.

Step 3: Once the data is digitized and aggregated, this is pre-processed, standardized and moved
to the data center or Cloud.

Step 4: Final data is managed and analyzed at the required level. Advanced Analytics, applied to
this data, brings actionable business insights for effective decision-making.

IoT is redefining healthcare by ensuring better care, improved treatment outcomes and reduced
costs for patients, and better processes and workflows, improved performance and patient
experience for healthcare providers.

Fig.1.3 : IoT for

Healthcare The major advantages of IoT in healthcare

include:

 Cost Reduction: IoT enables patient monitoring in real time, thus significantly cutting
down unnecessary visits to doctors, hospital stays and re-admissions
 Improved Treatment: It enables physicians to make evidence-based informed decisions
and brings absolute transparency
 Faster Disease Diagnosis: Continuous patient monitoring and real time data helps in
diagnosing diseases at an early stage or even before the disease develops based on
symptoms
  Proactive Treatment: Continuous health monitoring
opens the doors for providing proactive medical
treatment
 Drugs and Equipment Management: Management of
drugs and medical equipment is a major challenge in a
healthcare industry. Through connected devices, these
are managed and utilized efficiently with reduced costs
 Error Reduction: Data generated through IoT devices
not only help in effective decision making but also
ensure smooth healthcare operations with reduced
errors, waste and system costs

Healthcare IoT is not without challenges. IoT-enabled connected

devices capture huge amounts of data, including sensitive
information, giving rise to concerns about data security.
Implementing apt security measures is crucial. IoT explores new dimensions of patient care
through real-time health monitoring and access to patients’ health data. This data is a
goldmine for healthcare stakeholders to improve patient’s health and experiences while
making revenue opportunities and improving healthcare operations. Being prepared to
harness this digital power would prove to be the differentiator in the increasingly connected
world.