Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
[Link] 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Statistics and Applications in Business and Economics
2. Basic concepts
3. Scales of Measurement
4. Data
5. Data Sources
6. Ethical Guidelines for Statistical Practice
7. Computers and Statistical Analysis
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1.1. STATISTICS
Statistics refer to the art and science of
collecting, analyzing, presenting, and
interpreting data to support decision
making.
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1.1. STATISTICS APPLICATIONS
1. Accounting:
Public accounting firms use statistical sampling
procedures when conducting audits for their clients.
2. Economics:
Economists use statistical information when making
forecasts about the future of the economy or some
aspects of it.
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1.1. STATISTICS APPLICATIONS
3. Finance:
Financial advisors use price-earnings ratios and
dividend yields to guide their investment advice.
4. Marketing:
Electronic point-of-sale scanners at retail checkout
counters are used to collect data for a variety of
marketing research applications.
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1.1. STATISTICS APPLICATIONS
5. Production:
A variety of statistical quality control charts are
used to monitor the output of a production
process.
6. Information Systems:
A variety of statistical information helps
administrators assess the performance of
computer networks.
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1.2. BASIC CONCEPTS
1. Population:
the set of all elements having the same defining
characteristics of a research topic.
Example: Population: Da Nang university students
All students learning at universities in Da Nang City
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1.2. BASIC CONCEPTS
2. Sample:
some elements having the same defining
characteristics from POPULATION.
Example:
Population: Da Nang university students
Sample: number of (50; 100;…) students learning
at some universities in Da Nang City.
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1.2. BASIC CONCEPTS
Population Population => Sample;
Sample => Population.
Sample
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1.2. BASIC CONCEPTS
- Population: Da Nang International Visitors
A Sample: Number of (50; 100;…) International
Visitors to Da Nang City.
- A Sample: 30 companies listed in the HOSE
Population: Total companies listed in the HOSE
……………
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1.2. BASIC CONCEPTS
Variables
Element
Names
Price
Sales Profit
Company Stock market
No. (Billion (Billion ….
names code (1000
VND) VND)
VND)
1 HoaPhat group HPG 120.000 8.000 29
2 Vingroup VIC 161.452 13.769 45
NOVALAND
3 NVL 11.150 3.982 14.5
group corp
KIDO Group
4 KDG 8.905 323 65
Corporation
5 Hoa Sen Group HSG 32.100 146 22
Data Set
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1.3. SCALES OF MEASUREMENT
Scales of measurement include:
Nominal Interval
Ordinal Ratio
The scale determines the amount of information
contained in the data.
The scale indicates the data summarization and
statistical analyses that are most appropriate.
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1.3. SCALES OF MEASUREMENT
NOMINAL
Data are labels or names used to identify an attribute
of the element.
A nonnumeric label or numeric code may be used.
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1.3. SCALES OF MEASUREMENT
NOMINAL
Example:
Students of a university are classified according to
the school in which they are enrolled using a
nonnumeric label such as Business, Humanities,
education, and so on.
Alternatively, a numeric code could be used for
the school variable (e.g. 1 denotes Business, 2
denotes Humanities, 3 denotes Education, and 4.
so on).
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1.3. SCALES OF MEASUREMENT
NOMINAL
No. Variables Code Frequency (Person) Percentage (%)
1: Male 106 27.4
1 Gender
2. Female 281 72.6
A. Urban 174 45.0
2 Area
B. Rural 213 55.0
1. Public 171 44.2
3 Universities
2. Non-Public 216 55.8
….. ….. …. …
K
…. …. …
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1.3. SCALES OF MEASUREMENT
ORDINAL
The data have the properties of nominal data and
the order or rank of the data is meaningful.
A nonnumeric label or numeric code may be used
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1.3. SCALES OF MEASUREMENT
ORDINAL
Frequency Percentage
No. Variables Code
(Person) (%)
Education 1. Primary school 14 8.70
1 2. Secondary shool 135 83.85
level 3. High school 12 7.45
1. Bachelor's Degree 15 9.32
Training 2. Master's Degree 79 49.07
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level 3. Doctorate 57 35.40
4. Post-doctorate 10 6.21
Total 161 100
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1.3. SCALES OF MEASUREMENT
INTERVAL
The data have properties of ordinal data, and the
interval between observations is expressed in
terms of a fixed unit of measurement.
Interval data are always numeric.
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1.3. SCALES OF MEASUREMENT
INTERVAL
Example: The data about Customer spending in a supermarket (USD):
25 156 70 57 102 167 90 80
172 90 175 30 10 181 140 192
152 95 105 50 50 191 160 195
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1.3. SCALES OF MEASUREMENT
RATIO
This scale must contain a zero value that
indicates that nothing exists for the variable at
the zero point.
Example: -50C; 00C; 50C.
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1.3. SCALES OF MEASUREMENT
Data
Categorical Quantitative
Numeric Non-numeric Numeric
Nominal Ordinal Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio
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1.4. DATA
QUANTITATIVE VARIABLE
No. Variables Value
1 Income 150 (USD/a week)
2 Weight 75 (Kilogram)
3 Economic growth 8 (%/a year)
4 Inflation ratio 7 (%/a year)
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1.4. DATA - QUALITATIVE VARIABLE
No. Variables Code Frequency (Person) Percentage (%)
1: Male 106 27.4
1 Gender
2. Female 281 72.6
A. Urban 174 45.0
2 Area
B. Rural 213 55.0
1. Public 171 44.2
3 Universities
2. Non-Public 216 55.8
….. ….. …. …
K
…. …. …
Total 387 100.0
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1.4. DATA – CROSS SECTIONAL DATA
Cross sectional data are collected from many
objects in the same point-in-time (n-1)
Example: Revenue of 10 companies listed on the
Vietnamese stock market in 2023
(10 companies – A year)
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1.4. DATA - CROSSSECTIONAL DATA
Collect data about revenue; profit and financial
expense of 10 companies listed on the Ho Chi
Minh Stock Exchange (HOSE) in 2023.
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1.4. DATA - TIME SERIES DATA
Time series data are collected from an object
over several time periods (1-n).
Example: Revenue of a company listed on the
Vietnam Stock Market in the period 2014-2023
(A company – 10 years).
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1.4. DATA - TIME SERIES DATA
Collect data about revenue; profit and financial
expense of a company listed on the Ho Chi Minh
Stock Exchange (HOSE) in the period 2014-
2023.
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1.4. DATA - PANEL DATA
Panel data are collected from many objects
over several time periods (n-n).
Example: Revenue of 10 companies listed on the
Vietnam stock market in the period 2014-2023.
(10 companies – 10 Years)
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1.4. DATA - PANEL DATA
Collect data about revenue; profit and financial
expense of 10 companies listed on the Ho Chi
Minh Stock Exchange (HOSE) in the period
2014-2023.
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1.5. DATA SOURCES
Secondary data;
Primary data;
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1.5. DATA SOURCES
Secondary data is available data collected from
different sources.
Example: Journals; research reports; organizations;
local governments; national government;
International organizations;…. online or offline.
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SECONDARY DATA
SOURCES DATA
Corporations; company; enterprise;…. Revenue; cost; profit; ....
General Statistics Office (Nation) Population; gross domestic product;
Department of Statistics (Local) investment; inflation; gross income;
unemployment;.....
International Monetary Fund (IMF); World Population; gross domestic product;
Bank (WB); Asian Development Bank investment; inflation; gross income;
(ADB); United Nations (UN);… unemployment;.....
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1.5. DATA SOURCES
Collect data about population; gross domestic
product; investment; inflation; unemployment
of Viet Nam in the period 2015-2023 from the
General Statistics Office.
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1.5. DATA SOURCES
Collect data about population; gross
domestic product; inflation; unemployment
of 5 Asian nations in the period 2015-2023
from the IMF.
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1.5. DATA SOURCES
Primary data is the first data collected by the
researcher.
Example: Questionnaire; experimental observations;
expriment;....
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1.5. DATA SOURCES - PRIMARY DATA
- INTRODUCTION TO QUESTIONNAIRE:
+ International Journals: Survey 1; Survey 2;…
+ Format Survey:….
- DESIGN SURVEY: Likert scale (1-5)
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DESIGN SURVEY: Likert scale (1-5)
Example 1: Items of the Satisfaction factor
No. Code Content References
1 SA1 I like going to the Night market. (Aliman, et al., 2016)
I am satisfied with my decision to go to the Night (Aliman, et al., 2016)
2 SA2
market.
3 SA3 I have positive feelings going to the Night market. (Aliman, et al., 2016)
4 SA4 The visit to Night market is better than I expected. (Aliman, et al., 2016)
5 SA5 The decision to go to Night market is appropriate. (Boit & Doh, 2014)
The Satisfaction factor was designed with 5 Items (SA1; SA2; SA3; SA4; SA5), SA1; SA2;
SA3 and SA4 by (Aliman, et al., 2016); SA5 by (Boit & Doh, 2014)
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DESIGN SURVEY: Likert scale (1-5)
Example 2: Items of the Employee retention factor
No. Code Content References
(Nguyen & Duong,
1 ER1 I want to stay with the company for a long time
2020), (Butt, et al., 2020)
If I had to quit work for a while (for example because of (Arasanmi & Krishna,
2 ER2
personal/family reasons), I would return to this company 2019),
If I wanted to do another job or move to another position, I (Arasanmi & Krishna,
3 ER3
would look first at the possibilities within this company 2019)
The Employee retention factor was designed with 3 Items (ER1; ER2; ER3), ER1 and ER2 by
(Nguyen & Duong, 2020), (Butt, et al., 2020); ER3 by (Arasanmi & Krishna, 2019)
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1.5. DATA SOURCES - PRIMARY DATA
Select a research topic:
Content: Marketing; behavior of customers; service
qualitative; future intention; Knowledge sharing
behavior; Learning motivation;.......
Questionnaire design: minimum 15 questions (At
least 3 demographic variables: Gender;….)
Observation: minimum of 50 people
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1.5. DATA SOURCES - PRIMARY DATA
DESIGN GOOGLE FORM
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1.6. ETHICAL GUIDELINES FOR
STATISTICAL PRACTICE
Professionalism;
Responsibilities to Funders, Clients, Employers;
Responsibilities in Publications and Testimony;
Responsibilities to Research Subjects;
Responsibilities to Research Team Colleagues;
Responsibilities to Other Statisticians/Practitioners;
Responsibilities Regarding Allegations of Misconduct;
Responsibilities of Employers Including Organizations, Individuals,
Attorneys, or Other Clients
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1.7. COMPUTERS AND STATISTICAL
ANALYSIS
Software: Stata; Eview; Excel; R; Python;
Weka;….
Set up SPSS software.
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THE END
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