Name.
Amina sharif
Roll no. 29
1. Memory is best defined as:
A. The ability to think logically
B. The process of storing and retrieving information
C. The ability to speak fluently
D. The process of forgetting information
2. Which is NOT a stage of memory processing?
A. Encoding
B. Storage
C. Retrieval
D. Transformation
3. Encoding refers to:
A. Recalling stored information
B. Converting information into a usable form
C. Forgetting information
D. Losing memory traces
4. Storage in memory refers to:
A. Placing information into long-term memory
B. Recalling information
C. Understanding language
D. Filtering attention
5. Retrieval means:
A. Saving information
B. Processing sensory input
C. Accessing stored information
D. Ignoring distractions
6. The brain structure most associated with memory formation is:
A. Cerebellum
B. Hippocampus
C. Medulla
D. Thalamus
7. Working memory is primarily used for:
A. Long-term storage
B. Temporary manipulation of information
C. Emotional processing
D. Motor control
8. Which type of memory is most short-lived?
A. Long-term memory
B. Sensory memory
C. Procedural memory
D. Semantic memory
9. Memory consolidation occurs during:
A. Encoding only
B. Storage only
C. Sleep and rest periods
D. Retrieval only
10. Forgetting is best described as:
A. Permanent memory loss only
B. Inability to retrieve stored information
C. Storage failure only
D. Encoding enhancement
11. Episodic memory stores:
A. Skills and habits
B. Personal experiences
C. Facts and knowledge
D. Reflex actions
12. Semantic memory refers to:
A. Emotional memories
B. General knowledge and facts
C. Motor skills
D. Sensory impressions
13. Procedural memory is responsible for:
A. Remembering facts
B. Remembering events
C. Skills like riding a bike
D. Visual perception
14. Explicit memory is:
A. Unconscious memory
B. Conscious recall of facts/events
C. Reflex-based memory
D. Genetic memory
15. Implicit memory involves:
A. Conscious recall
B. Unconscious influence on behavior
C. Short-term thinking only
D. Language production
16. Which is an example of episodic memory?
A. Knowing capital cities
B. Riding a bicycle
C. Remembering your first day at university
D. Understanding grammar rules
17. Semantic memory is also known as:
A. Event memory
B. Declarative knowledge
C. Motor memory
D. Sensory memory
18. Procedural memory is primarily stored in:
A. Cerebellum
B. Hippocampus
C. Frontal lobe
D. Occipital lobe
19. Flashbulb memories are:
A. Weak memories
B. Highly detailed emotional memories
C. Random memories
D. Procedural skills
20. Long-term memory capacity is:
A. Very limited
B. Moderate
C. Virtually unlimited
D. Zero
21. Atkinson-Shiffrin model includes:
A. One store
B. Two stores
C. Three stores
D. Five stores
22. The three memory stores are:
A. Sensory, short-term, long-term
B. Emotional, rational, procedural
C. Visual, auditory, tactile
D. Input, output, processing
23. Working memory model was proposed by:
A. Freud
B. Baddeley and Hitch
C. Skinner
D. Piaget
24. The central executive is responsible for:
A. Long-term storage
B. Attention control
C. Muscle coordination
D. Sensory input
25. Phonological loop processes:
A. Visual information
B. Auditory/verbal information
C. Emotional data
D. Motor skills
26. Visuospatial sketchpad deals with:
A. Words
B. Images and spatial information
C. Emotions
D. Sounds
27. Encoding specificity principle states:
A. Memory depends on retrieval cues
B. Memory is random
C. Forgetting is permanent
D. Learning is genetic
28. Retrieval cues help:
A. Delete memories
B. Improve memory recall
C. Stop learning
D. Reduce attention
29. Chunking improves memory by:
A. Reducing attention
B. Grouping information
C. Increasing forgetting
D. Randomizing data
30. Maintenance rehearsal involves:
A. Deep processing
B. Repetition
C. Emotional tagging
D. Sleep consolidation
31. Elaborative rehearsal involves:
A. Repeating only
B. Linking new information with existing knowledge
C. Forgetting
D. Sensory input
32. Depth of processing theory was proposed by:
A. Craik and Lockhart
B. Freud
C. Watson
D. Bandura
33. Deep processing leads to:
A. Poor memory
B. Better long-term retention
C. No learning
D. Faster forgetting
34. Recognition memory is:
A. Creating memory
B. Identifying previously learned information
C. Forgetting information
D. Encoding sounds
35. Recall memory is:
A. Reconstructing without cues
B. Identifying from options
C. Visual memory only
D. Reflex action
36. The most common cause of forgetting is:
A. Brain size
B. Interference
C. Intelligence
D. Sleep
37. Proactive interference means:
A. New information blocks old
B. Old information blocks new
C. No interference
D. Memory enhancement
38. Retroactive interference means:
A. Old blocks new
B. New blocks old
C. No memory change
D. Emotional memory
39. Amnesia refers to:
A. Enhanced memory
B. Memory loss
C. Learning ability
D. Sleep disorder
40. Retrograde amnesia affects:
A. Future memory
B. Past memories
C. Motor skills
Topic 2: Cognitive Ways the Brain Processes Information (50 MCQs)
1. Cognition refers to:
A. Physical movement
B. Mental processes of knowing and understanding
C. Reflex actions only
D. Genetic behavior
2. Perception is best defined as:
A. Storing memories
B. Interpreting sensory information
C. Forgetting data
D. Muscle coordination
3. Attention refers to:
A. Multitasking everything equally
B. Focusing cognitive resources on specific information
C. Sleeping process
D. Emotional response
4. Selective attention means:
A. Paying attention to everything
B. Focusing on one stimulus while ignoring others
C. Random thinking
D. Memory loss
5. Cognitive processing is mainly carried out by:
A. Heart
B. Brain
C. Lungs
D. Bones
6. Bottom-up processing is driven by:
A. Prior knowledge
B. Sensory input
C. Emotions only
D. Language
7. Top-down processing is influenced by:
A. Sensory data only
B. Prior knowledge and expectations
C. Reflexes
D. Muscle memory
8. Schema refers to:
A. Random thoughts
B. Mental framework of knowledge
C. Physical structure of brain
D. Emotion only
9. Cognitive load refers to:
A. Physical weight
B. Amount of mental effort used
C. Muscle fatigue
D. Sleep level
10. Problem-solving involves:
A. Ignoring issues
B. Finding solutions to challenges
C. Forgetting tasks
D. Emotional reaction only
11. Reasoning is the process of:
A. Sleeping deeply
B. Drawing conclusions logically
C. Forgetting information
D. Memorizing randomly
12. Deductive reasoning starts from:
A. Specific to general
B. General to specific
C. Random ideas
D. Emotions
13. Inductive reasoning moves from:
A. General to specific
B. Specific observations to general conclusions
C. Memory to perception
D. Emotion to logic
14. Decision making involves:
A. Random selection
B. Choosing between alternatives
C. Forgetting options
D. Sleeping process
15. Heuristics are:
A. Formal rules
B. Mental shortcuts
C. Physical actions
D. Memory storage units
16. Availability heuristic is based on:
A. Logic only
B. Easily recalled information
C. Random guessing
D. Physical strength
17. Representativeness heuristic involves:
A. Comparing to stereotypes
B. Random choice
C. Physical similarity only
D. Forgetting patterns
18. Cognitive bias refers to:
A. Perfect thinking
B. Systematic thinking errors
C. Physical weakness
D. Memory enhancement
19. Confirmation bias is:
A. Seeking opposing views
B. Favoring information that supports beliefs
C. Ignoring all data
D. Random thinking
20. Mental set refers to:
A. Brain injury
B. Using same solution patterns repeatedly
C. Forgetting skills
D. Emotional change
21. Functional fixedness is:
A. Flexible thinking
B. Inability to see alternative uses of objects
C. Memory improvement
D. Attention increase
22. Insight problem solving is:
A. Gradual learning
B. Sudden realization of solution
C. Random guessing
D. Physical reaction
23. Algorithm in problem solving is:
A. Guessing method
B. Step-by-step procedure
C. Emotional response
D. Memory recall
24. Trial and error method involves:
A. One fixed solution
B. Trying multiple solutions until success
C. No action
D. Only thinking
25. Working memory is responsible for:
A. Long-term storage
B. Temporary manipulation of information
C. Reflex actions
D. Emotional memory only
26. Cognitive psychology studies:
A. Only emotions
B. Mental processes like thinking and memory
C. Physical growth
D. Genetics only
27. Dual-process theory suggests:
A. One thinking system
B. Two systems of thinking (fast and slow)
C. No thinking system
D. Random processing
28. System 1 thinking is:
A. Slow and logical
B. Fast and automatic
C. Always accurate
D. Controlled effort
29. System 2 thinking is:
A. Fast intuition
B. Slow and analytical
C. Unconscious only
D. Reflex-based
30. Perceptual organization refers to:
A. Random perception
B. How brain structures sensory input
C. Memory loss
D. Muscle control
31. Figure-ground perception is:
A. Ignoring vision
B. Distinguishing object from background
C. Hearing process
D. Emotional response
32. Depth perception helps in:
A. Memory storage
B. Judging distance
C. Language learning
D. Forgetting
33. Cognitive development involves:
A. Physical strength
B. Growth of thinking abilities
C. Bone structure
D. Heart function
34. Language processing is related to:
A. Cognitive functions
B. Only muscles
C. Reflex actions
D. Blood flow
35. Attention span refers to:
A. Memory capacity
B. Duration of focus
C. Sleeping time
D. Emotion level
36. Multitasking usually leads to:
A. Perfect performance
B. Reduced efficiency
C. No change
D. Permanent memory
37. Perceptual set is influenced by:
A. Expectations and experiences
B. Only vision
C. Muscle strength
D. Genetics only
38. Cognitive flexibility is:
A. Fixed thinking
B. Ability to adapt thinking strategies
C. Memory loss
D. Physical flexibility
39. Mind wandering is:
A. Focused attention
B. Shifting attention away from task
C. Perfect memory
D. Learning method
40. Information processing model compares brain to:
A. Heart
B. Computer
C. Bone system
D. Muscle system
41. Encoding in cognition involves:
A. Ignoring data
B. Converting information into mental representation
C. Sleeping
D. Forgetting
42. Perceptual constancy means:
A. Objects always change
B. Objects are perceived as stable despite changes
C. No perception
D. Random thinking
43. Cognitive development theory is strongly associated with:
A. Freud
B. Piaget
C. Skinner
D. Watson
44. Problem representation refers to:
A. Ignoring problem
B. Understanding problem structure
C. Forgetting issue
D. Emotional reaction
45. Expertise in cognition means:
A. No knowledge
B. High level of skill and knowledge
C. Random thinking
D. Weak memory
46. Cognitive maps are:
A. Physical maps only
B. Mental representations of space
C. Emotional states
D. Memory loss patterns
47. Decision fatigue occurs when:
A. No decisions made
B. Quality of decisions decreases after many choices
C. Memory improves
D. Attention increases
48. Insight learning is associated with:
A. Sudden understanding
B. Repetition only
C. Physical strength
D. Random guessing
49. Cognitive neuroscience studies:
A. Brain and mental processes
B. Only muscles
C. Only behavior
D. Only genetics
50. Perception is influenced by:
A. Only senses
B. Sensory input and prior knowledge
C. Only memory loss
D. Only emotions