Course: Multimedia Communication Module 2 notes BEC613A
MODULE 2:
Multimedia Information Representation :
All types of multimedia infn are stored and processed withing computer in digital form.
• Text - Codeword with fixed number or bits.
• Image - computer generated graphical image.
• Audio and Video - Analog to digital form.
Digitization principles:
Encoder design:
(A) Band-Limiting Filter - First
stage before digitization, Limits
the input signal bandwidth to
B [Link] Nyquist criterion ;
fs 2B
(B) Sampler-Samples the analog
signal at discrete time instants
Controlled by the sampling clock
(C).
(C) Sampling Clock-Generates
sampling pulses Determines sam-
pling frequency fs
(D) Analog-to-Digital Converter
(ADC)-This is the core digitiza-
tion block, consisting of: Quan-
tizer Maps sampled amplitudes to
nearest discrete levels Introduces
quantization error.
(E) Signal Encoder - Formats the
ADC output for transmission or
storage. Final output: digitized
codewords.
Figure 1: Signal encoder: a)circuit component b)
Quantization Interval: waveform.
wkt, q=2Vmax /2n
q/2=Vmax /2n
Dynamic range D = 20 log10 (Vmax /Vmin )
Example: An analog signal has a dynamic range of 40dB. Determine the magnitude of
quantization noise relative to minimum signal amplitude if quantizer uses (i) 6 bits (ii)
10 bits
solution: wkt, D = 20 log10 (Vmax /Vmin )
Hence, 40 = 20 log10 (Vmax /Vmin )
Dr. [Link] EC DEPT, BLDEA CET VIJAYAPUR 1
Course: Multimedia Communication Module 2 notes BEC613A
=> Vmin = Vmax /100.
(i)n = 6bits, q/2 = Vmax /2n = Vmax /64
(ii) n=10 bits q/2=Vmax /2n = Vmax /100
Hence second case quantizationnoise < Vmin it is acceptable.
Decoder Design:
It converts digitized codewords
back into an analog output sig-
nal.
(A) Digitized Codewords (Input):
These are binary sequences (0s
and 1s) received from the chan-
nel.
Signal Decoder: Converts re-
ceived codewords into quantized Figure 2: Signal decoder
sample values.
(B) Digital-to-Analog Converter
(DAC) : Converts the decoded digital samples into a staircase-like analog signal.
(C) Low-Pass Filter (Reconstruction Filter) : Removes high-frequency components in-
troduced by sampling and quantization.
TEXT;
There are 3 types of text that are used to produces pages of documents.
1. Unformatted text : Plain text
2. Formatted text : Rich text
3. Hypertext : Related to web pages.
Unformatted Text: Plain Text
Enables pages to be created which comprise strings of fixed sized character from a limited
character set.
Example: ASCII character set and MOSAIC characters.
ASCII : American Standard Code for Information Interchange, which is widely used
character set consists of binary codewords used represent each character. Each character
represent unique 7-bit binary codeword. i.e 7-bits means 27 128 codewords. A-1000001
ASCII characters also include some control characters.
MOSAIC characters are supplementary version of ASCII characters.
Application of characters set are Videotex and Teletext.
Formatted Text: Rich text
Formatted text is text that includes special styling or layout features to improve appear-
ance, readability, and organization. It is not just plain characters — it contains additional
information about how the text should look. Formatted text includes:
Dr. [Link] EC DEPT, BLDEA CET VIJAYAPUR 2
Course: Multimedia Communication Module 2 notes BEC613A
• Bold, Italic, Underline
• Different font styles and sizes
• Colors
• Paragraph alignment (left, right, center, justified)
• Bullets and numbering
• Headings and subheadings
Hypertext; Links to set of documents
Hypertext is text that contains links
(called hyperlinks) which connect to other
documents, web pages, images, or sections
of the same page. When you click on a
highlighted word or phrase and it opens
another page, that is hypertext. Hyper-
text is a fundamental concept behind the
World Wide [Link] works mainly
through HTML, Home Pages, Links, and
URLs. Hypertext is implemented using
HTML (HyperText Markup Language).
HTML is used to create web pages. It
defines text, images, headings, and hyper-
links. A home page is the main page of
a website. It acts as the starting point
of navigation. It contains multiple hyper-
links. Users can move to different pages
from the home page. A link (hyperlink) is
a clickable word, image, or button. A URL
(Uniform Resource Locator) is the address
of a webpage.
HTML creates hypertext, Home page orga-
nizes hypertext, Links connect documents,
URL provides the address of documents.
IMAGES:
Images include computer generated images or computer graphics or simply Graphics.
A computer display screen is consid-
ered as being made up of 2-D matrix
of picture elements called pixels. X
x Y is a resolution of screen and 8
bits per pixel will provide 256 different
colours.
Resolution is M x N x pixel bits.
Figure 3: Scren format
Dr. [Link] EC DEPT, BLDEA CET VIJAYAPUR 3
Course: Multimedia Communication Module 2 notes BEC613A
Digitized documents:
The document produced by scanner asso-
ciated with fax (facsimile) machine is called digitized documents.
Digitized Pictures:
Digitized pictures are images that are converted from physical form (like printed photos,
drawings, or paintings) into digital format so that they can be stored, processed, edited,
and transmitted using computers.
Raster scan principle:
Figure 5: Computer principle
Figure 4: Television principle
The raster scan principle is a method of image display in which the screen is scanned
line by line from left to right and from top to bottom. After completing each line, the
beam returns to the left side (horizontal retrace), and after completing the entire screen,
it returns to the top (vertical retrace). This process is repeated many times per second
to refresh the image. Raster scan is widely used in televisions and computer monitors
and is suitable for displaying complex images with colors and shading.
Pixel depth: Pixel depth (also called color depth or bit depth) is the number of bits
used to represent the color of a single pixel in a digital image.
Aspect Ratio: Aspect ratio is the ratio of the width to the height of an image,
display, or video. It defines the shape of the visual content and is expressed in the form
width:height.
Example 1:Derive the time to transmit following digitized images at both 64kbps
and 1.5Mbps.
(i) 640 x 480 x 8 - VGA image.
(ii) 1024 x 768 x 24 - SVGA image.
Solution: Size of each image,
Dr. [Link] EC DEPT, BLDEA CET VIJAYAPUR 4
Course: Multimedia Communication Module 2 notes BEC613A
VGA = 640 x 480 x 8 = 2.4576 Mbits
SVGA = 1024 x 768 x 24 = 18.874368 Mbits.
(i) at 64 kbps, VGA = 2.4576 X 106 /64 X 103 = 38.4 sec
SVGA = 18.874368 X 106 / 64 X 103 = 294.9 sec
(ii) at 1.5 Mbps, VGA = 2.4576 X 106 /1.5 X 1063= 1.63sec
SV GA = 18.874368X106 / 1.5 X 106 = 12.58 sec
Digital Camera:
A digital camera is a device that captures
photos and videos in digital format (as
data) instead of using film. It uses an
image sensor (typically CMOS) to convert
light into electronic signals, then stores the
images on a memory card. You can imme-
diately preview, delete, or transfer images
to a computer or phone.
Advantages:
• Instant image preview
• Large storage capacity
• Easy editing and sharing
• No film required (cost-effective)
• High resolution and video recording Figure 6: Digital camera
capability
AUDIO:
Two types of audio signals,
Speech - Telephony and video telephpony
B-w 50Hz to 10Khz N.R = 20 Ksps
Music - Quality audio, AOD B-w 15Hz to 20Khz N.R = 40Ksps.
Example: Assuming BW of speech signal is from 50-10KHz and music is 15-20KHz.
Derive bit rate that is generated by digitization procedure assuming Nyquist rate is used
12bits/sample for speech and 16bits/sample for music. Derive memory required to store
10 minutes passage of Stereophonic music..
Solution: Bit rates to calculate.
(i) Speech: N.R = 2x10KHz = 20Ksps
=¿ 12 bits/sample, = 20x103 x12 = 240Kbps
(ii) Music: N.R = 2 x 20K = 40 KSPS
=¿ 16 bits/sample., = 40 x 16 = 640Kbps(monophonic)
or = 2 x 640 K = 1280 Kbps (stereophonic)
(iii) Memory required = bit rate x time = 1280x103 x 10 x 60/8 = 96MB
Dr. [Link] EC DEPT, BLDEA CET VIJAYAPUR 5
Course: Multimedia Communication Module 2 notes BEC613A
PCM Speech:
Speech Input Signal - Analog speech from
microphone.
Bandlimiting Filter - Removes frequen-
cies above speech band, Telephone speech
band: 300 Hz – 3.4 kHz, Prevents aliasing.
Compressor- Compresses dynamic range of Figure 7: PCM speech encoder and decoder
speech signal, Small signals are amplified,
Large signals are reduced,Improves Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR).
Linear ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter), Performs-Sampling (typically 8 kHz), Quan-
tization,Binary encoding (8 bits/sample)
PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network)-Digital signal transmitted through network.
RECEIVER SIDE – Signal Decoder-Linear DAC (Digital-to-Analog Converter) Converts
digital samples back to analog staircase waveform.
Expander - Reverse operation of compressor. Restores original dynamic range. Reduces
quantization noise effect.
Low Pass Filter (Reconstruction Filter), Smoothens staircase waveform, Recovers original
speech signal
Speech Output Signal - Delivered to speaker.
Companding=Compression+Expanding: Companding Advantages:
Improves SNR for low-level signals
Reduces quantization noise
Efficient use of 8-bit PCM
Standard in telephone systems
CD-DA: Total bit rate = 1.411Mbps.
Example: Assuming CD-DA standard is being used, derive (i)The storage capacity of
a CD-ROM to store 60minutes multimedia title (ii) The time to transmit 30sec portion
of title using bitrate of 64Kbps and 1.5Mbps.
Solution: since CD-DA is used, Bit rate = 1.411Mbps
(i) Storage capacity for 60 minute = 1.411 x 106 x 60 x 60 = 634.95 MB.
(ii) 30 portion of title = 1.411 x 106 x 30 = 42.33 Mbits
Hence time to trasmit @ 64 Kbps, t = 42.33 x 106 /64 x 103 = 661.4 sec or 11 Minutes.
time to transmit @ 1.5 Mbps, t = 42.33 x 106 /1.5 x 106 = 28.22 sec
Synthesized Audio:
3 main components are [Link] [Link]-
board [Link] of sound generators.
Synthesized audio is artificially generated
sound created by a computer system in-
stead of being recorded from a natural
source.
A std set if messages have been defined for
both input and output to corresponding
set of sound generators called MIDI (music
Instrument Digital Interface). MIDI con-
nects device to synthesizer.
Figure 8: Audio/Sound Synthesizer.
Dr. [Link] EC DEPT, BLDEA CET VIJAYAPUR 6
Course: Multimedia Communication Module 2 notes BEC613A
VIDEO:
Resolution of 525 line (NTSC) with refresh
rate of 60 fr/sec. Resolution of 625 line (PAL) with refresh rate of 50 fr/sec
Interlaced scanning is a display tech-
nique used in traditional television systems
where each video frame is divided into two
fields:
Odd-numbered lines (Field 1)
Even-numbered lines (Field 2)
Colour signals: Three main properties
of source are Brightness, Hue and Satura-
tion.
Bightness: This represents amount of en-
ergy of that stimulates the eye from black
to white.
Figure 9: Interlaced Scanning.
Hue: Actual colour of source.
Saturation: Strength or vividness of
colour.
Luminance : used to refer brightness of colour.
Chrominance; Hue and saturation referred of colour.
Digital video: Digitization formats:
4:2:2 format:
The 4:2:2 digitization format is a chroma subsampling technique used in digital video sys-
tems to reduce data rate while maintaining high picture quality. It works in the YCbCr
color space, where brightness (luminance) and color (chrominance) are processed sepa-
rately.
Example:Derive the bit rate memory requirement to store each frame that result from
digitization of both 525 lines 625 lines system, assuming a 4:2:2 format, also find the
total memory requirement to store 1.0 Hr movie.
Solution:
525 line system: using 4:2:2 format 625 line system: using 4:2:2 format
Y= 720x480, Cb = Cr = 360 x 480 Y= 720x576, Cb = Cr = 360 x 576
Bit rate = 13.5 x 106 x8 + Bit rate = 13.5 x 106 x8 +
2(6.75x106 x8) = 216 Mbps 2(6.75x106 x8) = 216 Mbps
Memory required per line = 720x8 + Memory required per line = 720x8 +
2(360x8) = 11520 bits 2(360x8) = 11520 bits
Memory per frame = 480 x 11520 = Memory per frame = 576 x 11520 =
691.2 KB 822.44 KB
(b) mem to store 1.5 Hr = 691.2 x 103 (b) mem to store 1.5 Hr = 822.44 x 103
x 60 x 1.5 x 3600 = 223.94 GB x 50 x 1.5 x 3600 = 223.94 GB
Dr. [Link] EC DEPT, BLDEA CET VIJAYAPUR 7
Course: Multimedia Communication Module 2 notes BEC613A
4:2;0
4:2:0 video format is a chroma subsampling technique in which luminance (Y) is sampled
at full resolution while chrominance components (Cb and Cr) are sampled at half the
horizontal and vertical resolution.
525 line system: Y= 720x480, Cb = 625 line system: using 4:2:2 format
Cr = 360 x 240 Y= 720x576, Cb = Cr = 360 x 288
Bit rate = 13.5 x 106 x8 + Bit rate = 13.5 x 106 x8 +
2(3.375x106 x8) = 162 Mbps 2(3.375x106 x8) = 162 Mbps
The 4:2:0 format is commonly used in Digital television, Video streaming, DVD and
Blu-ray
HDTV Format
HDTV (High Definition Television) is a digital television format that provides higher
resolution, better picture quality, and improved sound compared to Standard Definition
Television (SDTV). It uses a widescreen 16:9 aspect ratio and supports advanced digital
transmission.
Key Characteristics of HDTV
High Resolution – Much greater number of pixels than SDTV.
Widescreen Display – Uses 16:9 aspect ratio instead of 4:3.
Digital Transmission – HDTV signals are transmitted digitally.
Better Sound Quality – Supports Dolby Digital surround sound.
Improved Picture Quality – Sharper images and more detailed video.
Applications: Digital television broadcasting, Satellite TV, Cable TV networks, Stream-
ing platforms and Home theater systems
SIF format
SIF (Source Input Format) is a standard digital video format used mainly in MPEG-1
video compression systems. It defines a fixed frame size and resolution for encoding video
signals efficiently.
Bit rate = 6.75x106 x8 + 2 (1.6875x106 x8) = 81 Mbps
Characteristics of SIF Format
Low resolution video format compared to HDTV.
Used mainly in MPEG-1 and Video CD (VCD) systems.
Provides efficient compression and reduced bandwidth.
Suitable for early digital video applications and multimedia systems.
Applications: SIF format is commonly used in:
MPEG-1 video compression
Video CDs (VCD)
Multimedia presentations
Low bandwidth video transmission.
Dr. [Link] EC DEPT, BLDEA CET VIJAYAPUR 8
Course: Multimedia Communication Module 2 notes BEC613A
CIF format: Common Intermediate Format
CIF (Common Intermediate Format) is a standard digital video format used in video
communication systems. It defines a fixed frame resolution so that video can be easily
transmitted and converted between different television standards such as PAL and NTSC.
Progressive scanning is used
It uses 4:1:1 format, with Bit rate = 81Mbps.
Applications: CIF format is used in:
Video conferencing systems
Video surveillance
Multimedia communication
Early digital video transmission systems
QCIF format : Quarter Common Intermediate Format
QCIF (Quarter Common Intermediate Format) is a low-resolution digital video format
used mainly in video conferencing and mobile multimedia applications. It is called “quar-
ter” because its resolution is one-fourth of the CIF format.
Characteristics of QCIF
Low video resolution suitable for low bandwidth networks.
Requires less storage and transmission bandwidth.
Uses YCbCr color representation.
Commonly used in early mobile video communication systems.
Applications: QCIF format is used in:
Video conferencing
Mobile video communication
Low bandwidth multimedia systems
PC Video Format
PC Video format refers to the video resolution standards used in personal computers
(PCs) for displaying images and videos on computer monitors. These formats define the
number of pixels, aspect ratio, and display quality.
Characteristics of PC Video
Used mainly in computer display systems.
Supports higher resolution than CIF and QCIF formats.
Provides better image clarity and graphics quality.
Uses RGB color representation in most PC systems.
Compatible with multimedia applications and graphics software.
Applications: PC video formats are used in:
Computer monitors
Multimedia presentations
Video playback on PCs
Gaming and graphics applications
Dr. [Link] EC DEPT, BLDEA CET VIJAYAPUR 9