Computer Applications

THE UNITY
UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

COURSE NAME: COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

COURSE CODE: BIT 130

PREPARED BY: Mr. RICHARD NORBERT ZUNGU

PHONE No. +255768152925 / +252657038712

FOR: YEAR ONE 2024/2025

Zungurich6@[Link] // +255768152925/ +252657038712

Computer Applications

Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION................................................................1
What is Computer?............................................................................................................1

Basic Functions of Computer.............................................................................................1

CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM.......................................................................3

ROLES OF COMPUTERS IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY...................................................4

CHAPTER TWO: MICROSOFT WORD..........................................................8

CHAPTER THREE: MS POWERPOINT (PRESENTATION)...............................14

CHAPTER FOUR: MS EXCEL (SPREADSHEETS)..........................................20

CHAPTER FIVE: UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS.............................................27

CHAPTER SIX: INTERNET.......................................................................32

Course Unit Assessment

Continuous assessment tests 40%

 Assignment
 Class participation
 tests

End of Semester Examinations 60%

TOTAL 100

Zungurich6@[Link] // +255768152925/ +252657038712

 BIT 130 – INTRODUCTION TO IT
Computer Applications
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

Nowadays, computers are making jobs easier for people. Computers can be used
in everything from entertainment to communication to navigation to research.
That is why this era is called the era of IT (Information Technology). And now,
one cannot imagine a world without computers.

What is Computer?

A computer is an electronic machine that takes information, follows

instructions to work on it, and then gives you the results.
The term ‘COMPUTER’ is an acronym for
C- Common
O- Operating
M- Machine
P- Purposely
U- Used for
T- Technological and
E- Educational
R- Research’.
The term ‘Computer’ is derived from the Latin word ‘computare’, which
is defined as- “to calculate”, “to count” or ‘to sum up”, etc. In other
words, “a computer is a device that performs computation”.
Note- The first mechanical computer was designed in 1837 by Charles
Babbage. It was called 'Analytical Engine'. It was the first general-
purpose computer. Charles Babbage is known as the father of the computer.

Basic Functions of Computer

There are four basic functions of the computer: Input, Processing, Output,
and
Storage.
BIT 130 – INTRODUCTION TO IT
Computer Applications
Input

The data is entered into the computer with the help of input devices. Like
other electronic devices, a computer takes data in raw form (binary form).
Input devices are devices that allow a user to enter data into the computer.
Some of the main input devices of computer systems are listed below:
 Keyboard

 Mouse
 Joystick
 Scanner
 Trackball
 Lightpen
Processing

The processing is the core functionality of the computer system.

It is the internal process where the data is processed according to the
instructions given to the computer.
Output

The output is the information provided by the computer after the entire
processing. It is also known as the result that can be stored in the storage
devices for further use.
The widely used output devices of computer systems are listed below.

 Monitor
 Printer

 Projector
 Speakers
 BIT 130 – INTRODUCTION TO IT
Computer Applications
Storage

Storage is a crucial part of the computer system.

It is used to store data or instructions before and after processing.

There are two types of storage:
i) Primary Storage

Primary storage devices store the inputted data and immediate calculation
results. Random Access Memory is an example of primary storage.

ii) Secondary Storage

Secondary storage devices are used to store the data permanently for future
use. The data stored in the secondary storage devices is secure even if there
is no power supply. Hard Disk Drive is the widely used secondary storage.

CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM

Speed

A computer works with much higher speed and accuracy compared to huma
ns while performing mathematical calculations.
 BIT 130 – INTRODUCTION TO IT
Accuracy
Computer Applications
Computers perform calculations with 100% accuracy. Errors may occur due t
o data inconsistency or inaccuracy.

Diligence

A computer can perform millions of tasks or calculations with the same consi
stency and accuracy. It doesn’t feel any fatigue or lack of concentration.

Versatility

Versatility refers to the capability of a computer to perform different kinds of

works with same accuracy and efficiency.

Reliability

A computer is reliable as it gives consistent result for similar set of data i.e.,
if we give same set of input any number of times, we will get the same result.

Automation

Computer performs all the tasks automatically i.e.; it performs tasks without
manual intervention.

Memory

A computer has built-in memory called primary memory where it stores data.
Secondary storage are removable devices such as CDs, pen drives, etc., whi
ch are also used to store data.

ROLES OF COMPUTERS IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Computers have revolutionized the information technology sector by providing

advanced tools and systems that improve the efficiency, accuracy, and quality of
data-driven services. Their integration into IT organizations has led to significant
improvements in software development, system administration, data management,
and digital communication.

The following are the roles that are being played by the computer in fulfilling the
goals of information technology organizations.

Software Development and Engineering

 This involves the design, coding, testing, and maintenance of software

applications.

 It is used to develop applications ranging from desktop programs to

mobile apps and web systems.

 Enable teams to collaborate using version control tools like Git and
BIT 130 – INTRODUCTION TO IT
platforms like GitHub.
Computer Applications
 Reduce bugs and errors through automated testing and continuous
integration pipelines.

 Facilitate better software quality through code reviews and

documentation.

Networking and Communication Systems

 This involves the design, installation, and management of computer

networks and communication systems.

 It is used to connect computers, servers, and devices to enable sharing

of resources and information.

 It reduces communication delays by optimizing data transfer protocols

and bandwidth usage.

 It is used in configuring routers, switches, and firewalls to ensure secure

and reliable connectivity.

Database Management and Data Storage

 This involves the organization, storage, retrieval, and management of

large volumes of digital data.

 It is used to store, retrieve, and manipulate structured data using

systems like MySQL, Oracle, and MongoDB.

 It provides data backup and recovery solutions to protect against data

loss.

 It improves access to information through cloud-based storage services

such as Google Drive and AWS.

 It reduces redundancy and ensures data integrity through proper

database normalization techniques.

Medical Research and Data Analysis

 Medical research is the systematic investigation using scientific

methods to produce knowledge about diseases, their prevention,
treatment, and the promotion of health.

Data analysis is a crucial component of medical research, enabling

researchers to extract meaningful information from collected data

 It is used to store and analyze large datasets using tools such as

Python, R, and SQL.

 It supports research and innovation through data visualization and

business intelligence tools.
BIT 130 – INTRODUCTION TO IT
 It is used in simulation models to predict disease outbreaks or
Computer Applications
treatment outcomes.

 It accelerates decision-making by transforming raw data into

meaningful insights and reports.

Inventory and Supply Chain Management

o Track inventory of hardware components, licensed software, and IT

equipment.

o Automate procurement processes.

o Reduce wastage and ensure availability of critical supplies.

Administrative and Operational Automation

 Automate appointment scheduling, billing, and insurance claims.

 Manage staff rosters and resource allocation.

 Improve workflow efficiency and reduce administrative costs.

Training and Education

 Use virtual simulations, online courses, and e-learning platforms to train

IT professionals.

 Enhance skills without the need for physical resources.

 Keep staff updated with the latest technologies, programming

languages, and industry certifications.

Patient Monitoring and Management

 Use computerized systems for continuous monitoring of network

performance and server health.

 Alert IT administrators about critical system failures, downtime, or

security breaches.

 Manage system uptime and performance through remote monitoring

and management tools.

Data Security and Confidentiality

 Implement encryption and access controls to protect sensitive

organizational and user data.

 Ensure compliance with legal and ethical standards such as GDPR and
cybersecurity regulations.
 BIT 130 – INTRODUCTION TO IT
Computer Applications
Assignment 1.
Define the term a computer?
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State the basic functions of a computer.
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Name the two types of storage
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Identify the characteristics of a computer.
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Give five (5) roles of computers in an information technology organization.

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Computer Applications
……………
 BIT 130 – INTRODUCTION TO IT
Computer Applications
CHAPTER TWO: MICROSOFT WORD
Introduction to Microsoft Word
Microsoft Word is a word processing application developed by Microsoft.
It is part of the Microsoft Office suite and is widely used for;
 Creating.
 Editing.
 Formatting.
 Sharing text-based documents.
Word offers a user-friendly interface with powerful tools for handling everything from
simple letters to complex reports.

Common Uses of Microsoft Word

 Writing and editing documents. Letters, reports, essays, resumes, and

more.

 Formatting text. Adjusting fonts, colors, styles, and layouts for

professional-looking documents.

 Inserting elements. Adding images, tables, charts, hyperlinks, and other

objects.

 Collaboration. Tracking changes, adding comments, and sharing

documents with others.

 Templates. Using built-in or custom templates for business letters,

resumes, flyers, etc.

 Mail merge: Creating personalized letters or labels for mass mailings

Steps to Create and Save a New Word Document

1. Creating a New Document

 Open Microsoft Word.

 On the start screen, select ‘Blank document’ (or choose a template if you
prefer).

 A new, blank document will open, ready for you to start typing.

2. Saving a New Document

 Click on the File tab in the top-left corner.

 Select ‘Save As’.

 BIT 130 – INTRODUCTION TO IT
Computer Applications

 Choose the location where you want to save the document (e.g., This PC,
OneDrive, or Browse to select a folder).

 Enter a file name for your document.

 Click ‘Save’

Tip: After saving for the first time, you can quickly save changes by clicking the Save
icon or pressing Ctrl + S

Example 1:

Using any word processor of your choice, type the following text and perform tasks
listed below:

WORD PROCESSING COMPARED TO USING A TYPEWRITER

The great advantage of word processing over using a typewriter is that you can
make changes without retyping the entire document. If you make a typing mistake,
you simply back up the cursor and correct your mistake. If you want to delete a
paragraph, you simply remove it, without leaving a trace. It is equally easy to insert
a word, sentence, or paragraph in the middle of a document. Word processors also
make it easy to move sections of text from one place to another within a document,
or between documents. When you have made all the changes you want, you can
send the file to a printer to get a hard copy.
Tasks:
i) Change the font size of the whole document to 16.
ii) Change the font size of the title to 20.
iii) Change the font type of the whole document to Bookman Old Style.
iv) Change the alignment of the document to right alignment.
v) Underline and Bold the title of document.
vi) Save your document as Example 1.
 BIT 130 – INTRODUCTION TO IT
Computer Applications
Example 2:

You are tasked to prepare an official report on “The Role of Digital Inclusion in
National Development” based on the extract below:

“Digital inclusion means ensuring that all individuals and communities, including the
most disadvantaged, have access to and use of information and communication
technologies. This includes not only access to the internet, but also access to devices,
digital literacy, and tech support. Without digital inclusion, the digital divide grows
wider, and economic opportunities become uneven.”

TASKS;
i. Format the extract using Calibri Light font style, size 14, justified
alignment.
ii. Add a suitable title in red, bold, and uppercase.
iii. Insert a drop cap on the first word of the first paragraph.
iv. Use comment tracker to annotate where you would add statistics.
v. Generate a numbered list showing three benefits of digital inclusion (in
your own words).
vi. Insert a table comparing 3 countries' digital access levels.
vii. Add a watermark of your first name in green color.
[Link] a table of contents and format all headings as Level 1.
ix. Create a cover page reflecting the content of the report.
x. Save as Example 2.
 BIT 130 – INTRODUCTION TO IT
Computer Applications

Example 3:

Using a word processor of your choice, create the document below and
save it as
CreateTables.

CREATE TABLES
A table is made up of rows and columns of cells. It is used to organize and present
information. Most word processors let the user easily create, edit and format a
table.
To create a table:
 Click where you want to insert the table.
 From the Table menu, point to Insert, and then click Table.
 In the Insert table dialog box, set the number of rows and columns.
 Specify the auto format option if need be.

Note.
It is possible to calculate numerical values in a table. The columns are referenced
as A, B, C,… while rows are referenced as 1, 2, 3.
BIT 130 – INTRODUCTION TO IT
Computer Applications
BROUKESHIRE DAIRIES LTD.
JANUARY 2007 PAYROLL
Employee Name Salary Medical Allow. Travel Allow. Gross Pay
No.
01 Ismael 44000 8900 2000
02 Hamda 38000 8000 1800
03 Abdi 59000 5000 1600
04 Safa 14000 3000 1000
05 Maria 18000 4000 1200
06 Husna 34000 1800 1700
07 Fathi 16000 3500 1100

Required:
a) Format the document title to Tahoma font 16 pts, underline, bold and centre
aligned.
b) Make the table title and subtitle centred across columns, 16pts and 14 pts
respectively.
c) Using appropriate functions:
i. Calculate each employee’s gross pay.
ii. Calculate each column total.
iii. Determine the minimum pay in each category.
d) Using Microsoft graph object, generate a bar graph with the employee’s
names against the Gross pay.
e) Save the document.
BIT 130 – INTRODUCTION TO IT
Computer Applications

Assignment 2.
Type the following word document
a)
Communication technologies have come to play a vibrant role in improving
Education
not only in the Development but also the Developing countries. However, in
spreading
the use of information and communication technology some major difficulties are
felt by
the policy makers as well as the implementers. These difficulties are felt both at the
growth and application stages of communication technology.

Required;
i. Copy the paragraph above, and paste it 5 times
ii. Insert page number in your document centered on the page
iii. Give the document a title Information and Communications Technologies
iv. Change the title to font size 14, font Tahoma and Bold
v. Change the font of the whole document to Book antique
vi. Insert your name as a footer and header
vii. Put a drop cap on the 1st letter of the 3rd paragraph
viii. Insert a word art of your choice in the middle of the 1 st paragraph
ix. Insert a watermark of your choice in the document
x. Insert three columns in the 4th paragraph and color the font to RED.
xi. Justify the first paragraph and change it to single line-spacing
xii. Replace Developing countries with Less Developed Countries wherever it occurs
xiii. Save the document as TECHNOLOG
BIT 130 – INTRODUCTION TO IT
Computer Applications
CHAPTER THREE: MS POWERPOINT (PRESENTATION)
Introduction to Microsoft PowerPoint

Microsoft PowerPoint is a presentation software developed by Microsoft, included in

the Microsoft Office suite.
It is widely used for
 Creating.
 Editing.
 Presenting slideshows.
Presentations combine;
 Text.
 Images.
 Charts.
 Multimedia.
 Animations.
PowerPoint is a standard tool for business, education, and professional
presentations1.

Common Uses of Microsoft PowerPoint

 Creating presentations. Designing slideshows for meetings, lectures,
seminars, or events.
 Visual communication. Using graphics, charts, and multimedia to convey
information effectively.
 Animations and transitions. Adding movement and effects to slides and
elements for emphasis.
 Collaboration. Sharing and co-authoring presentations with others.
 Templates. Using built-in or custom templates for quick and professional
slide design.

Steps to Create and Save a New PowerPoint Presentation

1. Creating a New Presentation
 Open Microsoft PowerPoint.
 On the start screen, select ‘Blank Presentation’ (or choose a template if you
prefer).
BIT 130 – INTRODUCTION
A new, TO IT
empty presentation will open, and you can begin adding your slides
Computer Applications
and content.

2. Saving a New Presentation

 Click on the File tab in the top-left corner.
 Select ‘Save As’.
 Choose the location where you want to save your presentation (e.g., This
PC, OneDrive, or Browse to select a folder).
 Enter a file name for your presentation.
 Click ‘Save’.

Tip: After the first save, you can quickly save changes by clicking the Save icon
(floppy disk) on the toolbar or pressing Ctrl + S on your keyboard

Example 1:

You are going to participate in a computer studies seminar and you have been told
to prepare a presentation about the three categories of computers: Analog, digital
and hybrid. Using any presentation software, design a presentation that you will
show at the seminar, using the content below.
Slide 1: Title slide
Your name and position.

Slide 2: Introduction
Computers can be categorized according to the process they used to
represent data. People communicate through speech by combining words
into sentences.
Human speech is analog because it uses continuous (wave form) signals that vary
in strength and quality.
Most computers are digital.

Slide 3: Analog computers

Analog Computer is a computing device that uses continuously changing values to
represent information.
It generally deals with physical variables such as temperature, weight, voltage,
pressure, speed, etc.
Examples of Analog computers include: Thermometers, Weighing scale, Voltmeters,
BIT 130 – Speedometers,
barometers, INTRODUCTIONetc.
TO IT
Computer Applications
Slide 4: Digital Computers
These are computers that use discrete (discontinuous) values, especially binary
digits (0, 1) to represent data.
The state of being on is represented by 1 and off is represented
by 0. Digital computers are more accurate and work at a very fast
rate.
Examples of Digital Computers Include: All Personal computers (PCs) , Laptops,
Digital Watches, etc.

Slide 5: Hybrid Computers

A hybrid computer combines the desirable features of analog and digital
computers. A digital computer that accepts analog signals converts them
to digital for processing. Hybrid computers are mainly used for specialized
tasks.

Required:
(i) Create a five-slide presentation in which slide one is the title slide, which will
have a suitable title, your name and an automatic date.

(ii) Use suitable background, slide transitions and text animations.

(iii) Include clip arts where possible.

(iv) Include your name all slides except the title slide.
(v) Set your slide magnification to 70%.

(vi) Save as Computer Categories and print your work.

 BIT 130 – INTRODUCTION TO IT
Computer
Example 2: Applications

You are going to create a short presentation using an appropriate

presentation software.

Your teacher requested you to design a five-slide presentation on the topic of

networking which would be used for conducting a lesson in the Form four class.
Save your presentation as Networking.

1. Slide 1 should have the introduction of the topic and the name of the presenter.
2. Slide 2 should have the advantages of networking computers.
3. Slide 3 should have the disadvantages of networking computers.
4. Slide 4 should have factors affecting communication speed on the network.
5. Slide 5 should have hardware and software requirements for networking.
Slide 6 should have pictures of networking hardware.

6. Save the presentation as a PowerPoint show with the file name

Computer Networking.
 BIT 130 – INTRODUCTION TO IT
Example
Computer3:Applications

a) Prepare a Presentation about a topic of your choice. Save your presentation in a file as
your Last Name. I.e. Use a maximum of 11 slides
Your presentation should clearly show;
[Link] title about your topic.
ii. Sub topics of your main topic.
iii. Introduce the content of your topic
iv. Depict the use of “Two column content slide”
v. Insert a clip art of a house
vi. Include suitable animations, transitions, transition sounds with reasonable time
allowance for viewers to view the current slide before the next page.
vii. Insert page numbers on all your slides
viii. Automatically insert the word “The Unity University” as a footer on all your slides
ix. Save your work as PowerPoint .
 BIT 130 – INTRODUCTION TO IT
Computer Applications Assignment 3
You are part of a team of AI consultants invited to present to the Ministry of
Innovation and
Technology in your country. The Ministry is exploring ways to adopt Artificial
Intelligence (AI)
across different sectors such as healthcare, education, agriculture, and security.
However, they
need a clear understanding of AI's capabilities, challenges, and ethical implications.
Create a 10-slide PowerPoint presentation that introduces AI, explores real-world
applications,
and provides thoughtful recommendations for safe and effective AI adoption in
society.
Hint:
1. You can follow the structure below as a guide. Make use of Animations, transitions,
sounds, tables, images, videos, timings.
2. Use real World examples, case studies and any other innovative ways will lead to
more
marks.
Structure of the presentation
a) Title Slide – Presentation title, your name(s), date
b) What is AI? – Definition, types (narrow vs. general AI), brief history
c) How AI Works – Basic concepts (machine learning, neural networks, data
input/output)
d) AI in Healthcare – Examples like diagnostics, robotics, and personalized medicine
e) AI in Education – Examples like smart tutors, grading automation, and language
learning
f) AI in Agriculture – Examples like crop monitoring, predictive analytics, drones
g) Ethical Concerns – Bias, data privacy, unemployment, and transparency
h) AI Governance & Regulation – Global efforts, policy suggestions, safety measures
i) Future Opportunities & Risks – Where AI is heading and what challenges remain
j) Conclusion & Recommendations – Final thoughts and proposed next steps for the
Ministry.
 BIT 130 – INTRODUCTION TO IT
Computer Applications
CHAPTER FOUR: MS EXCEL (SPREADSHEETS)

Introduction to Microsoft Excel

Microsoft Excel is a powerful spreadsheet application developed by Microsoft and part
of the Microsoft Office suite.
It is designed for organizing, analyzing, and visualizing data using a grid of cells
arranged in rows and columns.
Excel supports;
 Complex calculations through formulas.
 Data manipulation through functions.
 Charting.
 Automation.
This makes it essential for business, finance, education, and data analysis.

Common Uses of Microsoft Excel

 Data organization. Store and manage large datasets in a structured format.
 Calculations. Perform arithmetic, statistical, financial, and logical operations
using built-in formulas and functions.
 Data analysis. Use pivot tables, sorting, filtering, and data tools to summarize
and interpret data.
 Visualization. Create charts, graphs, sparklines, and conditional formatting to
highlight trends and patterns.
 Automation. Use VBA macros to automate repetitive tasks and complex
workflows.
 Collaboration. Share and co-author spreadsheets with others in real-time.
 Reporting. Generate professional reports and dashboards with customizable
templates and tools.

Steps to Create and Save a New Excel Spreadsheet

1. Creating a New Spreadsheet
 Open Microsoft Excel.
 On the start screen, select ‘Blank workbook’ or press Ctrl + N to create a new
blank spreadsheet.
 A new workbook opens with a grid of cells ready for data entry.
 BIT 130 – INTRODUCTION TO IT
Computer
Entering Applications
Data
 Click on a cell (e.g., A1) and type text or numbers.
 Press Enter or Tab to move to the next cell.
 To fill a series (e.g., Jan, Feb), enter the first two values, select them, then drag
the fill handle to continue the series.

Saving a New Spreadsheet

 Click the File tab in the top-left corner.
 Select ‘Save As’.
 Choose the location where you want to save the file (This PC, OneDrive, or
browse to a folder).
 Enter a file name.
 Click Save.

Tip: After saving for the first time, you can quickly save changes by clicking the Save
icon or pressing Ctrl + S

Example 1:

The table below shows examination results of Senior four ICT students. Study it and answer the questions
that follow:

STUDENT’S NAME AGE PAPER ONE PAPER TWO FINAL MARK

Najma 18 33 42
Ahmed 17 25 52
Safa 19 29 48
Abdi 18 33 56

Required:

a) Enter the students’ data in a spreadsheet program.

b) Determine the final mark for every student by use a formula.
c) Insert in the table the title “STUDENTS’ PERFORMANCE”.
d) Insert a footer as your name.
e)BIT
Plot 130 – INTRODUCTION
a bar graph TO IT
of the final mark against the STUDENT’S NAME.
f)Computer
Add a chartApplications
title as BAR GRAPH REPRESENTING STUDENT’S PERFORMANCE.
g) Copy your graph to another worksheet.
h) Rename sheet one as MARKS and sheet two as GRAPH.
i) Save your work as your name.
 BIT 130 – INTRODUCTION TO IT
Example 2: Applications
Computer

Type the following table in MS excel and perform the tasks required below it.

SN NAME SST ENG MATH SCI TOTAL POSITION

1 Fathi 26 23 23 45
Hodan 78 45 45 45
Husna 89 78 40 67
Ismael 11 97 40 60
Jama 45 43 56 62
Maria 67 29 60 62
Khadar 87 48 76 78
AVERAGE MARK
Required:

1. Calculate the totals of the students above, using the SUM function.
2. Calculate the average subject mark using an appropriate function.
3. Using the rank function, determine the position of the students using their total marks. Guide:
=RANK(G2,$G$2:$G$8,1)
4. Using the first Serial number, write a formula to determine the other serial numbers, by
incrementing by 1.
5. Highlight all their work area and put all boarders as the one shown above.
6. Format your worksheet to landscape page orientation.
7. Change the view format from Normal to Page Break View.
8. Save your work as P7 Remedial Exams.
 BIT 130 – INTRODUCTION TO IT
Computer Applications Assignment 4
Modern Technology Electronics Ltd deals with sales of three types of electronic goods
namely television sets, radio systems and DVD players. Below is a table showing
details of April 2007 sales.

Required:
a) Enter the data in a worksheet and save it as MODERNTEC.
b) Format the worksheet as follows:
i. Centre the title across columns.
ii. The text should be Arial, 18 points, bold and centred within a box.
iii. Column headings to be wrapped within the cells and centred horizontally and
vertically.
iv. The unit price to be in two decimal places and currency prefix Ksh.
c) Use appropriate cell references to calculate:
i. The subtotal, rounded to two decimal places.
ii. The TAX is based on the type of the item. Use the rates given in the table above
to BIT 130 tax
calculate – payable
INTRODUCTION
on each TO
itemIT
sold.
[Link] Applications
The Net Amount, which is the subtotal less tax.
d) Sort the worksheet in ascending order according to category.
e) Calculate the subtotals and grand total for the three types of electronic goods.
f) On a separate worksheet, create a bar graph that compares sales for three types of
electronic goods. Label it appropriately.
g) Print the worksheet showing all formulae used instead of values and the graph.
 BIT 130 – INTRODUCTION TO IT
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For calculations if found
BIT 130 – INTRODUCTION TO IT
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CHAPTER FIVE: UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS
This refers to a standardized way of representing the data, resources, or performance
metric.
The components of the computer can recognize only two states that is presence or a
bsence of an electrical signal.
Two symbols used to represent these two states are 0 and 1, and are known as BITS
(an abbreviation for BInary DigiTS).
0 represents the absence of a signal, 1 represents the presence of a signal.
A BIT is, therefore, the smallest unit of data in a computer and can either store a 0 or
1.
Since a single bit can store only one of the two values, there can possibly be only four
unique combinations: (00) (01) (10) (11)
Bits are, therefore, combined together into larger units in order to hold greater range
of values.
BYTES are typically a sequence of eight bits put together to create a single computer
alphabetical or numerical character.
Bytes are used to quantify the amount of data digitally stored (on disks, tapes) or tra
nsmitted (over the internet), and are also used to measure the memory and documen
t size.
⸙ “0” or “1” = bit (Binary Digit)
⸙ 8 bits = 1 Byte (1 Character)
⸙ 1024 Bytes = 1 KB (Kilo Bytes)
⸙ 1024 KB = 1 MB (Mega Byte)
⸙ 1024 MB = 1 GB (Giga Byte)
⸙ 1024 GB= 1 TB (Terra Byte)
When data is typed into a computer, the key board converts each key stroke into a bi
nary character code.
This code is then transmitted to the computer. When the computer transmits the dat
a to any device, each individual character is communicated in binary code.
It is then converted back to the specific character while displaying or printing the dat
a.
Number Systems
BIT 130 – INTRODUCTION TO IT
Decimal Number System (Base 10)
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In the decimal system the successive positions to the left of the decimal point repres
ent units, tens, hundreds, thousands etc.
For example, if we consider the number 7762, the digit 2 represents the number of u
nits, 6 represents the number of tens, 7 the number of hundreds and 7 the number of
thousands.
(7 x 1000) + (7 x 100) + (6 x 10) + (2 x 1) = 7762

Thus, as we move one position to the left, the value of the digit increases by ten time
s. We can see that the position of the number affects its value. These kinds of numbe
r systems are therefore called positional number systems.
In other words, the number of symbols used to represent numbers in the system is ca
lled the base of that system. In short, we can say that the value of each digit in the n
umber system is determined by:

⸙ The digit itself

⸙ The position of the digit in the number itself
⸙ The base of the system.

The Roman numbering system uses symbols like I, II, III, IV, V etc. To represent the de
cimal numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.
As we can see this follows an additive approach and hence is not conductive to arith
metic.
Binary Number System (Base 2)
We now come to a different number system – the Binary number system. This binary
number system has a base of two, and the symbols used are “0” And “1”.
In this number system, as we move to the left the value of the digit will be two times
greater than its predecessor. Thus, the values of the places are:
64 – 32 – 16 – 8 – 4 – 2 – 1
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Converting Decimal to Binary
In conversion from decimal to the binary number system, the steps to be followed are:
⸙ Divide the decimal number by the base of 2.
⸙ Note the remainder in one column and divide the quotient again with the base. Re
peat this process until the quotient is reduced to a zero.
Example:
The decimal number is 65

The binary number of 65 is 1000001

Converting Binary to Decimal

The decimal number of 100001 is
= (1*26) +(0*25) +(0*24) +(0*23) +(0*22) +(0*21) +(1*20)
= (1*64) + (0*32) + (0*16) + (0*8) + (0*4) + (0*2) + (1 * 1)
= 64 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 1
= 65
The decimal number of 1000001 is 65
BIT 130 – INTRODUCTION TO IT
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Assignment 5:
Question 3: Convert the following decimal numbers to base 2
1. 56
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…......................................

2. 456
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3. 23
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…........................................
Convert the following decimal numbers to base 2
1. 1111000
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BIT 130 – INTRODUCTION TO IT
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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2. 1100011
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3. 11101010

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 BIT 130 – INTRODUCTION TO IT
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CHAPTER SIX: INTERNET

Internet is a global system of interrelated computer networks that use the standard Intern
et Protocol suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide.
The primary purpose of the internet is sharing of information and communicating with rem
ote PC’s.
Internet is the largest network of networks in the world, joining many governments, univer
sity and private computers together and providing an infrastructure for the use of E-mail,
file archives, hypertext documents, database and other computational resources.
Internet uses the standard Internet Protocol TCP / IP. Every computer on internet is identifi
ed by a unique IP address. An IP Address is a unique set of numbers such as [Link]
4 which identifies a computer location.
A special computer DNS Domain Name Server is used to give a name to the IP Address so
that a user can locate a computer by a name. For example, a DNS server will resolve a na
me [Link] to a particular IP address to uniquely identify the compute
r on which this website is hosted.
Internet is accessible to every user all over the world. The Internet has extremely changed
nearly every aspect of life by revolutionizing how individuals and business;
⸙ Access information and electronic files,
⸙ Communication personally and professionally,
⸙ Shop for products and services,
⸙ Share resource
Email (electronic mail) is one of the most popular services. You can send and receive mail
(electronic text), faster and cheaper than surface mail. An example of an email address is:
fbmstudents@[Link]
Basic Internet Terminology
1. WWW, World Wide Web or Web: It is an interactive collection of hypertext pages lin
ked to one another. They may include text, graphics and/or links to other spots in the Web.
2. URL: Uniform Resource Locator is the address of the web document currently displaye
d on the monitor.
3. Server: Server is a computer that provides a service to another computer.
4. Search Engine: It finds web pages with specific content.
 BIT 130 – INTRODUCTION TO IT
5. ISP (Internet Service Provider): An Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization
Computer Applications
that provides services for accessing, using or participating in the Internet. Internet service
providers may be organized in various forms, such as commercial, community-owned, no
n-profit, or otherwise privately owned.
6. Cookie: Cookie is a file left on the computer by a website’s browser containing user
login, password, user preferences and other personalized information.
7. HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol - This communication protocol used to connect to W
eb servers on the Internet or on a local network (intranet).
8. Browser: Software used to “browse” the Internet. Most common examples are
Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox and Safari.
9. Domain Name: Domain name is the unique name that identifies an Internet site

10. HTML: Hypertext Markup Language is a standardized system for tagging text files to
achieve font, color, graphic and hyperlink effects on World Wide Web pages.

11. Uploading: Uploading means data is being sent from your computer to the Internet.
Examples of uploading include sending email, posting photos on a social media site and u
sing user webcam. Even clicking on a link on a web page sends a tiny data upload.
12. Downloading: Downloading means your computer is receiving data from the Interne
t. Examples of downloading include opening a web page, receiving email, purchasing musi
c files and watching online videos.
13. FTP (File Transfer Protocol): The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is the Internet facility
for downloading and uploading files. If users are uploading a file to another site, user must
usually have permission in advance to access the site and the directory where the file is to
be placed.
14. Bookmark: It is a function used to save a web page location for future reference.
15. Home page: Home page is a page where the computer will go to when user initially l
og on to the Internet.
16. Link, Hyperlink: It is a text found on a web page which, when clicked, will take the u
ser to another web location.
 BIT 130 – INTRODUCTION TO IT
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Net etiquette/rules regarding the use of internet
Communicating with others through Internet without creating misunderstandings can be c
hallenging because, facial expressions and body language cannot be interpreted on cyber
space. Therefore, attempt to safeguard against these misunderstandings, a technology cal
led Internet Etiquette is proposed.
Internet Etiquette is a technology that governs the conduct which is socially acceptable in
an online or digital. Internet Etiquette is also called as "Netiquette".
Good netiquette involves respecting others privacy and not doing anything online that will
annoy or frustrate other people. Most important areas where good netiquette is highly stre
ssed are e-mail, online chats, and newsgroups.

For example, people that spam other users with unnecessary e-mails or flood them with m
essages have very bad netiquette. The companies, without Internet Etiquette knowledge,
could create corporate embarrassment and can drain the employee.

Guide to Net Etiquette

⸙ Before a user join in a newsgroup or discussion board, always they should check that th
eir questions are relevant to the group. It is a good idea to watch the conversation before
user join in.
⸙ Never respond to vulgar or threatening messages whether in chat, newsgroups or mess
age boards.
⸙ Always a user should leave if the conversation makes them uncomfortable.
⸙ Never hold in a flame war. That is a noisy match (through text) conducted between 2 or
more people
⸙ Never use capital letters to send an email. That is always considered to be shouting on t
he Internet.
⸙ Never say nasty or incorrect things about others especially in public forums, newsgroup
s, or chat. These remain in many archives and user could be charged with libel.
⸙ A user should never forward personal emails to others without checking with the original
sender first.
⸙ Similarly, when forwarding an email to others, respect the privacy of the group of friend
s or family. Do not publicly transmit all their email addresses. Learn to use the BCC comm
 BIT 130 – INTRODUCTION TO IT
and that keeps email addresses private.
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 BIT 130 – INTRODUCTION TO IT
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Impact of Internet on Society
The Internet has a large impact on our society and on the way of living. In some cases, usi
ng the Internet can save a lot of money and time. Listed below are some ways in which int
ernet has impacted people;
⸙ Shopping on the Internet allows for instant purchase, price comparisons and delivery wit
hout leaving the homes.
⸙ People meet and get to know one another online and people can remain in closer contac
t with friends and family and help keep everyone informed of special events.
⸙ Education has expanded to allowing people to get full degrees online without leaving th
e comfort of their homes.
⸙ The Internet can be used for soliciting contributions and fundraising.
⸙ Political action committees have made excellent use of sharing information and raising f
unds using the Internet.

There are some negative impacts also as explained below;

Crime on/through the Internet
Internet crime is any crime or illegal online action committed on the Internet, through the
Internet or using the Internet. The widespread Internet crime phenomenon encompasses
multiple global levels of legislation and failure to notice. In the continuously changing IT fi
eld, security experts are committed to combating Internet crime through preventative tec
hnologies, such as intrusion detection networks and packet sniffers.
Internet crime is a strong branch of cybercrime. Identity theft, Internet scams and cyber st
alking are the main types of Internet crime. Because Internet crimes usually engage peopl
e from various geographical areas, finding and punishing guilty participants is complicated.
 BIT 130 – INTRODUCTION TO IT
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Types of Internet crime
⸙ Cyber bullying and harassment
⸙ Financial extortion
⸙ Internet bomb threats
⸙ Classified global security data theft
⸙ Password trafficking
⸙ Enterprise trade secret theft
⸙ Personally, data hacking
⸙ Copyright violations, such as software piracy
⸙ Counterfeit trademarks
⸙ Illegal weapon trafficking
⸙ Credit card theft and fraud
⸙ Email phishing
⸙ Domain name hijacking
⸙ Virus spreading

Note/reminder;
To prevent becoming an Internet crime, online awareness and common sense are critical.
Under any circumstances a user should not share personal information (like full name, add
ress, birth date and Social Security number) to unknown recipients.
 BIT 130 – INTRODUCTION TO IT
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Computer Viruses, Worms and Anti-Viruses Computer Viruses

Computer virus is a small software program that is designed to spread from one computer
to another and to interfere with computer operation. A true virus is capable of self-replicat
ion on a machine. Virus may spread between files or disks.
⸙ There are estimated over 30,000 computer viruses in existence.
⸙ Over 300 new ones are created each month.
⸙ First virus was created to show loopholes in software.
⸙ Today almost 90% of all viruses are spread through the internet.

Symptoms of Virus Attack

⸙ Computer runs slower than usual
⸙ Computer no longer boots up
⸙ Screen sometimes flickers
⸙ Speaker beeps periodically
⸙ System crashes for no reason
⸙ Files sometimes disappear
⸙ Denial of Service (DoS)
 BIT 130 – INTRODUCTION TO IT
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Types Computer Viruses
Trojan horse
⸙ Requires Windows to work
⸙ Once infected, runs in the background
Worm
⸙ Spread over network connection
⸙ Worms replicate
Macro
⸙ Specific to certain applications
⸙ Comprise a high percentage of the viruses
E-mail viruses
⸙ An e-mail virus travels as an attachment to e-mail messages and usually replicates itself
by automatically mailing itself to dozens of people in the victim's e-mail address book.
⸙ Some e-mail viruses don't even require a double click, they launch when you view the in
fected message in the preview pane of your e-mail software.

Worms
A worm is a small piece of software that uses computer networks and security holes to rep
licate itself. A copy of the worm scans the network for another machine that has a specific
security hole. It copies itself to the new machine using the security hole, and then starts r
eplicating from there, as well.
Worms use computer time and network bandwidth when they replicate.

Protect computer against viruses:

⸙ Gain knowledge about viruses
⸙ Proper configurations
⸙ Run only necessary programs
⸙ Install Anti-virus software and update
 BIT 130 – INTRODUCTION TO IT
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Anti-Viruses
Antivirus software is a computer program that detects, prevents, and takes action to
disarm or remove malicious software programs, such as viruses and worms. New viru
ses, worms, and other threats are created by cyber terrorists and discovered every d
ay. So, updating antivirus software periodically is mandatory. List of some top Anti-Vi
rus Programs which are very useful to users:

Norton Antivirus – Norton Antivirus is the most popular and secure virus scanner fo
r checking boot sector records at startup. The live update feature automatically instal
ls new updates for regular protection against viruses.
AVG Free Edition – AVG Resident Shield provides real-time protection executions of
files and programs. It features a smart e-mail scanner, virus updates and virus vault f
or secure handling of the files which are infected by viruses. The base version for win
dows is Free for private and non-commercial use.
McAfee VirusScan for Windows: This antivirus package detects all virus types, inc
luding Word and Excel macros; boot-sector infections; and file, multipartite, stealth, p
olymorphic, and encrypted viruses.
Kaspersky Anti-Virus Personal Pro – It is a commonly used virus protection soluti
on offering full protection against macro-viruses and unknown viruses.
ESET NOD32 Antivirus – ESET NOD32 Anti-virus is available as an anti-virus for sm
all businesses, individuals and for large networks.
Panda Antivirus Platinum – It is a complete virus protection package for home and
business users. It comes with an easy installation and automatic protection from late
st viruses.
Avira - Windows and Linux antivirus, firewall, antispam, recovery solutions against m
alware infection
Most operating systems come with a system antivirus pre-installed, and this is so to o
ffer first line security. Microsoft Windows usually offers security through its Windows
Defender security software and most of the times if used correctly it offers protection
to your computer and helps keep it health and free from most viruses.
Much as this antivirus will keep your computer safe to some extent, it is not 100% se
cure and therefore a third-party antivirus should be used alongside the system softw
are to ensure maximum safety of the computer.
 BIT 130 – INTRODUCTION TO IT
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Assignment 6.
Define the term computer virus.
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List some of the different types of computer viruses

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What are some of the symptoms of a virus.

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